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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
© SUDSY TSCHIDERER
RAYMOND ARSENAULT is the John Hope Franklin Professor of Southern History at the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg. A graduate of Princeton and Brandeis Universities, he has also taught at the University of Minnesota, the University of Chicago, and as a Fulbright lecturer at the Université d’Angers in France. One of the nation’s leading civil rights historians, he is the author of several acclaimed and prize-winning books, including Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice and The Sound of Freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Concert That Awakened America. The 2011 PBS American Experience documentary Freedom Riders, based on his book, won three Emmys and a George Pe
abody Award.
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ALSO BY RAYMOND ARSENAULT
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Crucible of Liberty:
200 Years of the Bill of Rights
(editor)
The Changing South of Gene Patterson:
Journalism and Civil Rights, 1960–1968
(coeditor with Roy Peter Clark)
Paradise Lost? The Environmental History of Florida
(coeditor with Jack E. Davis)
Freedom Riders:
1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice
(2006; abridged edition, 2011)
The Sound of Freedom:
Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Concert That Awakened America
Dixie Redux:
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(coeditor with Orville Vernon Burton)
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NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES
AA
Arthur Ashe Jr., as told to Clifford George Gewecke Jr., Advantage Ashe (New York: Coward-McCann, 1967).
AADJ
Arthur Ashe daily journals; in private collection of Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe
AAP
Arthur Ashe Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library
AATC
Louie Robinson Jr., Arthur Ashe: Tennis Champion (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970).
ASC
Al Schragis Collection of Arthur Ashe Memorabilia, Scarsdale, New York
BAA
Baltimore Afro-American
BATN
Sundiata Djata, Blacks at the Net: Black Achievement in the History of Tennis, vol. 1 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2006).
BCHT
Bud Collins, The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book (second edition) (New York: New Chapter Press, 2011).
CD
Chicago Defender
CTN
Cecil Harris and Larryette Kyle-DeBose, Charging the Net: A History of Blacks in Tennis from Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe to the
Williams Sisters (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2007).
DB
Daily Bruin (UCLA)
DG
Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersad, Days of Grace: A Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
HRG
Arthur R. Ashe Jr., A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete (vol. 1, 1619–1918; vol. 2, 1919–1945; vol. 3, Since 1946) (New York: Warner Books, 1988).
int
interview
IRAA
Mike Towle, ed., I Remember Arthur Ashe (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2001).
ITHF
International Tennis Hall of Fame, Newport, Rhode Island
JMA
Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe
KRWL
Kenneth Ritchie Wimbledon Library
LAT
Los Angeles Times
LG
John McPhee, Levels of the Game (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1969).
NYT
New York Times
OSC
Olympic Studies Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
OTC
Arthur Ashe, with Neil Amdur, Off the Court (New York: New American Library, 1981).
PIM
Arthur Ashe, with Frank Deford, Arthur Ashe, Portrait in Motion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975).
q, qs
quotation, quotations
RFP
Richmond Free Press
RNL
Richmond News Leader
RTD
Richmond Times-Dispatch
SI
Sports Illustrated
SSAA
Tennis Channel Signature Series: Arthur Ashe. Directed by Nitin Varma, 2014.
UCLASIO
UCLA Sports Information Office
UCLAUA
UCLA, University Archive
W
Doug Smith, Whirlwind: The Godfather of Black Tennis: The Life and Times of Dr. Robert Walter Johnson (Washington, DC: Blue Eagle Publishing, 2004).
