America’s Options
237
To be clear, however, a tilt toward defensive insulation does not mean a
wholesale embrace of that strategy. Washington should also keep the door
open to other strategies over the next several years. If, for instance, Pakistan’s
military shows itself willing to tackle threats of extremism and internal dis-
order (as Army Chief Kayani stated was the need of the hour in an August
2012 address to the nation), that would begin to re-open prospects for greater
military cooperation.72 Similarly, if Pakistan’s elected civilian leaders choose
to renegotiate the terms of their relationship with the United States rather
than simply playing to the public’s anti-Americanism, they should find allies in
Washington willing to explore cooperative ventures that serve long-term U.S.
interests.
These basic guidelines for American strategy still provide cold comfort for
anyone who seeks an easy solution to Pakistan. They cannot promise success,
nor even offer a full guarantee against failure. Yet this is the tragic nature
of the circumstance in which the United States is trapped, much like one of
Sartre’s characters in Huis Clos described at the outset of this book, with no exit in sight. To understand the nature of the U.S.-Pakistan relationship and to
calibrate our expectations, it helps to adopt a tragic sensibility. The situation
may be bad, but it could always get even worse.
Yet Sartre’s play does not end with despair. Instead, his characters resolve
to “get on with it.” The mood is reminiscent of my many conversations with
Pakistanis and Americans who have devoted themselves to improving ties
between Washington and Islamabad, and more broadly, to building bridges
between the people of Pakistan and the United States. Sometimes, it is difficult
to understand what could possibly motivate the passion and dedication these
individuals bring to their cause, especially when the glimmer of hope seems so
faint and far away. I believe they have realized that over the long run, a strong
U.S.-Pakistan relationship offers the only way to save Pakistan from a dark
and violent future, the only way to protect America from the dangers that lurk
on Pakistani soil. Mindful of the tragic circumstances in which they toil, they
toil nonetheless. In so doing, they offer hope to the rest of us.
72 “Full Text of General Kayani’s Speech on Pakistan Independence Day,” http://criticalppp.com/
archives/227063.
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“abandonments” by U.S. in Pakistan, history
Ahmad, Salman, 60
of, 2–4
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 188
Abbas, Athar, 156
Ahsan, Aitzaz, 80–83, 103, 130, 215
Ackerman, Gary, 4
Al-Huda school network, 54–55
Acumen Fund, 226
al-Qaeda
Afghanistan
attacks on Pakistani military by, 69–70
border closings with Pakistan in, 107–108
Bush administration focus on, 23,
drone strikes in, 153–156
110–118
“economy of force” operation in, 117–118
Christmas bomb plot of, 12
India’s relations with, 41
drone strikes against, 153–156
as Indo-Pakistani proxy battleground, 46
Khan’s (A. Q.) contact with, 119
infrastructure investment in, 127n64
kidnappings by, 149
insurgency in, 114–117, 125–129
Obama administration focus on, 23–24
“lead nation” approach in, 126n61
in Pakistan, 11–16, 99, 158
military surge in, 23–24
Salafist ideology of, 97
opium production in, 126–127
U.S.-Pakistan cooperation concerning, 7–11,
Pakistan’s relations with, 8, 18–22, 40, 163,
108–117
169–172, 200–202, 214–222
al-Shibh, Ramzi, 8
Pakistan-U.S. disagreement over, 202–204
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 12, 208, 217
proposed U.S. withdrawal from, 204–206
anti-Americanism in Pakistan
Soviet invasion of, 90, 92–93, 94n76, 103,
Ahsan and, 80–83, 103, 130, 215
200–202
Baig’s discussion of, 200–202, 208, 213
Taliban in, 18–22, 40, 52, 114, 125–129,
evolution of, 200–202
202–204
historical origins of, 1–4
U.S. “AfPak” strategy and, 161–167
jihadist groups and, 73–74, 92–103
U.S. surge in, 164–167
liberal anti-Americanism, 73, 74–83
U.S. war in, 11–16, 105–108, 111–112,
nationalist anti-Americanism, 73, 83–92
125–129
perspectives on, 73–103
“AfPak” strategy, 161–167
policy impacts of, 184, 185–188
Aga Khan, Karim, 228n53
polling data on, 73n3
agricultural programs in Pakistan, 227–229
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 180–181
Ahle Hadith, 54, 99–100
Armitage, Richard, 109–110, 110n15,
Ahmad, Mahmoud, 111–112
111n16, 111–112n18, 114, 115, 117
239
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Index
Asia
nuclear expansion under, 87–90
China’s ascendancy in, 172–178, 188–192,
political legacy of, 79n31, 80–83
197–199
sectarian identity of, 96, 96n85
India’s economic role in, 186–187
U.S. relations with, 77n21, 77, 83, 85–86
Iraq war and U.S. policy in, 117–118
bin Laden, Osama . See also al-Qaeda
Pakistan’s role in, 8, 20–22, 187–188
as global symbol, 99
U.S. policies in, 85, 110–114
killing of, 5, 8, 11, 23–24, 65, 80, 139, 201
assistance programs in Pakistan . See also
Pakistan recruiting operations of, 169
military assistance to Pakistan
Bismarck, Otto von, 41–42
China and, 6–7
Blackwill, Robert, 180–181
Clinton’s (Hillary) comments on, 140
Blank, Jonah, 144
in Cold War era, 74–76
blasphemy claims, Pakistani preoccupation
comprehensive cooperation strategy and,
with, 50–53
222–233
Brennan, John, 153–154
democracy initiatives and, 140–145
BRICS summit, 195
earthquake disaster assistance, 122–123
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 94
“KLB” aid package and, 141–150
Burki, Shahid Javed, 186–187
Reagan-era programs, 112
Bush, George H. W., nuclear expansion in
USAID programs and, 149n44, 145–150,
Pakistan and, 91–92
150n44
Bush, George W.
