capital punishment, 162, 163, 172–73
Carey, Mathew, 106
census, federal, 96
Charles, Joshua, 128, 283–84n59
Chase, Samuel, 123–24
“checks and balances,” 62
Chicago Tea Party, 284n59
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), 164–65, 292n27
civil rights legislation and the Fourteenth Amendment, 173, 299n49
Civil War income tax, 30–31, 254n27
Clinton, George, 103
Coenen, Dan T., 280n51
Cohens v. Virginia (1821), 124
colonial assemblies, 3–4
and British Whig tradition, 60
charters and declarations of rights, 134–35
and local self-governance, 4, 69–70, 250n3
Massachusetts town meetings, 3, 4, 5
and Parliament’s taxation, 15–16, 17–18
raising funds, 18, 254n24
Commerce Clause, 96, 163, 270n33, 270n35
Committee of Detail draft (August 6, 1787), 201–12
original preamble, 265n27
proposed list of congressional powers, 47, 65–66, 100, 118, 267n14
and safeguards against governmental abuse, 135
Committee of Eleven, 72, 88, 100, 118, 277n34
Committee of Style
and Bill of Rights, 136–37
and Hamilton, 277n34
Morris and drafting of the Preamble, 265n27
Committees of Correspondence, 5
common good. See liberty, government, and the common good
Common Sense (Paine), 111, 274n21
Confederation Congress, 9–10, 12, 55
Jay’s attempted commercial treaty with Spain, 9–10, 259n36
and postwar debts, 16–17, 21–22
taxation authority, 16–17, 20–22
three-fifths compromise, 45, 257n25
Congressional Tea Party Caucus, 123
Constitution of the United States, 61–75, 127, 213–25
amendments 11–27, 235–44
Article I, Section 8, xi–xii, 22–23, 32, 61–62, 63–68, 96, 255n29
Article I, Section 9, 22–23, 31–32
Article II, Section 2, 156
Article IV, Section 4, 164, 250n5
Article V, 133
Article VI, 27
Committee of Detail draft, 47, 65–66, 100, 135, 201–12, 265n27, 267n14
mythology of Madison’s authorship, 77–102
Preamble, 61, 71–72, 265n27
ratification and “The Federal Procession,” 149
strengthening and restraining principles, 61–75
See also Bill of Rights; Federal Convention (1787); originalism; principles of government; ratification debates and state ratification conventions
Constitutional Convention. See Federal Convention (1787)
Continental Army, 5, 7
Continental Association, 251n12
Cooke, Jacob E., 273n9
Cornwallis, Charles, 8
coverture, doctrine of, 171–72, 297–98n45
Davie, William Richardson, 46
Dawson, Henry B., 108
Dayton, Jonathan, 50, 79
Declaration of Independence, 69, 72, 127, 132
Del Beccaro, Thomas, 15
Dickinson, John, 6–7, 40, 43, 300–301n55
The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 105, 167
Douglas, William O., 269n30
Dred Scott decision (1857), 160–61
Duer, William, 104
Durchslag, Melvyn R., 127
Dworkin, Ronald, 171, 295n43
Eighth Amendment, 150, 163, 172
Electoral College, 50–52, 116, 259n41, 276n31
Ellis, Joseph J., 35
Ellsworth, Oliver, 38, 48, 257n19, 274n18
Enlightenment, European, 36, 57–58, 132
Eskridge, William N., Jr., 279n44
executive, national. See presidency
“expressly delegated powers,” 66–68, 262n13, 270n35
“factionalism,” 92–94, 269n30
Federal Convention (1787), x, 12–14, 35–55, 134–39
and Articles of Confederation (overhauling), 12–14, 36, 39, 58, 77
Bill of Rights discussions, 136–39, 285n10, 285n13
calling of, 2, 12, 39, 252n21
Committee of Detail draft, 47, 65–66, 100, 135, 201–12, 265n27, 267n14
Committee of Eleven, 72, 88, 100, 118
and concern for the common good, 71
delegates, 12–13, 39
and the federal veto, 80, 81–88, 89–92, 267n12, 267nn14–15, 268n17, 268n22
and Federalists, xii, 12–14, 23–26, 140, 272n6
and interest-driven politics, 35–55