WP
Washington Post
WT
World Tennis magazine
PREFACE
1 See Howard Bryant, The Last Hero: A Life of Henry Aaron (New York: Pantheon, 2010); David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (New York: Vintage, 1999); William J. Baker, Jesse Owens: An American Life (New York: Free Press, 1986); Randy Roberts, Joe Louis: Hard Times Man (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); David Marannis, Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball’s Last Hero (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007); James S. Hirsch, Willie Mays: The Life, the Legend (New York: Scribner, 2010); Larry Tye, Satchel: The Life and Times of an American Legend (New York: Random House, 2009); Jules Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Wil Haygood, Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009); and Aram Goudsouzian, King of the Court: Bill Russell and the Basketball Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
2 Frank Deford, Big Bill Tilden: The Triumphs and the Tragedy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976); Susan Ware, Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women’s Sports (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); and Chris Bowers, Federer (London: John Blake, 2016). Those seeking a greater understanding of the personal side of tennis history can turn to: John McPhee, Levels of the Game (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1969); Richard Evans, McEnroe: A Rage for Perfection (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982); John Feinstein, Hard Courts: Real Life on the Professional Tennis Tours (New York: Villard, 1991); Stephen Tignor, High Strung: Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe and the Untold Story of Tennis’s Fiercest Rivalry (New York: Harper, 2012); Marshall Jon Fisher, A Terrible Splendor: Three Extraordinary Men, A World Poised for War, and the Greatest Tennis Match Ever Played (New York: Broadway, 2010); Eric Hall, Arthur Ashe: Tennis and Justice in the Civil Rights Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014; Peter Bodo, Ashe vs Connors: Wimbledon 1975—Tennis That Went Beyond Centre Court (London: Aurum Press, 2015); Frances Clayton Gray and Yanick Rice Lamb, Born to Win: The Authorized Biography of Althea Gibson (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004); Richard Evans, Nasty: Ilie Nastase vs. Tennis (New York: Stein & Day, 1979); Adrianne Blue, Martina: The Lives and Times of Martina Navratilova (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1995); Johnette Howard, The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova—Their Rivalry, Their Friendship, Their Legacy (New York: Yellow Jersey Press, 2005); Caroline Seebohm, Little Pancho: The Life of Tennis Legend Pancho Segura (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009); and Chris Bowers, Novak Djokovic and the Rise of Serbia: The Sporting Statesman (London: John Blake, 2015).
3 Althea Gibson, edited by Ed Fitzgerald, I Always Wanted to Be Somebody (New York: Harper & Row, 1958); Althea Gibson, with Richard Curtis, So Much to Live For (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1968); Alice Marble, with Dale Leatherman, Courting Danger: My Adventures in World-Class Tennis, Golden Age Hollywood, and High-Stakes Spying (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991); Rod Laver, with Bud Collins
, The Education of a Tennis Player (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971); Jack Kramer, The Game: My Forty Years in Tennis (New York: Putnam, 1979); Billie Jean King, with Frank Deford, Billie Jean (New York: Viking, 1982); Martina Navratilova, with George Vecsey, Martina (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985); John McEnroe and James Kaplan, You Cannot Be Serious (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2002); Pete Sampras, with Peter Bodo, A Champion’s Mind: Lessons from a Life in Tennis (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009); Andre Agassi, Open: An Autobiography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009); Jimmy Connors, The Outsider: A Memoir (New York: Harper, 2013); Chris Evert, Chrissie: My Own Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982); Zina Garrison, with Doug Smith, Zina: My Life in Women’s Tennis (Berkeley: Frog Ltd., 2001); James Blake, with Andrew Friedman, Breaking Back: How I Lost Everything and Won Back My Life (New York: Harper, 2007); Rafael Nadal and John Carlin, Rafa (New York: Hachette, 2012); Andy Murray, Andy Murray: Seventy-Seven (London: Headline, 2015); Serena Williams, My Life: Queen of the Court (New York: Pocket Books, 2010); Serena Williams, with Daniel Paisner, On the Line (New York: Grand Central, 2009); Arthur Ashe Jr., as told to Clifford George Gewecke Jr., Advantage Ashe (New York: Coward-McCann, 1967); Arthur Ashe, with Frank Deford, Arthur Ashe: Portrait in Motion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975); Arthur Ashe, with Neil Amdur, Off the Court (New York: New American Library, 1981); and Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersad, Days of Grace, A Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993). See also two fascinating memoir-style narratives: Bud Collins, My Life with the Pros (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989); and Peter Bodo, The Courts of Babylon: Tales of Greed and Glory in the Harsh New World of Professional Tennis (New York: Scribner, 1995).
PROLOGUE
1 Doris Cammack-Spencer int. The entire Cammack family was prominent in ATA circles, and Doris’s older brother, Bill Cammack, was one of the ATA’s most talented young stars. Doris played on the Anacostia High School tennis team from 1955 to 1957.