Aurakzai, Ali Muhammad Jan, 125–126
al-Qaeda offensive under, 11–16, 23,
Avrakotos, Gus, 93–94
110–118, 127
Awami League (AL), 78–80
Bhutto (B.) and, 131–133
Azim, Kamran, 226–227
China policy under, 175–176
Aziz, Tariq, 124–125
drone policy under, 153–156
Azzam, Abdullah, 100
F-16 aircraft deal with Pakistan and,
123–124
Baba, Rahman, 170
“freedom agenda” of, 118–122
Baig, Mirza Aslam, 200–202, 208, 213–214,
India’s relations with, 179–182, 197
234
Iraq war under, 117–118
ballistic missile defense, U.S.-Indian
Musharraf and, 114–122, 215, 221
negotiations concerning, 180–181
Pakistan policy under, 23, 82, 103–104,
Baloch ethnic group, 30–32
109–114, 143n22, 181–182, 215
Bangladesh
Butt, Naveed, 57–58
education levels in, 33–35
electricity infrastructure in, 36
Carter, Jimmy, 87, 90–91
formation of, 78–80, 97
Pakistan policy under, 91, 95n78, 221
HuT activism in, 57
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, 94–95
India and, 42, 46
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Iraq war and, 117–118
Afghan operations of, 169
Barelvi school of Islam, 50–51
covert operations in Pakistan and, 208–209
Beckley, Michael, 175n18
drone strikes and, 153–161
Berehulak, Daniel, 38–39
ISI relations with, 111–112, 137
Berman, Howard, 141–145, 222
Chamberlain, Neville, 129
Beygairat Brigade, 92
Charlie Wilson’s War (film), 93–94
Bhutto, Benazir, 31, 80
Chaudhry, Iftikhar Muhammad, 80–83, 130
civilian government of, 81
China
criticism of U.S. by, 120
Bhutto’s (Z. A.) relations with, 77–78
killing of, 99, 133n77, 157
Cold War and U.S. relations in, 178–179
Musharraf and, 131–133
ethnic groups in, 21
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 62
global ascendancy of, 172–175, 175n18,
execution of, 96, 221
178
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241
India’s relations with, 41, 85, 190, 194–195
Defence of Pakistan Council (Difa-e-Pakistan)
Pakistan’s relations with, 6–10, 20–22,
(DPC), 52, 101–102, 208
38–39, 43, 70–71, 85–86, 182–184,
defensive insulation strategy
188–189, 189n64, 192
future of U.S.-Pakistan relations and,
Soviet relations with, 84–85
235–237
terrorist attacks in, 214n26
overview of, 26–27, 206–214, 233–235
U.S.-Pakistan relations and role of,
democracy
182–184, 188–192, 197–199, 214–215,
Bush’s “freedom agenda,” 11–12
219
Democratic Peace Theory, 215n28
U.S. relations with, 175–178, 188–192,
Pakistan’s experience with, 140–145, 215,
211
219–222
Citizens for Free and Responsible Media, 64
Deobandism, 54, 97
Citizens-Police Liaison Committee (CPLC),
development projects in Pakistan, 33–35 . See
224–225
also assistance programs in Pakistan;
civilian rule in Pakistan
economic growth; specific projects, e.g.
