Inflation, Theory of 4, 55–6, 202–7
International Space Station 120, 160, 164, 221; Expedition 38 156–9, 165–6
Ionian Enchantment 159
Iota Ursa Major 133
Isua Supracrustal Belt, Western Greenland 102
ITER 236–7
J
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 219
Johanson, Donald 130
Joy Division 2, 172, 205
Jupiter 3, 14, 15, 38, 59, 75, 76, 86, 87, 89, 96, 100, 123–4
K
K-type dwarf stars 20, 100
Kamanin, Nikolai 122
Kazak Steppe, Kazakhstan 156–9, 165–6
Kennedy Space Centre 76
Kennedy, Bobby 16
Kennedy, John F. 16, 18, 19, 70, 114, 119, 149
Kepler Space Telescope 90–1
Kepler-62 system 84, 85
Kepler, Johannes 9, 12, 23, 38, 39, 84, 90–1, 98, 100, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 196
Kepler Conjecture, The 188–92
Khrushchev, Nikita 70, 114
Kipling, Rudyard 193, 194
Kochab 134
Königsberg Observatory 22
Konopinski, Emil 61
Kotov, Commander Oleg 158, 166
Kranz, Gene 231
Kuiper Belt 117
L
landscapes, nature and shaping of 79
Large Hadron Collider, CERN, Geneva 170, 177, 178, 180, 202
Late Heavy Bombardment 102, 103
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 234
Leavitt, Henrietta 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 169, 170, 171, 204, 207
LEM (Lunar Excursion Module) 18
Lemaître, Georges 50, 53–4, 55, 56
leopard, spots of 193–6
Lilly, John C. 68, 69
Linde, Andre 202, 206
The Local Group 34
longitude 44, 45
Lorenz, Edward 225, 227
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 61
Lovell, Jim 16, 17, 54, 132–3, 146, 147, 149
Low, George 18
LUCA (the Last Universal Common Ancestor) 104–5, 106, 107, 172
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis skeleton) 126, 130–1, 138
Luna 3 25
Lunar Lander 18
Lunar Module (LM) 145, 146–8, 229, 232
Lunar Rover 229
Luther King Jr, Martin 16
Lyra, constellation of 84, 91
M
Magellan, Ferdinand 132
Magellanic Clouds 27
Mahler, Gustave 242
Main Sequence 96, 97, 98, 99, 100
mammals, emergence of 105, 106, 107
Manchester 2, 25, 120, 160, 171
Manhattan Project 61, 70, 72, 113
Marconi, Guglielmo 63
Maria de Novara, Domenica 7
Mars: close encounters with Earth 224; likelihood of habitation on 63, 86, 93, 95, 100, 103; position of in solar system 3, 14, 15; travel to 16, 42, 59
Mayor, Michel 89
Mercury 3, 15, 67, 85, 86, 89, 95, 224, 227
Mesopotamia 153, 160, 161
Milankovitch theory 136
Milky Way Galaxy 2, 3, 4, 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 46, 49, 51, 59, 62, 69, 70, 72, 82, 83, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118
MIT 53, 132
Mitochondria 109–10, 111, 125, 142, 151
Moon: Apollo missions and see Apollo missions; Armstrong’s footprints on 131; atmosphere 95; dark side of the 25; distance to the 47; Earth’s rotational rate and 133–5; first views of the 37; formation of 102; Galileo’s sketches of 37; Galileo’s watercolours of 37–8; North Pole 95; orbit/gravity 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 37–8, 95, 99, 133, 143; physics of getting to 230–2
Moore, Patrick 58, 145
morphogenesis 142, 193, 195
Morrison, Philip 64, 68, 69, 72, 74, 113
Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 95–6
N
Nabataeans 152, 153, 154, 161
Nagasaki, nuclear attack on 61
Nakayara, Ukichiro 191
NASA 72, 94, 239; Apollo missions and see Apollo missions; Aquarius Reef Base 218; AS8-14-2383 19; Big Ear telescope and 73, 74; definition of properties a planet needs to have chance of supporting life 93; Exoplanet Archive 91; Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 219–20; Hubble Space Telescope 27; Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 95; Plum Brook Station, Ohio 42, 43, 45; Project Cyclops and 73; Sentry System 216; Space Shuttle missions 120
National Academy of Sciences 66
