71. Thomas MacMillan, “DeStefano: We Shouldn’t Have Sent SWAT Team,” New Haven Independent, October 8, 2010.
72. Dayna Bagby, “Atlanta City Council Settles Third Eagle Lawsuit for $330,000,” GAVoice, March 19, 2012.
73 Club Retro LLC v. Hilton (5th Cir. 2009).
74. Swint v. Wadley, 51 F.3d 988 (1994).
75. The Ruttenberg narrative is from author interviews and reporting. See also Ruttenberg v. Jones (4th Cir. 2010) (unpublished).
76. Bellotte v. Edwards, 629 F.3d 415, No. 10-1115 (4th Cir. 2011).
77. See Mike Masnick, “SWAT Team Raids Home Because Guy Had an Open Wireless Router,” TechDirt, April 25, 2011; and Nate Anderson, “SWAT Team Throws Flashbangs, Raids Wrong Home Due to Open WiFi Network,” Ars Technica, June 28, 2012.
78. Sean Gregory, “10 Questions for Shaquille O’Neal,” Time, October 30, 2006.
79. Tim Kenneally, “Steven Seagal Lawsuit: Don’t Bring a Tank to a Cockfight,” TheWrap.com, March 8, 2012.
80. See Steve Silberman, “Don’t Try This at Home,” Wired, June 2006.
81. See Naureen Khan, “Man whose home was searched cries foul in koi case,” Austin-American Statesman online, July 16, 2010, available at: http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/sharedgen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/07/16/man_cries_foul_in_koi_fish_cas.html.
82. Radley Balko, “Dogs Caught in a Deadly Crossfire,” The Daily Beast, July 19, 2009.
83. Joseph Pentangelo, interview with the author, July 2009.
84. Norm Stamper, interview with the author, August 2012.
85. Russ Jones, interview with the author, August 2012.
86. Mackenzie Carpenter, “The Reluctant Poster Boy,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 4, 2009.
87. Radley Balko, “Scenes from a Crackdown,” Reason, October 5, 2009.
88. Pat Pheifer, “Few Arrested at RNC Face Charges,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, February 20, 2009.
89. Felisa Cardona, “Undercover Cops Were Among the Unruly at DNC,” Denver Post, November 6, 2008.
90. Ernest Luning, “Denver Police ‘Beat the Crowds’ T-shirt No Laughing Matter, Protesters Charge,” Colorado Independent, September 25, 2008.
91. “Scott Olsen, Iraq War Veteran Hurt in Occupy Oakland Protests, Leaves Hospital,” Associated Press, November 13, 2011.
92. Colin Moynihan, “Three Sue over Pepper-Spraying by Police at Fall Occupy Wall St. Protest,” New York Times, July 31, 2012.
93. Steven Greenhut, “Conservatives Side with Pepper-Spraying Thugs,” LewRockwell.com, November 23, 2011.
94. Jesse Walker, “Report: When Obama Became President, Right-Wing Violence Fell,” Reason.com, January 22, 2013; Spencer Ackerman, “Report: US Muslim Terrorism Was Practically Nil in 2012,” Wired, February 1, 2013.
95. Bill Morlin, “Ruby Ridge Carved Niche in History,” Idaho Spokesman-Review, August 19, 2012.
96. Craig Barrett, “From the Program Manager,” All Points Bulletin 3 (1, October 2011), published by the Law Enforcement Support Office.
97. G. W. Schulz and Andrew Becker, “Free Military Surplus Gear a Boon to Local Calif. Law Enforcement,” California Watch, March 29, 2012.
98. Charles Earl Barnett, interview with the author, August 2008.
99. Scarlet Sims, “The Case of the .50 Caliber Rifle,” Log Cabin Democrat, September 26, 2012.
100. Donovan Slack, “Even Small Localities Got Big Guns,” Boston Globe, June 15, 2009.
101. Avina v. US, 681 F.3d 1127, No. 11-55004 (9th Cir. 2012). See also Mike Riggs, “Here’s How the Obama Administration Defended DEA Agents Who Put a Gun to a Little Girl’s Head,” Reason.com, June 19, 2012.
102. David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70s: The Decade That Brought You Modern Life—For Better or Worse (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
103. Ed Burns, interview with the author.
104. Jim Stewart, “Use of SWAT Teams Up Greatly Across the Country,” CBS This Morning, December 9, 1997.
105. Michael Cooper, “As Number of Police Raids Increase, So Do Questions,” New York Times, May 26, 1998; Al Guart, “‘Spruill Effect’ on Drug Busts,” New York Post, January 25, 2004; Brian A. Reaves, “Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1996”; Brian A. Reaves, “Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2008,” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; “Johnston Police Use Military Surplus Assault Rifles, Humvees to Train, Equip SWAT Team,” Providence Journal, December 5, 2012.
