annual benediction of, 22, 63
annual Christmas greeting to College of Cardinals of, 160–61
appearance of, 22–23, 56, 74
Aradi commemoration of birth of, 184
beatification of, 230–31
bloodletting of, 24
death/funeral of, 177–84, 186, 187–88, 190, 192–93, 199–202, 226, 231
election as pope of, 31
family background of, 72
illness of, 21, 23–25, 50, 76, 138, 146, 149, 150, 155–57, 159, 160, 171–72, 177–84
influence of, 21–22, 66–67, 102
injection into, 180–82, 183, 200
isolation within Vatican of, 143
LaFarge first meets with, 4
LaFarge at general audience with, 54–55
LaFarge influence on, 51–52, 59–60, 102, 221
LaFarge private audience with, 55–62, 82, 83, 221, 222
LaFarge views about, 214
Last Rites administered to, 155, 180, 182, 183, 185
legacy of, 232
as mountain climber, 27, 29–30, 31, 186
ordination of, 29
Pacelli blessed by, 182
Pacelli car accident and, 118–19
Pacelli meetings with, 118, 159
Pacelli recall from Germany by, 74
Pacelli relationship with, 50–51, 57, 74–75, 119, 145, 196, 207
Pacelli–von Bergen meeting with, 118
papers/files of, 187, 227, 228
peace initiatives of, 118
personal and professional background of, 27–29, 30–31, 74, 185, 186
Pius XII compared with, 230
Pius XII as emulating policies of, 210, 211
radio broadcasts of, 64–67
reputation of, 57
secrecy of, 97–98
style of, 23, 57
Vatican politics and, 4, 25, 75, 79, 143
views about papacy of, 63–64
See also encyclical, Pius XI–LaFarge; specific person or topic
Pius XII (pope). See Pacelli, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni
Poland, 133, 217
politics
Pius XI views about role of Catholic Church in, 214
types of anti-Semitism and, 92–93
within Vatican, 4, 25, 75, 79, 92, 100, 129–30, 143, 146–47, 176, 191–92, 211–12
Pontifical Academy of Science: Pius XI speech at, 158–59
popes
as “Prisoner of the Vatican,” 62
See also specific pope
Popular Mechanics magazine, 64
Prague, Czechoslovakia: LaFarge visit to, 41, 141
Pribilla, Hax, 232
propaganda, Nazi, 40, 44, 45
Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI encyclical), 91
race/racism
anti-Semitism compared with, 51, 59–62
Aryans and, 101
comparison of U.S. and Nazi, 154–55
as fraud and myth, 90, 114
LaFarge interest in/views about, 1–2, 8–9, 51, 91, 115, 154–55, 161–63, 175–76
Pius XI–LaFarge audience about, 221
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 59–62, 90–91, 92, 111, 115, 137, 155, 160, 171, 172
Pius XI views about, 101–2, 113–14, 152, 160, 161, 168, 192
Schuster comments about, 152
Vatican-Italy relations and, 190
See also anti-Semitism; specific nation
Ratti, Ambrogio Damiano Achille. See Pius XI (pope)
Ratti, Count Franco, 156, 182, 183
Ratti, Don Damien, 28
Ratti, Donna Camilla, 156
Ratti, Francesco, 28
Ratzinger, Joseph (Pope Benedict XVI), 231
refugees, 85–86, 111–12, 117
Reims Cathedral (France): LaFarge visit to, 86–87
religion
Pius XI speech about science and, 158–59
Roosevelt views about, 164
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 43
Rocchi, Filippo, 155, 177–78, 180–81, 183, 200
Roche, Monsignor George, 198, 202
Rockefeller, John, 86
Romania: Jews in, 47
Romanis, Monsignor Alfonso de, 183
Rome, Italy
Chamberlain visit to, 166–69
consolidation of modern Italy and, 62
Göring visit to, 25
Hitler visit to, 12, 13–15, 19, 20–21, 32, 33–34, 35, 37, 47, 52, 67, 85, 160
impact of Munich Agreement on, 131, 132
LaFarge 1938 trip and, 4, 52–62