Bhutto’s (Z. A.) legacy of, 79
Tarbela Dam
comprehensive cooperation strategy for,
Diamer Bhasha dam project, 229–230
222–233
Dow Medical College, 25–26
democratic initiatives and, 140–145
drone strikes
failures of, 32
classified information about, 160–161
military structure and, 215–216n29,
defensive insulation strategy and, 206–214
219–220, 220n42, 222
in Pakistan, 11–16, 23–24, 108, 138,
public opinion of, 32n8, 32, 33
151–161
U.S. relations with, 83
Pakistan’s debate over, 157–158
climate change, impact in Pakistan of, 36–37
post-September 11 policies and, 103,
Clinton, Bill, 91, 179–182, 221
153–156
Clinton, Hillary, 140, 161–162, 166
U.S. debate over, 154n66, 158–159
Cold War
Dulles, John Foster, 74–76
China-U.S. relations and, 178–179
Durrani, Asad, 48
nuclear policy in Pakistan and, 45
surveillance aircraft in, 151
earthquake in Pakistan, U.S. aid following,
U.S.-Pakistan relations and, 1–4, 5–11, 39,
122–123
73–76, 75n9, 83–87, 103–104, 169
East Turkestan Independence Movement
comprehensive cooperation strategy, 26–27,
(ETIM), 190
206, 222–235
economic growth . See also financial assistance
Constable, Pamela, 67
programs in Pakistan
counterterror operations
absence of development with, 33–35
Obama administration’s focus on, 139,
Asian regional policies and, 197–199
comprehensive cooperation strategy for,
U.S.-Pakistan cooperation on, 23–24,
225–231
117–118, 125–129, 206–214
education levels in Pakistan, 33–35
Crile, George, 93–94
Eikenberry, Karl, 125–126, 127
Crocker, Ryan, 19, 205n11
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 74–76, 221
Crowley, Philip J., 137
elections in Pakistan
cruise missile strikes in Pakistan, potential for,
corruption and rigging of, 47–49, 78–80,
206–214
116, 121, 132
Cuban Missile Crisis, 84–85
reform agenda for, 60–62
electricity infrastructure in Pakistan, 35–38
Davis, Raymond, 136–139, 149, 158,
elites in Pakistan
208–209
Al-Huda schools and, 54–55
Dawn (Pakistani English-language
anti-Americanism among, 80–83
newspaper), 49–50
caste system and, 30–32
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Index
elites in Pakistan ( cont. )
Hamid, Zaid, 171
corruption in, 66–67
Haq, Sami ul, 52, 69–70
future projections concerning, 66
Haqqani, Husain, 120
governing power of, 30
Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 52, 93
growth of middle class and, 60–62
Haqqani network, 19, 46, 52, 105–108
leadership failures of, 37–38
Pakistan’s support for, 155–156, 162–163,
political challenges to, 68–69
166–167
vulnerability of, 6–7
U.S.-Pakistan tensions concerning, 202–206
enterprise funding, proposals for, 230–231
Hashmi, Farhat, 54–55
ethno-linguistic groups in Pakistan, 30–32
Hashmi, Javed, 60–62
extremism in Pakistan, 49–55, 66 . See also
Headley, David Coleman, 14, 99, 101, 102
al-Qaeda; specific extremist groups
healthcare structure in Pakistan, 33–35, 227
Afghan war and, 93
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 93
ascendancy of, 97n89, 96–98, 98n91, 99
Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT), 55–56, 56n103,
blasphemy claims and, 50–53
57n107, 58, 69–70, 218
Hizb ut-Tahrir and, 55–58
Holbrooke, Richard, 140–145, 147–149, 150,
leadership failures concerning, 136–168
165
Pakistan’s vulnerability to, 69–70
homeland security in the United States, 207,
strength of, 6–7
207n12, 210–211
terrorist inculation and, 49–50
Hoodbhoy, Pervez, 55
U.S.-Pakistani tensions concerning, 202–206
Husain, Ed, 57n107
hypernationalism in Pakistan, 38–39, 65,
F-16 aircraft, sale to Pakistan of, 91, 95,
171
123–124
Facebook, in Pakistan, 63–64
income levels in Pakistan, 33–34, 228
Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA),
India
125–129
Afghanistan’s relations with, 19, 41
drone strikes in, 103, 153–156, 158–159
Bush administration and, 179–182
as terrorist safehavens, 117–118
China’s relations with, 41, 85, 190, 194–195
flood disasters in Pakistan (2010), 68–69
Cold War U.S. relations and, 178–179
Ford, Gerald R., nuclear expansion in Pakistan
economic conditions in, 186n55, 186n56,
and, 90
186–187, 192–197
Foreign Assistance Authorization Act, 145
F-16 aircraft deal with Pakistan and,