20. Human Rights Watch, “Old Behind Bars,” available at www.hrw.org/report/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars/aging-prison-population-united-states.
21. KiDeuk Kim and Bryce Peterson, “Aging Behind Bars: Trends and Implications of Graying Prisoners in the Federal Prison System,” Urban Institute, September 5, 2014.
22. See Alexandra Natapoff, “Misdemeanors,” Southern California Law Review 85:5 (2012).
23. See Alexandra Natapoff, “Misdemeanor Decriminalization,” Vanderbilt Law Review 68:4 (2015).
24. Ashley Southall, “Summonses, Not Arrests, for Small Crimes in Manhattan,” New York Times, March 1, 2016.
25. Sally T. Hillsman, “Fines and Day Fines,” Crime and Justice 12 (1990): 49–98.
26. Austin et al., “How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated?”
27. Ibid.
28. Martin Kaste, “How Many Crimes Do Your Police ‘Clear’? Now You Can Find Out,” NPR, March 30, 2015.
29. See, e.g., New York City Department of Investigation’s Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD, “An Analysis of Quality-of-Life Summonses, Quality-of-Life Misdemeanor Arrests, and Felony Crime in New York City, 2010–2015,” June 22, 2016.
30. See Michael Tonry, “Why Crimes Rates Are Falling Throughout the Western World,” Crime and Justice 43 (2014).
31. See “Alternatives to Policing,” Justice in Policing Toolkit, available at www.justiceinpolicing.com/beyond-policy/alternatives-to-policing.
32. Danielle Paquette, “One Way to Curb Police Brutality That No One Is Talking About,” Washington Post, July 14, 2016.
33. Avril Alley, Linda Waugh, and Andrew Ede, “Police Culture, Women Police and Attitudes Towards Misconduct,” July 1996, available at http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/policewomen/alley.pdf.
34. Paquette, “One Way to Curb Police Brutality That No One Is Talking About.”
35. Katherine Spillar, “How More Female Police Officers Would Help Stop Police Brutality,” Washington Post, July 2, 2015.
36. Jason Rydberg and William Terrill, “The Effect of Higher Education on Police Behavior,” Police Quarterly 13(1):92-120 (March 2010); Ben Stickle, “A National Examination of the Effect of Education, Training and Pre-Employment Screening on Law Enforcement Use of Force,” Justice Policy Journal 13:1 (Spring 2016), available at http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/jpj_education_use_of_force.pdf.
37. Jordan v. City of New London, US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, No. 99-9188 (2000).
38. “About Us,” Million Hoodies Movement for Justice, available at www.millionhoodies.net/about.
39. See, e.g., Brandon M. Terry, “After Ferguson,” The Point (2015), available at www.thepointmag.com/2015/politics/after-ferguson.
40. See Amna A. Akbar, “Law’s Exposure: The Movement and the Legal Academy,” Journal of Legal Education 65:2 (2015): 355.
41. Marie Gottschalk, “America Needs a Third Reconstruction: The Problem of Mass Incarceration Is a Problem of High Inequality,” The Atlantic, September 18, 2015.
42. Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 88–89.
43. Randall Kennedy, Race, Crime, and the Law (New York: Vintage, 1997), 20.
44. Ibid., 20–21.
45. Ibid., 17.
46. Charles Earl Jones, The Black Panther Party [Reconsidered] (Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1998), 200–207.
47. Ibid.
48. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 224.
49. “UNGASS: Public Letter to Kofi Annan—Signatories,” Drug Policy Alliance, available at www.drugpolicy.org/publications-resources/sign-letters/public-letter-kofi-annan/ungass-public-letter-kofi-annan-signato. See also Christopher S. Wren, “Anti-Drug Effort Criticized as More Harm Than Help,” New York Times, June 9, 1998.
50. “Over 75 Groups and Law Professors Push Congress to Eliminate 100-to-1 Crack Sentencing Disparity,” ACLU, April 29, 2009.
51. The NAACP advocates for “smarter results-based criminal justice policies” and “an end to racial disparities at all levels of the [criminal justice] system.” NAACP, “Justice,” available at www.naacp.org/programs/entry/justice. Groups like the National Council of La Raza and the ACLU have also pushed for criminal justice reform. National Council of La Raza, “Civil Rights & Criminal Justice,” available at www.nclr.org/issues/civil-rights. ACLU, “Criminal Law Reform,” available at www.aclu.org/issues/criminal-law-reform.
52. See Allegra M. McLeod, “Confronting Criminal Law’s Violence: The Possibilities of Unfinished Alternatives,” Harvard Unbound 8:3 (2013).
53. Elahe Izadi, “Black Lives Matter and America’s Long History of Resisting Civil Rights Protesters,” Washington Post, April 19, 2016.
54. See Jelani Cobb, “The Matter of Black Lives,” New Yorker, March 14, 2016.
55. See, e.g., Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976).
56. U.S. Const. amend. XIII, § 1.
57. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
58. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “What This Cruel War Was Over,” The Atlantic, June 22, 2015.
59. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
60. See Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Vintage, 2004).
61. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483.
62. See, e.g., Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006); Clay Risen, The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014).
63. Simone Sebastian, “Don’t Criticize Black Lives Matter for Provoking Violence. The Civil Rights Movement Did, Too,” Washington Post, October 1, 2015.
64. Jay-Z, “A Billi,” genius.com/Jay-z-a-billi-lyrics.
65. Langston Hughes, “Harlem” (1951).
66. Kendrick Lamar, “i (Live on SNL),” November 16, 2014, available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=sop2V_MREEI.
67. Eminem, “Till I Collapse,” The Eminem Show (Aftermath / Interscope, 2002).
68. Nas, “Shootouts,” It Was Written (Columbia Records, 1996).
69. Hiphop Archive & Research Institute at the Hutchins Center, “Announcing the Nasir Jones Hiphop Fellowship,” July 12, 2013.
70. N.W.A., “Fuck tha Police,” Straight Outta Compton (Priority / Ruthless, 1988).
71. See Kim Gittleson, “Dr. Dre: The First ‘Hip-Hop Billionaire’?,” BBC News, May 29, 2014.
72. Body Count, “Cop Killer,” Body Count (Sire / Warner Bros., 1992).
73. “Rapper Ice-T Defends Song Against Spreading Boycott,” New York Times, June 19, 1992.
74. James Baldwin, “Fifth Avenue, Uptown,” Esquire, July 1960. The full essay is available at www.esquire.com/news-politics/a3638/fifth-avenue-uptown.
75. See Kimbriell Kelly, Sarah Childress, and Steven Rich, “Forced Reforms, Mixed Results,” Washington Post, November 13, 2015.
76. Joyce Appleby and Terence Ball, eds., Jefferson: Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 110.
77. Henry Louis Gates Jr., “What Were the Earliest Rebellions by African Americans?,” The Root, April 22, 2013.
78. See, e.g., Stanley Crouch, “By Any Means Necessary,” New York Times, September 10, 2006.
79. See Jon Wiener, “Denmark Vesey: A New Verdict,” The Nation, March 11, 2002.
80. The well-known Negro spiritual “Oh Freedom” includes the words: “Before I’d be a slave I’d be buried in my grave.” Sing for Freedom: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs, 74–75 (Guy Carawan and Candie Carawan, eds., 1990). African American writer Toni Morrison explored this theme in the novel Beloved. See Toni Morrison, Beloved (1987).
81. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 240–41.
82. Elahe Izadi
, “Ta-Nehisi Coates Is Voting Sanders. How Big of a Problem Is This for Clinton?,” Washington Post, February 10, 2016.
83. Michelle Alexander, “Why Hillary Clinton Doesn’t Deserve the Black Vote,” The Nation, February 10, 2016, available at www.thenation.com/article/hillary-clinton-does-not-deserve-black-peoples-votes.
84. DeRay Mckesson, “DeRay Mckesson: Why I’m Voting for Hillary Clinton,” Washington Post, October 26, 2016, available at www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/10/26/deray-mckesson-why-im-voting-for-hillary-clinton/?utm_term=.240f8d1dda4f.
85. Emma Margolin, “Hillary Clinton: ‘Yes, Black Lives Matter,’” MSNBC, July 23, 2015, available at www.msnbc.com/msnbc/hillary-clinton-yes-black-lives-matter.
86. Amy Chozick, “Mothers of Black Victims Emerge as a Force for Hillary Clinton,” New York Times, April 14, 2016, available at www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/us/politics/hillary-clinton-mothers.html.
87. Tom LoBianco and Ashley Killough, “Trump Pitches Black Voters: ‘What the Hell Do You Have to Lose?,’” CNN Politics, August 19, 2016.
88. “End the War on Black People,” The Movement for Black Lives, available at https://policy.m4bl.org/end-war-on-black-people.
89. Utah v. Strieff, 136 S.C. 2056.
INDEX
“In this digital publication the page numbers have been removed from the index. Please use the search function of your e-Reading device to locate the terms listed.”
Abu Ghraib
academic research. See research, academic
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Adachi, Jeff
Adams, Eric
Adande, J. J.