and LaFarge delivery of encyclical, 117
LaFarge views about, 54, 131, 132
Lateran Accords (1929) and, 62, 64, 160, 173, 174, 188
map of, 56
Mussolini domination of, 52–53
Vatican as city-state in, 62
Roncalli, Angelo (cardinal), 203
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 68
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
anti-Semitism and, 85
appeasement and, 130
Coughlin criticisms of, 153
on dangers of Nazi Germany, 163–64
elections of 1938 and, 148
Evian-les-Bains refugee conference and, 85
Halifax meeting with, 166–67
Hitler-Mussolini alliance and, 69
Hitler Sportpalast speech and, 130
Hurley-Phillips relationship and, 104, 122, 123
illness of, 22
Italian-U.S. relations and, 69
Kristallnacht attacks condemned by, 151
Mundelein–Pius XI visit and, 147–48
Munich Agreement and, 120, 166–67
Pacelli meeting with, 69–72
Phillips relationship with, 68–69, 218
Phillips reports to, 68, 69, 120
Pius XI and, 69, 72, 144, 147, 193–94
questions asked of LaFarge about, 34
recall of U.S. ambassador to Germany by, 151
State of the Union message (1939) of, 163–64
statements in Vatican media of, 122, 144
Taylor appointment as envoy to Vatican by, 217
and U.S. plans upon outbreak of World War II, 121–22
Vatican-U.S. relations and, 105, 122, 209, 217
war preparations of, 176
Roosevelt, Theodore, 10
Rosa, Enrico, 135–36, 138, 170, 171
Rosselli, Cosimo, 204
Russia, 18, 25, 30–31, 98, 106, 153, 161.
See also Communism; specific person
Salotti, Carlo (cardinal), 23
Sapieha, Adam Stefan, 230
Schneider, Reverend Burkhart, 226
Schuster, Alfred, 152
science
Pius XI interests in, 64
Pius XI speech about religion and, 158–59
Scotti, Tomaso Gallarati, 177
Senatro, Edoardo, 229
Serafini, Camillo, 183
Sheehy, Reverend Maurice, 152–53
Shirer, William, 124, 125, 126, 127
Shrapnel, Henry, 16
Smith, Alfred E., 152–53
Social Justice newspaper, 154
Spain
Civil War in, 78, 90, 105–6
LaFarge book about, 37–38
LaFarge views about, 105–6
Spellman, Monsignor Francis, 65, 66, 70–71, 103, 180, 218
Sportpalast: Hitler speech at, 123–28, 129, 130, 141, 161, 194
SS Volendam (ship): LaFarge trip on, 7–9, 11
St. Augustine, Florida: Hurley appointment as bishop in, 218
St. Ignatius College, 104
St. Ignatius of Loyola, 9, 89
St. Peter’s Basilica: Pius XI funeral in, 192–93
Stalin, Joseph, 17, 106
Stanton, Edward, 227
State Department, U.S., 69, 105, 122, 211
Statendam (ship): LaFarge return from Europe on
, 131, 132, 134, 139–40
Stein, Father Johan, 55
students, anti-Fascists: Pius XI meeting with, 174, 201, 227
Suchecky, Bernard, 226–27
Sudetenland, 17, 42–43, 44, 111–12, 117–18, 125, 126, 131, 132–33, 141, 151
Tacchi-Venturi, Piero, 129–30
Talbot, Francis X., 18, 40, 82, 93, 96, 97, 107–8, 111, 116, 131, 140, 194
Tardini, Monsignor Domenico, 129, 143, 170, 189–90, 230
Taylor, Myron, 85, 217, 218
Tevere newspaper, 109
Thompson, Dorothy, 77, 211
Time magazine, 159, 183, 184
Tisserant, Eugene (cardinal)
allegations about Pius XI death of, 198–99, 200, 201, 202–3, 226
as candidate for pope, 205
death of, 202
memoirs of, 202
Pacelli compared with, 58
Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 205, 211
papers/files of, 202–3, 229
Paul VI relationship with, 202–3
Pius XI death and, 185–86
Pius XI meeting with, 177
Pius XI relationship with, 58, 177, 185–86, 216
professional background of, 185, 186
selection of Pius XI successor and, 195, 197–98, 203
