Truman, Margaret, 70, 117, 227, 258
Truman Doctrine, 241, 247, 260, 267, 272; March 12, 1947, address and, 231–35
Turkey, 123, 155, 157–58, 163, 172, 238, 267; Communist threat to, 230, 231, 232, 233, 272
Twain, Mark, 370
Uganda, 173
Ukraine, 99, 103, 214
Ulam, Adam, 234
United Nations (UN), 6, 7, 96, 116, 207, 232, 287; accomplishments of, 105; atomic weapons and, 133, 145, 156, 198–202, 205 (see also Atomic Energy Commission); China’s representation in, 314, 330; creation of, 45, 46, 49, 51–52, 55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 96–105, 107, 138; Korea and, 302, 303, 304, 305, 314, 315, 317, 320–21, 323, 330, 353, 354; Palestine issue and, 176, 177–78; pessimism about, 104–5; San Francisco conference and, 64, 97–105; Soviet Republics in, 51–52, 98–99, 103; U.S. public opinion on, 218–19, 317; veto power in, 98, 103, 216, 304, 314
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 214
United States, 4–6, 11; ambitions for world domination ascribed to, 215–16, 241–44, 253–54; class struggles in, 214, 219; defense spending of, 216, 277–78, 299; dismantling of wartime military of, 218; economic well-being in, 95–96, 147, 182, 187; European defensive alliances and, 192–93, 258, 259, 260, 275–77 (see also North Atlantic Treaty Organization); Hitler’s declaration of war on, 77; left-right division in, 207; military advantage of, over Soviets, 52, 124, 131, 199–200, 280, 366; military buildup in, 105–6, 277, 280, 293, 299, 300, 317, 328, 341; Novikov’s cable on threat posed by, 215–17; as power broker in Middle East, 174–75; prospects for postwar world as viewed in, 82, 102, 138–39, 145, 146, 147; public opinion in, 82, 102, 138–39, 145, 146, 147, 187, 188, 206, 218–19, 220–21, 257, 287, 316–17, 328–29, 338–39; relatively unscathed by war, 95, 102; reorganization of defense establishment in, 248–51; Stalin’s assessment of threat posed by, 213–14; suffering caused by actions of, 365–66. See also Roosevelt, Franklin; Truman, Harry S.; World War II; specific topics
universal military training (UMT), 259
University of Chicago, 130–31
uranium stores, 122
Vandenberg, Arthur, 156, 220, 231, 260
Vatican, 23
Vaughan, Harry, 111
Versailles Treaty, 74, 97, 134, 141, 265
Vichy government, 38, 41, 42, 142
Viet Minh, 194, 359, 360
Vietnam, 8, 12; independence movement in, 141–42, 358–62. See also Indochina
Vietnam War, 195, 308, 315, 316, 365, 367, 368, 369
Vincent, John Carter, 160
Vishinsky, Andrei, 255, 281
Voorhis, Jerry, 221, 222
voting rights, 219, 267
Wake Island, 84; MacArthur and Truman’s meeting on (1950), 323–24
Walker, Walton, 328
Wallace, Henry, 71, 82, 247; Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech and, 206–7; forced resignation of, 217, 227; as presidential candidate, 268, 269, 273; Stalin’s belligerent rhetoric and, 185–86
Walsh, Father Edmund A., 290
War Department, U.S., 137, 199
Warsaw Pact, 193, 277
Washington, George, 6
Wedemeyer, Albert, 160, 163, 165, 166
Wehrmacht, 7
Weizmann, Chaim, 173, 174
Werth, Alexander, 78–79, 83
Western Europe, 123, 267; defensive alliances in, 192–93, 255, 258, 259, 260, 275–77 (see also North Atlantic Treaty Organization); diminished popularity of Communist parties in, 252; East-West balance in Europe and, 301; oil supplies for, 157; reconstruction and stabilization of, 238–40 (see also Marshall Plan); Soviet influence in, 58, 108, 113, 233, 253; Soviet objective in, 251. See also specific nations
West Germany, 253, 276, 301, 317; creation of, 259–61; NATO units from, 321, 328
Westminster College, Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech at (1946), 203–8, 212–13, 218