Adkins v. Virginia
African American boys. See black boys
African American fathers. See black fathers
African American male exceptionalism. See black male exceptionalism
African American male performance. See black male performance
African American males as “endangered species.” See black males as “endangered species”
African American male values. See black male values
African American names. See “black names”
African American police officers. See black police officers
African American suicide. See black suicide
African American women. See black women
Afrocentric features
Afrocentric names. See “black names”
age of black boys, perception of
age of violent offenders
Airbnb
airline attendants. See flight attendants
airline seating
airport frisking
alcohol-related misdemeanors
Alexander, Michelle; The New Jim Crow
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
American Indians. See Native Americans
American Revolution
Amtrak experiment (Wideman)
animal rights and civil rights coalition (proposed)
Ansley, Frances Lee
“ape thesis.” See “dehumanization thesis”
appointed lawyers. See court-appointed lawyers
Arabs and Arab Americans, profiling of
armed robbery
Armour, Jody
arraignment
arrests; arrestee rights; assumption of guilt; of author; bystander intervention; concocted charges; DNA testing; DOJ interventions and; Ferguson; misdemeanors; as money-maker; “order maintenance”; prevention after stop; by race; Sean Combs; statistics; warrants; what to do if arrested. See also resisting arrest
art and artists
A$AP Rocky
Asian Americans: men; poverty and; stop and frisk; use of force against
assault; in prison; sentencing. See also sexual assault
assimilation
“assume the position”
athletes
attorneys. See defense attorneys; prosecuting attorneys
Atwater, Lee
Atwater v. Lago Vista
Austin, Regina
Australia
automobile fatalities
background checks. See criminal background checks
bail
Baldwin, James
Baltimore
bank bailout
“Ban the Box” (BTB) policies
baton use by police
Beckett, Lois
Beckham, Odell, Jr.
Belafonte, Harry
Bell, Daniel
Bell, Derrick
Bennett, Lerone, Jr.
Between the World and Me (Coates)
Beyoncé
Biden, Joe
#Black Boy Joy
black boys; fatal shootings of
black developmentally disabled people. See developmentally disabled blacks
black drivers. See traffic stops
black fathers: Obama criticism of; Trayvon Martin and
black features. See Afrocentric features
black gay men
Black Lives Matter
black male exceptionalism
black male performance
black male personal responsibility. See personal responsibility
black males as “endangered species”
black male values
“black names”
black-on-black crime; Giuliani view; homicide; lack of prosecution; Trump view
Black Panther Party
black police officers
black self-help. See personal responsibility
black suicide
black women; incarceration; lynching; poverty; rape
blaming: of black men; of black women; of victims
Bloomberg, Michael
“Blowin’ Money Fast” (Ross)
Body Count: “Cop Killer”
body searches. See police searches
Boston
boys: My Brother’s Keeper. See also black boys
boys-only schools
“Brady” evidence
brain research
Brehon, Tyquan
Brennan, William
Brennan Center for Justice
bribery
Britain. See United Kingdom
“broken windows” policing. See “order maintenance” policing
“Brothers Gonna Work It Out” (Hutch)
Browder, Kalief
Brown, Chris
Brown, H. Rap
Brown, Jeff
Brown, Michael
Brown, Sterling A.
Brownsville, Brooklyn
Brown v. Board of Education
Bündchen, Gisele
Burge, Jon
burglary sentences
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
Bustamonte v. Schneckloth. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
Butler, Paul; arrest and trial; childhood police encounter; Let’s Get Free; as prosecuting attorney
bystander intervention. See arrests: bystander intervention
California. See also Los Angeles; Oakland; San Francisco
California Correctional Peace Officers Association
Canada
Capers, Bennett
capital punishment. See death penalty
Carbado, Devon
Carnivore (FBI system)
Carter, Jimmy
celebratory narrative. See “progress” narrative
celebrities: black men as; black women as
character witnesses
Charleston, South Carolina
Charlotte, North Carolina
Chicago
Chicago Police Department
children; brain development; killed by police; school shootings; trial as adults. See also boys
Chinx (rapper)
chokehold (maneuver)
Cincinnati Police Department
citizen complaints
citizen injuries during police encounters
citizenship
City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
&nb
sp; civil disobedience
Civil Rights Act of 1964
civil rights and animal rights coalition (proposed). See animal rights and civil rights coalition (proposed)
civil rights movement
Cleveland
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Hillary
Coates, Ta-Nehisi; Between the World and Me
Cobb, Jelani
cocaine
coerced confessions
college education; Michael Brown and
Colorado
Combs, Sean (P Diddy)
comedy. See humor and comedy
Comey, James
Common (rapper)
Common Justice
community-police relations. See police-community relations
complaints against police. See citizen complaints
Compstat
The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Muhammad)
conducted energy devices (CEDs)
confessions, coerced. See coerced confessions
Congressional Black Caucus
consent decrees, DOJ-police. See U.S. Department of Justice: police department interventions
Constitution, U.S. See U.S. Constitution
coon shows and minstrelsy. See minstrelsy and coon shows
“Cop Killer” (Body Count)
correctional officers and prison guards
Cosby, Bill
court appearances. See also trials
court-appointed lawyers
courts; misdemeanor; New York City; police job applicant lawsuits; sex abuse and sex harassment cases. See also sentencing; U.S. Supreme Court
crack cocaine
Crenshaw, Kimberlé
crime, violent. See violent crime
Crime Bill of 1994
crime reporting and underreporting
crime statistics. See also crime victim statistics; murder: statistics; violent crime: statistics
crime victim statistics
criminal background checks
criminalization. See also decriminalization
criminal sentencing. See sentencing
critical race theory
cross-cultural comparisons
culture and poverty
“culture”/“environment” distinction
“damage-centered” research
Daniels v. City of New York
darkness and lightness of skin. See skin color
“day fines”
deadly force
Dead Prez
death penalty; support for by race
decriminalization