Chapter 9: Reform
1. The Calvo raid narrative is from multiple author interviews with Cheye Calvo, other reporting by the author, and April Witt, “Deadly Force,” Washington Post Magazine, February 1, 2009; Cheye Calvo, “Berwyn Heights Mayor Cheye Calvo Recounts Errant SWAT Raid,” Washington Post, September 20, 2009; Cheye Calvo, “Should No-Knock Police Raids Be Rare or Routine?” partial transcript of his speech at a Cato Institute Policy forum, published in Cato Policy Report (November-December 2008); Cheye Calvo, “Live Chat with Mayor Cheye Calvo,” TheAgitator.com, February 26, 2009; “Deadly Force” (live chat with Cheye Calvo and April Witt), WashingtonPost.com, February 2, 2009.
2. See Maryland House Bill 577, signed into law May 26, 2005, available at: http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2010rs/bills/hb/hb0577f.pdf.
3. Rosalind S. Helderman, “Pr. George’s Officers Lacked ‘No-Knock’ Warrant in Raid,” Washington Post, August 6, 2008.
4. Daniel Valentine, “Prince George’s Council Confirms Magaw as Police Chief,” Gazette.net, July 6, 2011.
5. Ruben Castanada, “Lawyers Find Fault with Pr. George’s Drug Arrests,” Washington Post, October 14, 2008.
6. Marc Fisher, “No Police Work in This Botched Action,” Washington Post, September 14, 2008.
7. Rosalind S. Helderman and Aaron C. Davis, “Pr. George’s Police Arrest 2 in Marijuana-Shipping Plot,” Washington Post, August 7, 2008.
8. “Deadly Force” (live chat with Cheye Calvo and April Witt), WashingtonPost.com.
9. Michelle Gielan, “Mayor’s Dogs Killed in Drug Raid,” CBS Early Show, August 8, 2008.
10. Daniel Valentine, “Johnson: County on Good Path,” Gazette.net, October 23, 2008.
11. Rosalind S. Helderman and Aaron C. Davis, “Killing of Mayor’s 2 Dogs Justified, Pr. George’s Finds,” Washington Post, September 5, 2008.
12. CNN American Morning, August 8, 2008.
13. “Deputies Raid Wrong Address, Kill Couple’s Dog,” WJLA-7, Washington, DC, November 19, 2007.
14. Rosalind S. Helderman and Aaron C. Davis, “FBI to Review Raid That Killed Mayor’s Dogs,” Washington Post, August 8, 2008.
15. Brendan Kearney, “Family Sues Howard County over Dog Shooting,” The Daily Record, July 28, 2009.
16. Mike Santa Rita, “Two County Residents Detail Police Raids,” Columbia Flier, March 3, 2009.
17. Don Markus, “Questionable Force,” Baltimore Sun, March 1, 2009.
18. Cheye Calvo, “Statement of Berwyn Heights Mayor Cheye Calvo on Passage of SWAT Team Reporting Legislation” (press release), April 9, 2009.
19. Peter Hermann, “Numbers Paint Portrait of SWAT Team Use,” Baltimore Sun, February 24, 2010.
20. Ruben Castaneda, “Settlement in Md. Town Mayor’s Lawsuit,” Washington Post, January 24, 2011.
21. Donald Santarelli, interview with the author, August 2012.
22. See “Monks Arrested In SWAT Team Action,” KETV Omaha, February 24, 2006, available at: http://www.ketv.com/Monks-Arrested-In-SWAT-Team-Action/-/9675214/10073774/-/13mbrtfz/-/index.html.