National Ignition Facility (NIF), California 234, 237
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia 64, 66, 70, 72, 82, 87, 89, 101, 113, 116
‘National Radio Silence Day’ 63, 64
Natufians 152
Neanderthals 129, 139, 140, 142, 149, 210, 213–14
NEEMO 219–20
Neptune 3, 75, 76, 117
Neumann, John von 116–17
neutrino 46, 177, 181, 235
neutron stars 46–7, 84
neutrons 46, 175, 177, 179, 180, 197, 235, 237
Newman, William 117
Newton, Isaac 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 164, 188, 221, 232; Constant 10, 224; Law of Gravity 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 29, 40, 41, 42, 44–5, 46, 47, 158, 159, 160, 182, 221, 224
99942 Apophis (asteroid) 216, 227
North Star 134
nuclear fusion 197, 234–5, 236
nuclear reactors 61
O
Oakbank Avenue, Chadderton, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England 2, 16
Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France 89
Occam’s razor 60
Oliver, Barney 68, 69
Omo 1 and Omo 2 139
Order of the Dolphin, The 66
Orion 25, 97
‘Out of Africa’ model 139, 150, 151
oxygenic photosynthesis 106, 107, 108, 111–12, 113, 118
Ozma 64
P
parallax, stellar 20, 21, 22, 23
Paranthropus 129, 138, 139
patterns in nature, emergence of complex 25–8, 175, 185–96, 222, 223
Pauli Exclusion Principle 45, 46
Pauline Chapel, Rome 37–8
Pearman, Peter 66, 68
Petra 153–5, 161
Petrovich 157, 158, 165
phagocytosis 110
Pherkad 134
photon 65, 175, 177, 181
photosynthesis 69, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111–12, 113, 118
Photosystem 2 108
physics, laws of 9, 35–6, 59, 83, 96, 97, 109, 117, 143, 168, 170, 205, 207, 222 see also under individual law name Pickering, Professor Edward Charles 25, 27
Pilbara region, Western Australia 102
Pius XII, Pope 54
Planck epoch 169
Planck length 203
Planck satellite 200
Planck temperature 173
Planck’s constant 46
Planetary Motion, Kepler’s laws of 188
Plato 197
Plum Brook Station, Ohio, NASA 42, 43, 45
Poincaré, Henri 25, 224
Polaris 132–4
primates, evolution of 105, 111, 125–31, 140, 151
Project Cyclops 73
prokaryotes 109–12
Proton Synchroton accelerator, CERN 69
protons 46, 65, 69, 78, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 191, 197, 234–5, 237
Proxima Centuari 84, 97, 221
PSR JO348+0432 45–7, 48
Ptolemy 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14
pulsars 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 141
Pulse Climate Variability hypothesis 143
Pushkov, Alexi 215, 216
Q
quantum field theory 178–9, 198, 202, 204
quantum physics 45, 46, 169, 178–9, 198, 202, 203–4, 207
quarks 175, 177, 179, 181, 197,
242
Queloz, Didier 89
radial velocity 55, 87, 88
Raleigh, Sir Walter 190
reaction-diffusion systems 195
red dwarf stars 76, 84, 90, 96, 97, 99–100, 221
red giant stars 97, 98
relativity 9; General Theory of Relativity 9, 29–30, 39, 43–4, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 168– 9, 179, 182, 183, 202–3, 222; Special Theory of Relativity 9, 40–2
Robertson, Howard Percy 54
Roman Empire 153, 154
Rome 5, 37–8
Ross 248 221
Roswell, New Mexico 60
Royal Astronomical Society, London 25
Russell, Bertrand 12
Russell, Henry Norris 86, 96, 98, 100
Ryazansky, Sergey 158, 166
S
Sagan, Carl 58, 68, 69, 79, 117, 131, 207, 215
sand dunes, formation of 187
Saturn 3, 14, 15, 59, 75, 76, 100
scalar fields 179, 202, 203–4, 205, 206, 207
Schuster, Arthur 25
Schwarzschild, Karl 51
science: language and 170; predicting the future and 209–42; vs. magic 224–8; what is? 35–6
science fiction 58, 59, 81, 90, 116, 219, 237
sea level rise 114
SETI 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 87, 91, 101, 116
Shakespeare, William 164, 232
Shapley, Harlow 28, 29, 31, 49, 53
Siberia 123, 156–7, 215
single celled organisms, emergence of 109, 192