Madison at, 12–13, 39–40, 77–90, 95–96, 99–101
Madison’s detailed notes, x, 13, 78, 126, 159, 160, 266n4, 290n12
naming of, 272n6
New Jersey Plan, 38, 135
popular sovereignty/consent of the governed, 73–74, 263n23, 264n24
on presidential selection method, 49–52, 71, 165, 259n39, 259n41, 276n31
and proportional state representation, 39–49, 80–81, 83–85, 256n14, 256n19, 257n29, 259n40, 267nn13–14
secrecy of the proceedings, 37–38, 159
state authority/federal authority debates, 80–81, 95–96, 99–101
taxation debates, 22–27
Virginia Plan, 13, 36–37, 41, 77–78, 81–83, 135, 197–200
See also Bill of Rights; principles of government; ratification debates and state ratification conventions
Federal Judiciary Act (1789), 157–58
“The Federal Procession” (July 4, 1788, in Philadelphia), 149
federalism, definition, xii–xiii
The Federalist (The Federalist Papers), xii, 90–94, 103–29
determining framers’ intent from, 123–29, 281n53, 283–84n59
enduring role in American jurisprudence and political culture, 123–29, 282n54
errors, 117–18, 276n33
essays of “Publius,” 103–14, 117–18, 272n6, 274n18, 280n51, 281n52
Federalists’ motives for writing, 103–6, 110–13, 126, 269n27, 274n16, 274n18, 276n33, 280n48, 280n51, 281n52
Hamilton and, 90, 93, 103–6, 108, 113–23, 125–26, 128, 129, 151, 263n22, 275n26, 277n34
Hamilton on liberty and the common good, 104–5, 151, 263n22
Hamilton’s reversals, contradictions, and willful misrepresentation, 114–23, 277n34, 278n38, 286n59
Jay and, 35, 103–4, 113, 275n30
and jury trials in civil cases, 119–20, 121, 129
Madison and, 78, 90–94, 98, 104–6, 120, 125–26, 281n53
Madison’s ideas on pluralism and countering factions, 92–94, 269n30
newspaper reprints and circulation, 111–13, 275n23
and presidential authority in foreign relations, 121–22
and presidential selection, 115–16, 117, 275n30, 277n34
publishing history and readership, 106–13, 273n9
and ratification debates, 103–6, 109, 110–20, 124–25, 273n13, 275nn23–24, 280n48
and slavery, 282n55
Supreme Court opinions citing, 93–94, 103, 123–24, 127–28, 129, 269n30, 273n9, 279n44
title and subtitles, 106–8, 272n6, 273n9, 273n13
The Federalist (The Federalist Papers)*
No. 1, 104–5, 111, 128, 151, 263n22
No. 2, 35
No. 3, 111
No. 10, 78, 92–94, 293n27
No. 11, 93
No. 14, 92, 120
No. 16, 111
No. 19, 274n18
No. 20, 274n18
No. 23, 111
No. 27, 123, 279n44
No. 33, 121
No. 37, 105, 281n53, 300n51
No. 38, 111
No. 39, 90–91, 120, 129
No. 41,
283–84n59
No. 44, 275n30
No. 45, 91, 98, 120, 129, 275n30
No. 51, 92–94, 269n30
No. 54, 282n55
No. 59, 117, 277n34
No. 60, 116
No. 64, 275n30
No. 68, 115–16, 117, 277n34
No. 69, 115, 116
No. 75, 121–22
No. 77, 116, 117–19, 277n36
No. 83, 119–20, 121, 129
No. 84, 117, 138, 277n34, 285n13
No. 85, 113, 283n59
“federalist principle,” 90–91
Federalists
and the Bill of Rights, 133–34, 140, 145, 148, 150
definition and term, xii–xiii, 272n6
and the Federal Convention, xii, 12–14, 23–26, 140, 272n6
motives for The Federalist essays, 103–6, 110–13, 126, 269n27, 274n16, 274n18, 276n33, 280n48, 280n51, 281n52
support for federal powers of taxation, 23–26
Fifth Amendment, 150, 298n45
First Amendment, 150, 161, 164, 172, 292–93n27, 292n18
First Continental Congress (1774), 5
First Federal Congress, 67, 156, 264n26
Fletcher v. Peck (1810), 124
Fourteenth Amendment, 161–62, 164, 171, 173, 297–98n45, 299n49
Fourth Amendment, 150
France, 7
Franklin, Benjamin
on depreciated Continental currency, 19
and “framework originalism,” 300n51
on individual rights and the common good, 71
and proportional representation, 42, 43, 257n19