views about Nazis and Fascism of, 216
Tolischus, Otto D., 151
Town Hall (New York City): LaFarge speech at, 162–63
Treaty of Versailles, 17, 131
Truman, Harry S., 218
United States
anti-Semitism/race issues and, 1–2, 8–9, 51, 59–62, 85, 95, 154–55
Communism and, 141
French relations with, 86
Hitler mockery of, 85–86
Hitler/Nazi persecution of Jews and, 69
Hitler visit to Rome and, 14
Hurley–Pius XI relationship and, 104
Kristallnacht condemnation by, 152–53
Nazi Germany relations with, 39–40, 141, 151
Pacelli election as pope and, 205
Pacelli visit to, 69–72
Pius XI crooked crosses statement and, 33
Pius XI death reaction in, 193–94
plans about outbreak of World War II of, 121–22
selection of Pius XI successor and, 196
Vatican relations with, 70, 105, 122–23, 148, 209–10, 217–18
See also specific person or topic
The Unity of the Human Race (Humanis Generis Unitas) (encyclical), 113, 171, 189
Vatican
as city-state in Rome, 62
Hurley banishment from, 218
peace initiatives of, 118
Pius XI concerns about divisions within, 191–92
Pius XI isolation within, 143
Pius XI views about papacy and, 63–64
political divisions within, 4, 25, 75, 79, 92, 100, 129–30, 143, 146–47, 176, 191–92, 211–12
popes as prisoners of, 62
spying on, 97–99, 191–92
World War II role of, 226, 230
See also specific person, nation, or topic
Vatican Library, 29, 185, 186
Vatican Observatory, 64
Vatican Radio, 22, 32, 33, 49, 64–67, 100, 102, 122, 128, 144, 177, 217
Vatican Secret Archives, 191, 202, 227, 229
Vatican Secretariat of State, 73, 217
Ventures in Diplomacy. The Diary of Caroline Drayton Phillips (W. Phillips), 228
Victor Emmanuel II, 52, 62
Victor Emmanuel III, 52
vom Rath, Ernst: murder of, 150
von Bergen, Diego, 118, 196
von Galen, Clement (cardinal), 231
Warren, Hope, 15
Wilberforce, Robert, 15
Wilkins, Roy, 1
With Deep Anxiety (Mit Brennender Sorge) (Pius XI encyclical), 26, 72, 75, 77–78, 97
WMCA radio station, 153
Wolf, Hubert, 228
World War I/Great War, 17, 20, 40, 42, 43, 86, 87, 104, 109, 121, 186
World War II
beginning of, 217
Pacelli role in, 229
role of Catholic Church in, 216, 218–19, 226, 230
U.S. plans concerning outbreak of, 121–22
Yugoslavia: Jews in, 47
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Author photograph © by Miguel Pagliere
PETER EISNER has been an editor and reporter at the Washington Post, Newsday, and the Associated Press. His 2004 book, The Freedom Line, was the recipient of the Christopher Award. Eisner also won the InterAmerican Press Association Award in 1991, and was nominated for an Emmy in 2010 for his role as producer at the PBS news program World Focus. Eisner’s other books include The Italian Letter, written with Knut Royce, which traces fraudulent U.S. intelligence prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq. He lives in Bethesda, Maryland.
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ALSO BY PETER EISNER
NONFICTION
The Freedom Line: The Brave Men and Women Who Rescued
Allied Airmen from the Nazis During World War II
COAUTHOR OF
The Italian Letter: How the Bush Administration Used a Fake
Letter to Build the Case for War in Iraq
CREDITS
Cover design by Adam Johnson
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COPYRIGHT
THE POPE’S LAST CRUSADE. Copyright © 2013 by Peter Eisner. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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