Sirius 76, 99
Sitter, Willem de 52, 56, 202
Sixtus III, Pope 37
61 Cygni 20, 22
Small Magellanic Cloud 27
snowflake, symmetry of 188–92, 196
solstices 134, 226
Solvay Conference, Brussels, 1927 54
Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft 22, 157, 158, 165, 166
Space Shuttle Columbia 120
spacetime: infiation of see Infiation, Theory of; shape of 48, 49, 51, 202
speed of light 46, 182, 202
sperm, odds of success of 172
Standard Model Lagrangian 178, 183
Standard Model of particle physics 138, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 191, 197, 198, 202, 222
Star Trek 58, 237
Star Wars 58, 81
Starobinsky, Alexei 202
stellar aberration 27
stellar parallax 20, 21, 22, 23
Stratton, Alfred 185
strong nuclear force 175, 177, 179, 197, 235
Struve, Otto 68, 69, 83, 87, 89
Su-Shu Huang 68, 69
Sumerian system 160
summer solstice 226
Sun 14, 18, 28, 29, 95; brightness of 34, 99; death of 46, 224; diameter of 96, 132; Earth’s climate and 95, 96–7, 134, 136; Earth’s equinoxes, solstices and 8, 133, 134, 137, 226–8; Earth’s seasons and 134, 136, 226–8; from Earth to the 8; Jupiter causes to wobble 87; nuclear fusion and 234–5; position in solar system/orbit 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 20, 38–9, 40, 44, 45, 89, 133, 134, 135, 137, 143, 168; stellar parallax and 21, 23; temperature of 16; weak nuclear force and 175, 177
supergiants 96, 98
Svalbard Global Seed Vault 239, 240–1
Swigert, Jack 145, 149
symmetry in nature, study of 188–96, 198
Syria 152, 239
T
Tau Ceti 64, 66, 67
Teller, Edward 61
Tesla, Nikola 63
Thales of Miletus 159
367943Duende (asteroid) 215
Titan 79, 100
Titov, Gherman 122
Tobolsk, Siberia 156–7
Torino scale 216, 217, 227
transit method 90–1, 92
Triton 76
Turing machines 223
Turing pattern 193, 195–6
2MASS JO5233822–1403022 96
Twosret, Queen 162
U
UFOs 60–2
universe: creation/origin of 11, 55–60, 167–207; Earth’s place in see Earth; eternal 5, 6, 52, 207; infiation of 4, 55–6, 202–7; planets and see under individual planet name
University of Manchester 2, 25, 160
up quarks 175, 177, 178, 242
uranium series dating 210, 212
Uranus 3, 75, 76
Ursa Minor 132, 133, 134
V
Venus 3, 13, 14, 38–9, 67, 85, 86, 93–4, 95, 100, 224
Vostok 1 120, 121, 122, 123
Voyager space probes 75, 76, 79, 81, 221
W
W And Z bosons 177
Walter, Bruno 242
War of the Worlds 63
weak nuclear force 46, 175, 177, 197, 235
Weinberg, Stephen 198
white dwarfs 33, 46–7, 98
White, Ed 133
Wilberforce, Samuel 31
Wilson, Edmund O. 159
Wolszczan, Aleksander 84, 87
Wonders of the Solar System 160
Wow! Signal 74, 76
Wright Brothers 62, 117, 232
written word, development of 160–4
Y
Yerkes Observatory 33
York, Herbert 61
Young, John 120, 229, 232
Younger Dryas 152
Yukawa couplings 179, 182, 197
Z
Z-scheme 108
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We first began to discuss the television series that became Human Universe in the summer of 2012. It’s the fourth major television project we have worked on together and like all of the previous series it has required the talent and dedication of a brilliant team of people. We’d like to thank them all for the endless passion and commitment they have given to the series. We’d especially like to thank Gideon Bradshaw, the Series Producer, for his outstanding leadership. Gideon has worked on many of our television projects over the years including Horizon and the Wonders series and as always his creativity, vision and passion have been ever present during the production of Human Universe. The team also consisted of a world-class group of directors: Stephen Cooter, Nat Sharman, Annabel Gillings and Michael Lachman. The ability to take complex scientific ideas and transform them into beautiful films is a rare