on purpose of the Constitution, 174–75, 300n55
and ratification debates, 54
urging delegates to endorse Constitution, 89, 174, 300n55
“Freedom Train” (1947–1949), ix, 249n1
Freeman’s Oracle, 111
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War), 15–16
Fuller, Melville, 255n29
Gage, Thomas, 4
Gazette of the United States, 122
“general welfare,” 71–72, 102, 269–70n31
George III, King, 8
Gerry, Elbridge
and the Bill of Rights, 136, 146
and the executive veto, 83, 88
“expressly delegated” powers debate, 67
opposing ratification of Constitution, 52
and originalism, 159
and popular sovereignty, 73, 264n24
and proportional representation, 42, 257n19, 259n34
Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (1963), 269n30
Glorious Revolution (1688), 59
Gonzales v. Raich (2005), 163
Gorham, Nathaniel, 45, 71
Grayson, William, 148
Great Books Foundation, 107
Great Britain
English Bill of Rights, 17–18, 131–32
Glorious Revolution (1688), 59
Parliament’s response to colonial assemblies, 3–4
Parliament’s taxation of the colonies, 15–16, 17–18
Whig tradition, 58, 59–61
Great Compromise, 38, 40–47, 49, 83–85, 256n19, 257n29, 259n40, 267n13
and money bills, 43, 83–84, 259n40
and slave populations, 44–46, 257n26, 257n29
and three-fifths compromise, 37, 45–46, 49, 257nn25–26, 258n31
Gregory, Anthony, 131
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 161–62
habeas corpus, writ of, 68, 136
Hamilton, Alexander
and the Bill of Rights, 138, 285n13
and federal powers of taxation, 17
The Federalist essays, 90, 93, 103–6, 108, 113–23, 125–26, 128, 129, 151, 263n22, 275n26, 277n34
on individual liberty, government, and the common good, 71, 104–5, 128, 151, 263n19, 263n22
and jury trials in civil cases, 119–20, 121, 129
and liquor excise taxes, 28, 254n21
and national bank debates, 63, 64–65, 96–97, 120–21, 278n40
opinion reversals, contradictions, and shifts, 114–23, 276n32, 277n34, 278n38, 283n59
and originalism, 168, 291n16
as “Pacificus,” 122
and presidential authority in foreign relations, 121–22
and presidential power of appointments/removals, 117–19, 278n37
and presidential selection, 114–16, 117, 277n34
and presidential veto power, 115
and proportional representation, 41, 44
and ratification debates, 54
“To the People of the State of New York” (1787), 103
Hamilton, John C., 108–9
Hartley, Thomas, 264n26
Henry, Patrick, 24–25, 148
Hobbes, Thomas, 58–59
Hopkins, George F., 106, 108
House of Representatives
Bill of Rights debate and consideration, 145–48
the Great Compromise and proportional representation, 38, 40–47, 49, 83–85, 256n19, 257n29, 259n40, 267n13
Madison and the “federalist principle,” 90–91
money bills, 43, 83–84, 259n40
principle of representation (and successive filtrations), 73–74, 264n26, 265n28
Hume, David, 36
Hutson, James H., 266n4
Hylton, Daniel, 28–29
Hylton v. United States (1796), 28–29, 157–58
Income Tax Act (1894), 31
incorporation, powers of, 101, 271n38, 291n15
individual liberty. See liberty, government, and the common good
Irelan, John Robert, 35
Jackson, James, 156
Jackson, William, 266n4
Jay, John, 9–10, 11, 12, 82
Address to the People of New-York, 113, 275n24
The Federalist essays, 35, 103–4, 113, 275n30
negotiation of treaty with Britain, 157, 158, 291n16
proposed commercial treaty with Spain, 9–10, 259n35
and ratification debates, 260n47
Jay’s Treaty, 157, 158, 168, 291n16
Jefferson, Thomas
and the Bill of Rights, 139, 149–50, 151
and Congress’s power to charter banks/bank bills, 64
and the Federal Convention, 35, 37–38, 80, 89, 92
