7. Strabo, Geography, vol. 3, book 17, trans. William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1903), p. 223. Available at http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Strabo.html.
8. Herodotus, Histories, cited in “Ancient Egypt: An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt,” last modified May 2009, http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/geography/ (accessed November 20, 2012).
9. Plutarch, Lives, p. 307.
10. Ibid.
CHAPTER 18: THE UNFORESEEN MURDER OF ANTONY
1. Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, vol. 3, trans. Hans Claude Hamilton and William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1889), pp. 228–31.
2. Ibid.
3. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 9, Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), pp. 314–17.
4. Somers Clarke and R. Engelbach, Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture (New York: Dover Publications, 1990), p. 160.
5. Sergio Pernigotti, The Egyptians, ed. Sergio Donadoni (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
CHAPTER 19: THE CAPTURE OF CLEOPATRA
1. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 9, Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 307.
2. Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977), p. 453.
3. Somers Clarke and R. Engelbach, Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture (New York: Dover Publications, 1990), p. 169.
4. Plutarch, Lives, p. 317.
5. Ibid., p. 323.
6. Ibid., pp. 316–17.
7. Cassius Dio, Roman History, trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1917), pp. 25–27.
8. Plutarch, Lives, p. 318.
9. Ibid., p. 325.
10. Quoting Florus from Life of Antony in Prudence J. Jones, Cleopatra: A Sourcebook, Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, vol. 31 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), p. 170.
11. Dio, Roman History, p. 34.
12. Plutarch, Lives, p. 319.
13. Ibid., p. 322.
14. Ibid., p. 330.
15. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves (Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1957), p. 51.
16. Plutarch, Lives, p. 321.
CHAPTER 21: OCTAVIAN’S TRIUMPH
1. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 9, Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), pp. 321–33.
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Baines, John, and Jaromir Malek. Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000.
Baker, Simon. Ancient Rome. London: BBC Books, 2006.
Bard, Kathryn A. An Introduction to the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
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Bradford, Ernle. Cleopatra. London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 1971.
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Burstein, Stanley M. The Reign of Cleopatra. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
Caesar, Julius. The Civil War. Translated by John Carter. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Dio, Cassius. Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary. Loeb Classical Library. 9 vols. Harvard University Press, 1914–1927. Available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html.
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Clarke, Somers, and R. Englebach. Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1990.
Dando-Collins, Stephen. Cleopatra’s Kidnappers: How Caesar’s Sixth Legion Gave Egypt to Rome and Rome to Caesar. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
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Dillon, Matthew. Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Donadoni, Sergio, ed. The Egyptians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Dueck, Daniela, Hugh Lindsey, and Sarah Pothecary. Strabo’s Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Empereur, Jean-Yves. Alexandria. New York: George Braziller, 1998.
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Engels, Donald W. Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978.
Everett, Anthony. Augustus. New York: Random House, 2006.
Flamarion, Edith. Cleopatra: Life and Death of a Pharaoh. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993.
Foreman, Laura. Cleopatra’s Palace. New York: Random House/Discovery Books, 1990.
Forster, Edward M. Alexandria: A History and a Guide. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1961.
Foss, Michael. The Search for Cleopatra. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1997.
Freedman, David Noel, Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck, eds. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000.
Freeman, Charles. Egypt, Greece, and Rome. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Gohary, Jocelyn. Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1998.
Gohary, Said. The Twin Tomb Chapel of Nebnefer & His Son Mahu at Sakkara. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, 2009.
Goldsworthy, Adrian. Antony and Cleopatra. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
———. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
Grant, Michael. Cleopatra. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2004.
———. From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World. New York: Collier Books, 1982.
Green, Peter. Alexander to Actium. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
———. The Hellenistic Age. New York: Modern Library, 2007.
Gurval, Robert Alan. Actium and Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
Hammond, N. G. L. The Genius of Alexander the Great. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
Harris, W. V., and Giovanni Ruffini. Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.
Hawass, Zahi, and Franck Goddio. Cleopatra: The Search for the Last Queen of Egypt. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010.
Hazzar, R. A. Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Holbl, Gunther. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Translated by Tina Saavedra. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams, and Distortions. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
Jones, Prudence J. Cleopatra. London: Haus Publishing, 2006.
-———. Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: Unive
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Kantouris, Costas. “Archaeologists Find Massive Tomb in Greece,” USA Today, February 12, 2006.
Kemp, Barry J. Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Kerisel, Jean. The Nile and Its Masters: Past, Present, Future. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema, 2001.
Kittel, Gerhard, Gerhard Friedrich, and Geoffrey William Bromiley, ed. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1985.
Kleiner, Diane E. Cleopatra & Rome. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005.
Lewis, David. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Lindsay, Jack. Cleopatra. New York: Coward McCann & Geoghegen, 1970.
Louis, Henry. Handbook of Gold Milling. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2011. Originally published 1984 by Macmillan.
Manning, J. G. The Last Pharaohs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Marlowe, John. The Golden Age of Alexandria. London: Victor Gollancz, 1971.
McCullough, Colleen. Antony and Cleopatra. London: Harper Collins, 2007.
———. Caesar: A Novel. New York: Avon Books, 1997.