talent and we are lucky to have had such expertise on the project. We would also like to thank the hugely talented Paul O’Callaghan, Director of Photography, who has brought such a vibrant beauty to the cinematography across the series, Andy Paddon, ‘soundman’, for his endless hard work across all of the films, Rob McGregor for his coffee machine and for shooting so many beautiful scenes both above and below the water and Phillip Sheppard for his beautiful score. We’d also like to thank Davina Bristow, Mags Lightbody, Laura Flegg, Alice Jones, Jodie Adams, Karen McCallion and Eloisa Noble for all the ideas and dedication they have brought to the series.
Editing is such an important part of the television-making process and we are hugely grateful to Darren Jonusas for his craft in shaping the series along with the other superb editors Graeme Dawson, Louise Salkow and Gerard Evans. We’d also like to thank Rob Hi. e and the team at BDH for the design and visual effects they have brought to every film.
Every production also needs a brilliant team back in the office and Human Universe relied again and again on the leadership of Production Manager Alexandra Nicolson, Production Executive Laura Davey and the hard work and dedication of all the production team. Thank you to Louisa Reid, Viola Schwedhelm, Carly Wallis, Alexandra Osborne, and all of those who worked so tirelessly to support this complex production. We’d also like to thank Nik Sopwith and Kate Bartlett who helped shape and nurture the ideas that would form the foundation of the series during its early development.
There are of course so many others who helped make the series and we are grateful to them all, but we would like to thank Peter Leonard, Jenny Scott, Professor Nik Lane, Professor Jeff Forshaw, Professor Frank Drake, Martin West, Julius Brighton, Helene Ganichaud and Vicky Edgar.
Plus a very special th
anks to Sue Rider for all of her endless support.
As always, the team at HarperCollins have been outstanding in delivering such a beautiful book against punishing deadlines. We’d particularly like to thank Zoë Bather, whose brilliant design is found in this and all three of the Wonders books, Michael Gray, Julia Koppitz, Chris Wright, Anna Mitchelmore and of course Myles Archibald, our patient and wise publisher.
We’d also like to thank the University of Manchester for their continued unwavering support and encouragement, in particular Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice Chancellor, who allows her academics the freedom to be academics.
Cognitio, sapientia, humanitas.
About the Authors
Professor Brian Cox, OBE is a particle physicist and a professor at the University of Manchester as well as researcher on one of the most ambitious experiments on Earth, the ATLAS experiment on the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. He is best known to the public as a science broadcaster and presenter of the popular BBC Wonders trilogy.
Andrew Cohen is Head of the BBC Science Unit and the Executive Producer of the BBC series Human Universe. He has been responsible for a wide range of science documentaries including Horizon, the Wonders trilogy and Stargazing Live. He is an honorary lecturer in Life Sciences at the University of Manchester and lives in London with his wife and three children.
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
http://www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East – 20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W, 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
1 London Bridge Street
London, SE1 9GF
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
195 Broadway
New York, NY 10007
http://www.harpercollins.com