Kentucky Resolutions, 269n31
and slavery institution, 249n3
statements on liberty, 249n3
and “wall of separation” between church and state, 161, 292n18
Johnson, Andrew, 299n49
Johnson, William, 124
jury trials in civil cases, 119–20, 121, 129, 136
Kennedy, Anthony, 102, 261n6
King, Rufus, 49, 259n40, 274n18, 291n15
Knox, Henry, 11, 12–13, 82
Lamb, John, 117
Lansing, John, Jr., 52
Lee, Richard Bland, 156
Lee, Richard Henry, 148
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 6
liberty, government, and the common good, 59–61, 68–72, 263n22
and the Bill of Rights, 150–51
British Whig tradition, 58, 59–61
contemporary understandings, 72
and the “general welfare,” 71–72, 102, 269–70n31
Hamilton on, 71, 104–5, 128, 151, 263n19, 263n22
Jefferson on, 249n3
local colonial ordinances to ensure common good, 4, 69–70
post-independence state legislatures, 70–71
Liberty’s Blueprint (Meyerson), 110, 281n53
limited powers, principle of, 63–68
Article I, Section 8 on positive powers of Congress, 61–62, 63–68
and bank bills/national bank, 63–65, 120–21
“expressly delegated powers,” 66–68, 262n13, 270n35
general principle of limited government, 63, 261–62n6
“necessary and proper” clause (princip
le of implied powers), 64–66, 97, 100
and principle of enumerated powers, 65–68, 270n35
Livermore, Samuel, 27, 147
Living Constitution, 169–73. See also originalism
Locke, John, 36, 57, 132
Loving v. Virginia (1967), 173
Madison, James, 77–102
and the Bill of Rights, 133, 138–39, 141–48
and commerce clause, 96, 270n35
Convention notes, x, 13, 78, 126, 159, 160, 266n4, 290n12
evolution of thinking about federal/state authority, 80–81, 94–102, 269–70n31
and “factionalism,” 92–94, 269n30
and federal powers of taxation, 17, 21–22, 24, 27
and federal veto power over all state legislation, 80, 81–86, 89–92, 267n12, 267nn14–15, 268n22
The Federalist essays, 78, 90–94, 98, 103–4, 120, 125–26, 281n53
and the “federalist principle,” 90–91
“framework originalism,” 300n51
on individual rights under large central government, 92–94
and militias, 101, 271n39
mythical role as “father” of the Constitution, 77–102
and national bank debates, 64, 96–97, 160, 271n38
on piecemeal legislation for the common good, 71
on popular sovereignty and principle of representation, 73–74
and powers of incorporation, 101, 271n38, 291n15
on the presidency and executive authority, 86–89
and principle of enumerated powers, 67, 263n16, 270n35
and proportional representation, 39–40, 43, 80–81, 83–85, 267n13
proposed amendments that became Bill of Rights, 27, 67, 133, 142–48, 227–30, 261n5, 263n16, 270n35, 286n28, 287n31
provisions on which he did not prevail, 79–80, 89–90
on “separation of powers,” 261n5
on slavery/slave representation, 282n55
and strict constructionism, 96–97, 100
suggested method of constitutional interpretation, 158–60, 290n11
on treaty-making authorities, 88, 268n19, 291n16
and the Virginia Plan, 77–78, 81–83, 86–89, 267n12
and Virginia Resolutions, 94–95, 269n31
and Virginia’s Statute for Religious Freedom, 142
Maggs, Gregory, 117, 276n33
Manning, John F., 280n48
Marbury v. Madison (1803), 124, 157–58
Marshall, John, 82, 124, 129
Martin, Luther, 52
and direct taxation, 22, 27
on individual rights and the common good, 71, 263n21
and proportional representation, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 258n31, 263n21
and slavery/slave representation, 47, 258n31
Maryland Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 258n31
Maryland’s ratification convention, 262n13, 286n19
Mason, Alpheus T., 280n48