23. Stephen Downing, interview with the author, August 2012.
24. Neill Franklin, interview with the author, August 2012.
25. Norm Stamper, interview with the author, August 2012.
26. Ibid.
27. Neill Franklin, interview with the author, August 2012.
28. Carolyn Carlson, “Email Reveals Shocked Sheriff,” Albuquerque Journal, December 21, 2006.
29. Russell Jones, interview with the author, August 2012.
INDEX
ABC News, 195, 209
Abolitionists, 20
Accountability, 34, 39, 125, 242, 261, 268–269, 280, 297, 304, 319, 328–331, 334, 335
ACLU, 156, 163, 247, 257, 295
Adams, Sam, 15
Administrative searches, 284–285
Afghanistan, 251
Ain’t Nobody’s Business if You Do (McWilliams), 217
Albom, Mitch, 252
Alcohol, 30, 32, 164, 284, 285–286, 289, 322
Aleutian Islanders, 12
Alito, Samuel, 263
Alpert, Geoffrey, 274
Al Qaeda, 251
Ambrose, Miles, 81, 105, 108, 119, 121, 122
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 248
American Revolution, 10, 14, 16, 22, 45, 196. See also Colonial period
Ames, Mel, 106, 107
Amsterdam, Anthony, 174
Antiwar movement, 41, 67, 69, 71, 99
Armored vehicles, xii, 63, 64, 96, 136, 154–157, 233, 239, 253–255, 256–257, 288, 302, 332
Army Rangers, 208
Arnold, Judy, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114
Arpaio, Joe, 288, 302
Arson, 52, 106
Arthur Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, 203
Articles of Federation, 17
Ashcroft, John, 253
Askew, Don and Virginia, 118, 120
Assassinations, 2, 67, 68
Assault weapons, 192, 224, 252, 255, 256, 258, 269–271, 273, 303
Assets forfeiture, 14, 140, 146, 152–154, 157, 175, 219, 240, 244, 249, 321
ATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Augustus (Emperor), 2, 3
Avina v. US, 303
Awtry, Aaron, 283
Badway, James, 330
Bail system, 66, 67, 84, 144
Bain, Donald, 275
Barnett, Charles Earl, 302
Barrett, Craig, 301
Barry, Marion, 91, 98
Bartels, John, Jr., 123
Bartlett, Richard, 50
Basile, Richard, 233
Batten, James, 91–92
Battering rams, 155–157, 279, 283
Baucum, David, 280–281
Baum, Dan, 67, 149, 255
Bell, Sean, 273
Bennett, William, 163–166, 169, 170, 177, 250
Bernhardt, Edwina and Catherine, 333
Berti, Patrick, 106
Biden, Joe, 140, 146, 167–168, 218, 219, 247, 257
Big government, 144, 300
Black markets, 32–33, 97, 250
Black Panthers, 66, 76–80, 129
Blacks, 10, 23, 24, 25, 35, 40, 66, 67, 69, 71, 87, 95, 98, 169, 187, 212, 245. See also Slavery; Watts riots
Blair, David, 33
Blakey, Robert, 140
Blass, Arnold, 117–118
Bloomberg, Michael, 333
Bollman, Bob, 107, 108, 111, 112–113
Bologna, Anthony, 296
Bonus March, 37, 41
Boston, ix, xi, 9, 12, 17, 19–22, 30, 170
Boston Massacre, 14, 21–22
Boston Globe, 169, 209
Bowdoin, James, 17
Bradley, Tom, 186
Brady v. Maryland, 54
Brandeis, Louis, 6
Braudis, Robert, 192
Breaking Rank (Stamper), 56, 189–190, 234
Brennan, William, 44, 45–47, 49, 76, 139, 174, 196
Brockman, Timothy, 264–265
Brooks, Pierce, 189
Brown, John, 22
Browning, James L., 113, 114
Browning, Richard III (Col.), 180
Brown v. Board of Education, 40, 41, 82
Brunkle, Archie, 107
Buchwald, Art, 92
Buckley, William F. 55, 92, 217
Buffalo, New York, 259–260
Bulger, Whitey, 326
Bullock, Deval (Det.), 281
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), 108, 134, 199–204, 220
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), 68, 72, 73, 103, 104, 107–108, 114, 119, 123, 237, 280, 282, 290
Burgreen, Bob, 160, 189, 190
Burns, Anthony, 20, 21
Burns, Ed, 304
Burns, Eric, 33
Bush, George H. W., 163, 167, 180–181, 244
Bush, George W., 205, 208, 247, 250, 252, 253, 301
Butman, Asa O., 20
Byrne grants, 167, 221, 243–244, 245, 247, 248, 255, 301, 321
California, 215–216, 248, 252, 301–302. See also Humboldt County, California; Los Angeles/Los Angeles Police Department; individual cities
Calling Forth Act, 17–18
Calvo, Cheye, 309–320
Campaign Against Marijuana Production (CAMP), 147–149, 152
Carlson, Donald, 181–183
Carswell, G. Harrold, 101
Carter, Jimmy, 129, 135, 136
Castle Doctrine, 6–8, 9, 10, 12, 45, 46, 48, 83, 88, 94, 136, 196, 198, 199, 260, 261, 320
Cato Institute, vii, viii, 247, 289, 310, 315, 316, 336
Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR), 254, 255–256