Wheeling, W. Va., Republican Women’s Club, 291
Wherry, Kenneth, 290, 292, 299
White, E. B., 104–5
White, Theodore, 143
Willkie, Wendell, 40
Wilson, Charles, 350, 351
Wilson, Woodrow, 6, 25, 26, 40, 96–97, 265, 290, 342
winter storms of 1947, 228–29, 230
Women’s Press Club, Washington, D.C., 185
World Bank, 190, 238
World Peace Congress, 279
World War I, 2–3, 9, 32, 56, 70, 84, 105, 124, 127, 138, 162, 290, 342; brutal trench warfare in, 3, 319, 346; Churchill’s ser vice in, 17–18; Hitler’s ser vice in, 73–74; League of Nations proposed after, 26, 96–97, 98, 104, 172, 265; outbreak of, 315; Versailles Treaty and, 74, 97, 134, 141, 265
World War II, 1, 3–5, 7; advances of Allied armies into Germany in, 58, 64–65, 77–78, 79, 81–82; air raids against British cities in, 4, 81; Allied bombing of Germany in, 38, 62, 77; American public opinion at end of, 82, 102, 138–39, 145, 146, 147; brutality against civilians in, 77–78; Crimea devastated in, 55–56; D-Day invasion in, 51, 54, 62, 77, 162; end of lend-lease shipments to Russia in, 104; fate of Soviet military chief in, 181; fighting on Eastern front in, 21, 28–29, 34, 36, 44, 45–46, 51, 52, 54, 55, 62, 76–81; fighting on Western front in, 55, 58, 79; German defeat in, 45, 51, 52, 53, 76, 77, 79–80; Hitler’s early successes in, 20, 75–76; Nazi attack on Soviet Union in, 21, 28–29, 71, 153, 246; Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact and, 19, 21, 27, 28, 47, 153, 311; negotiation of German surrender in, 64–65, 81; negotiation of peace treaties in, 133–36, 153–55; North African and Italian campaigns in, 30, 34, 36, 37–38, 44, 62, 64–65; opening of second European front in, 29–30, 31, 34, 36–39, 44, 45–46, 51, 62, 123; outbreak of, 19–20, 27–29, 75; planning of postwar arrangements and, 15–16, 21–24, 40–67, 71, 81–82, 90, 93–94, 96–118, 123, 129–30, 133–35, 140–41, 142, 153–56, 158, 225–26, 229, 238, 253–55, 280–81; Polish resistance fighters’ demise in, 51, 54; public opinion on prospects for international harmony after, 82–83; reconstruction after, 54, 62, 95, 101, 113, 138, 179–80, 188, 214, 228–29, 238–40 (see also Marshall Plan); reparations for war damages in, 116, 118, 237, 254; retribution against German and Japanese leaders after, 48, 56, 66, 88; Russian sacrifices in, 55, 62, 95, 101, 123, 153, 213; ser vice in, as credential in political careers, 223, 224; Soviet prisoners of war in, 63, 180, 340; unimaginable losses wrought by, 94–95, 112; yearnings for material consumption after, 117–18. See also Pacific War
Yalta conference (1944), 16, 55–62, 64, 96, 115, 135, 158, 215, 227, 343; China issue and, 93–94, 142, 226, 288; choice of location for, 55–56; Churchill and Roosevelt’s Malta meeting before, 58–59; creature comforts at, 60–61; myth of appeasement of Stalin at, 225–26; participants’ evaluations of, 59–62; Roosevelt’s declining health and, 58, 59–60, 226; UN founding and, 98–99
Yom Kippur War (1973), 196
Yugoslavia, 22, 55, 232, 256, 262–63
Zhdanov, Andrei, 180, 241–42
Zhukov, Georgy, 122, 150, 181, 182
Zionist movement, 172–78, 215, 356. See also Palestine
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book rests in significant part on the pioneering scholarship of journalists and historians who have written so perceptively about the end of war and immediate postwar years. I am especially indebted to the masterful accounts of events in Germany, the Soviet Union, China, and Korea that are central to any understanding of this period’s troubles. The book’s notes and bibliography reflect the specifics of my obligation to existing studies.