———. The October Horse. New York: Pocket Books, 2002.
Millmore, Mark. Imagining Egypt: A Living Portrait of the Time of the Pharaohs. New York: Black Dog & Levanthal Publishers, 2007.
Murray, Margaret A. The Splendour That Was Egypt. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1949.
Parenti, Michael. The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People’s History of Ancient Rome. New York: New Press, 2003.
Parkinson, Richard. Pocket Guide to Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2003.
Pitassi, Michael. The Navies of Rome. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2009.
Plutarch. Lives. vol. 9. Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library. Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920.
———. Plutarch’s Lives. Edited by Arthur Hugh Clough. New York: Modern Library, 2001.
———. Plutarch’s Lives. Vol. 2. Edited by Arthur Hugh Clough. Translated by John Dryden. New York: Modern Library, 2001.
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Achilles, 52, 54
Actium, Battle of, 73, 123, 156
Actium Two at Alexandria, 181–188
Adhan (morning call to prayer), 20
Aegean/Aegean Sea, 59, 150
Agathoklos, 73
Agrippa, 125, 147
Ahurumazda, 176
Alexander the Great, 21, 29, 51–55
Alexandria, 11, 43–47
Alexandrian elite, 77
Alexandrian Lagide household, explained, 70
Alexandrians, volatility of, 212
Alexandrian War, 50, 85
Al Qabbari Necropolis, 192
Ambracia, Gulf of, 153
Amun (the Egyptian form of Zeus), 57
Anatolia, 59
Antirrhodus, 45
Antony, Mark
possible assassination, 200
as protégé of Caesar, 101
and the Second Triumvirate, 57
stabs himself with sword, 194
and suicide, 11
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 32
Antyllus, 214
Anubis the jackal, 22
Apollodurus, 82
Apostaseis, 46
Arab culture in Egypt, 21
Arabia, invasion of, 164
Arabian Gulf, 177
Arabian Seas, 163
Arab Spring, 20
Archibius, 234
Areius, 212
Aristotle, 54
Arsinoe, 70, 164
Arsinoe I, 72
Arsinoe II, 72
Arsinoe III, 73
Arsinoe IV, 72, 75, 136
’As, Amir ibn al- (Muslim general), 21
asp. See cobra
Atlantic Productions, 13, 48, 93
Augustus (Everitt), 127
Auletes, 61, 71
Battle of Mutina, 111–112
“beating one’s breast,” 204
Bent Pyramid, 24–27
Berenice, 70, 163
Berenice II, 72
Berenike (Cleopatra’s older sister), 70–71
Berenike IV, 75, 79
Bibleotheca Alexandrina, 50
Bitter Lakes, 59, 164
British occupation of Egypt, 21
Brundisium, 127, 145–146
Brutus, 93, 105–106
Bubastis, 59, 174–175
burial-chamber area in pyramid, 28
burial chambers, collective, 192
burqas, 22
Byzantine rule, ending of, 21
Caesar, Julia, 87
Caesar, Julius
affair with Cleopatra, 82–90
and bisexuality, 113–114
as “Dictator for Life,” 96
and the First Triumvirate, 56�
�57
general in civil war (Roman), 80
murder of, 96
Caesarion, 85, 139, 163, 233
Caesarium (temple), 46–47, 191
Cairo, Egypt, described, 19, 23
Calpernia, 120
Canobic mouth, 185–186, 218
Cape Locias, 193
Carthage, 167
catacombs, 48
catapults, 150
Centre d’Études, 192
chlarnys, 45
Christianity, 21
Cibotus (or the Ark), 46
cisterns, 48
Citadel, 22–23
Cleopatra I, 73
Cleopatra II, 73–74
Cleopatra III, 74
Cleopatra V, 75
Cleopatra VI, 71–72
Cleopatra VI (Cleopatra Tryphaena), 75
Cleopatra VII
affair with Caesar, 82–90
becomes queen, 69
behavioral history of, 15
capture and incarceration, 207–212
death of, 12
parentage of, 61
possible torture, 213
questions concerning death scene, 14–15
and suicide, 11
suspicious death scene (cold case), 14
timeline of life, 130
Cleopatra Berenike III, 74
Cleopatra’s Needles, 191
Cleopatris, 164–165
cobra, 11. See also Egyptian Cobra
cobra venom, 36
Coelius, 147
coffin (of King Tut), 25
coinage, regional, 59
Coliseum, 92
“Collapsed Pyramid,” 26
Common Era, 60
Constantinople, 21
Coptic Church, 21
Corinth, 154
Corniche, 47–49, 203
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 56–57
crime reconstruction, 206
crime scene, 14–15
criminal profiler, tasks of, 16
Crusaders, 22–23
cult temple(s), 192, 197
Curio, 87
Cyprus, 59, 74
Cyrenaica, 59
Cyrene, 182
Darius I, 59, 176
Dashur, 24
death-by-poison theory, 40
death-by-snake theory, 16
death from cobra venom, 39
democratic system (establishment in Rome), 94
Dendera temple, 49, 203
Dercetaeus, 195, 221
desertions, 154
diadem, 97
Dicaearchia, 44
Dio, Cassius, 33, 63, 82–84, 133, 208