Charleston, South Carolina, 28, 282
Chavez, Cesar, 59
Cheney, Dick, 167, 178
Children, 240, 241, 246, 248, 249–250, 264, 267, 289–290, 303
child pornography, 286–287
Christopher Commission, 186, 188
Churchill, Winston, 43
Cicero, 1, 6
Civil liberties, 2, 4, 29, 31, 39, 86, 150–151, 174, 216, 218
Civil Rights Act (1964), 82, 87
Civil rights issues, 24, 40, 41, 66, 68, 115, 121, 236, 285, 286
Civil War, 12
Clark, Mike, 254
Clark, Ramsey, 66
Clark, Tom, 45, 47, 48, 49, 92
Clifton, Lloyd, 108–109, 110–111, 113, 114, 115
Clinton, Bill, 129, 193, 194–195, 200, 203, 204, 215, 218, 219, 247, 252, 297, 300
Cocaine/crack, 136, 141, 155–157, 171, 179, 223, 260–261, 262, 263
Coleman, Tom, 245
Colombia, 251
Colonial period, x–xi, 3, 6, 8–9, 12, 13–14, 27–29, 140
Columbine High School in Littleton,
Colorado, 230–233
Common law, 4–5, 6, 45, 46, 88, 140, 196, 199, 261
Communism, 37, 38, 40, 178, 204
Computers. 98, 221, 268, 287, 324. See also Internet
Connecticut, 191–192, 218
Conrad, Clay, 276–277
Constables, x, 5, 28
Constantine (Emperor), 3
Constitution, ix–x, 16, 168, 236
Bill of Rights, xiv, 10, 13, 15
Commerce Clause, 87
Constitutional Convention, 17
Second/Tenth Amendments, 15
Third Amendment, 11–13, 15, 16, 39 (see also Symbolic Third Amendment)
Fourth Amendment, 10, 45, 47–48, 54, 55, 114, 125, 139, 145, 150–151, 156, 157, 174, 184, 186, 196, 226, 236, 259, 263, 266, 277, 279, 284, 285, 286, 289, 303, 320, 325
Eighth Amendment, 54
Thirteenth/Fifteenth Amendments, 23
Fourteenth Amendment, 10, 23, 25, 48, 54, 153
Eighteenth Amendment, 32, 33
Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), 289
Controlled Substances Act, 88
COPS program, 218, 221–222, 223, 255, 301
Coral, Valerie and Michael, 252
Cornell, Dewey, 233
Corruption, 5, 31, 32, 34, 141, 247
Costales, Sam, 329–330
Coulter, Ann, 205
Counterculture, 40, 41, 67, 68, 71, 76, 86, 106, 133, 152, 193
Craig, Malin (general), 39
Crime, 2, 4, 5, 8, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 50, 52, 64, 102, 198, 209, 225, 323
crime bills/policy, 65, 66–67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 83–96, 100, 151–152, 167, 178
drugs an
d violent crime, 68, 103
organized crime, 140, 146
statistics concerning, 144, 163, 270, 272
victims of, x–xi, 3
See also Washington, D.C.: crimes in
Crime Control Act (1994), 274
Culosi, Sal, 280–281
Culture wars, 142, 143
Curtis, Richard,
Cushing Doctrine, 22, 24, 208
Daley, Richard, 68
Damon, Matt, 288
Davis, Ed, 62, 78
Death penalty, 80, 163, 166, 178
Declaration of Independence, 10
Defense Department/Pentagon, 36, 78–79, 145, 158, 167, 178, 191, 193–194, 209–210, 230, 254, 296, 303, 308, 321
DeGuerin, Dick, 280
Delano Grape Strike, 59
Dellinger, Walter, 205
Democracy, 39
Denver, Colorado, 185–186, 192, 288, 296
Detroit, Michigan, 96–97, 306
Dickenson, Dirk, 106–107, 108, 109–112, 116
DiGristine, Charles, 171–172
Dillinger, John, 132
Dodd, Thomas J., 86–87, 88–89, 90, 95
Doddridge, David, 270
Dogs, xiii, 117, 200, 241, 288, 290–293, 307, 309, 311, 316, 317, 332
Dorsen, Norman, 92
Douglass, Frederick, 20
Downing, Stephen, 211, 214, 325
Dragnet, 34
Drones, 256
Drudge, Matt, 294
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program, 165–166
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 65, 122–123, 135, 148, 154, 184, 202, 215, 216, 248, 252, 253, 303
vs. Customs, 181–182
Drugs/drug war, xii, xiv, 7, 32, 35, 42, 65, 66, 69–70, 71–74, 76, 80, 97, 119, 125, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 149, 151, 163–169, 174, 192, 194, 197, 202, 220, 226–227, 233, 240, 247, 307, 324, 333
antidrug programs/bills, 72–73, 86–87, 87–88, 102–105, 165–166
calling police on drug-using relative, 165–166
drug users as supporting terrorists, 250–251
and national security, 157
reforms concerning, 321–322
use of military concerning, 141, 145, 154, 157, 158, 175, 177–180, 206 (see also Police: militarization of)
See also Cocaine/crack; Ecstasy drug; Evidence, destruction of; Heroin; Marijuana; Rockefeller drug laws
DuBose, Tommie, 159
Due process, 165
Dukakis, Michael, 163
Duncan, Stephen, 178
DuPont, Robert, 73, 136
Duran, Robert, 130
Dyer, Heyward, 74–75, 76