None of this is to suggest that the books and articles I have mined for information bear any responsibility for my interpretations and conclusions. This is not to suggest that earlier writers are without influence on my thinking, especially George F. Kennan, whose contemporary critiques of policy decisions I found highly convincing. Nevertheless, my judgments are the result of my own considered opinions, developed from many years of teaching and writing about the events covered
in the book.
I am grateful to several people for taking time from their busy schedules to read and suggest revisions of my chapters. Andrew J. Bacevich, Matthew Dallek, Stephen Krasner, and John W. Wright gave me the benefit of their keen judgments on what I had written. Kai Bird, Peter Kovler, and Martin Sherwin responded to numerous lunchtime discussions of my ideas with encouragement and thoughtful critiques. All their suggestions helped me sharpen my arguments and make the writing more accessible to a wider audience.
At an early stage in my thinking about the book, Elisabeth Sifton encouraged me to broaden my focus from 1945 to the seven years between the end of the war and the beginning of the Eisenhower presidency, the time frame I have covered. I greatly appreciate her suggestion.
Tim Duggan, my editor, provided a superb critique after reading the first half of the manuscript. It led me to rethink some of what I had done, and it helped shape the whole book. His wise counsel has been a constant source of support, for which I am most grateful.
Allison Lorentzen, Tim Duggan’s right hand, and Lydia Weaver, the production editor, were essential collaborators in turning the manuscript into a finished book. I am grateful to them, as I am to Miranda Ottewell, whose excellence as a copy editor saved me from numerous errors; I am most appreciative of her help.
As with everything I have written over the last forty years, my wife, Geraldine Dallek, brought her keen editorial skills to bear on my prose. She has made me a better writer and a better historian, or at a minimum, a scholar who constantly keeps in mind that the best history engages an educated public eager to learn the lessons of the past. She has been an indispensable helpmate in all I have achieved.
Also by Robert Dallek
Harry S. Truman
Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power
An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963
Flawed Giant: Lyndon B. Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973
Hail to the Chief: The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents
Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960
Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism
The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945
Democrat and Diplomat: The Life of William E. Dodd
Copyright
THE LOST PEACE. Copyright © 2010 by Robert Dallek.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
EPub Edition © SEPTEMBER 2010 ISBN: 978-0-062-01671-3
Grateful acknowledgment for permission to reproduce illustrations is made to the following: Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 4, top; page 5, top; page 6, top; page 6, bottom; page 7, bottom; page 8, bottom; page 9, top; page 10, top; page 10, bottom; page 11, bottom; page 15, top; page 15, bottom. Courtesy of the National Archives: insert page 1, top; page 1, bottom; page 8, top; page 11, top; page 14, bottom. Department of State, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 13, bottom. Economic Cooperation Administration, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 13, top. National Park Service, Abbe Rowe, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 7, top; page 12, top; page 14, top. Office of the U.S. Chief of Counsel, Courtesy of the Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 2, top; page 3, top. Terry Savage, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 9, bottom. U.S. Army, Courtesy of Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum: insert page 16, bottom. U.S. Army Signal Corps, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 2, bottom; page 3, bottom; page 4, bottom; page 12, bottom. U.S. Army Air Corps, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 5, bottom. U.S. Navy, Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library: insert page 16, top.
FIRST EDITION
* * *
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dallek, Robert.
The lost peace: leadership in a time of horror and hope, 1945–1953 / Robert Dallek.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-06-162866-5
1. World politics—1945–1955. 2. World War, 1939–1945— Peace. 3. Cold War. I. Title.
D843.D21 2010
909.82′4—dc22 2010005727
* * *
10 11 12 13 14 OV/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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