as surgeon general, 244
Clarke, John, 222
Clarke parsonage, 112, 119, 122, 324n
Clarke, Rev. Jonas, 120, 325n
Clinton, Henry, 189–91, 199–200, 203, 206, 234, 266, 271, 338n, 340n
Cobble Hill, 63–64, 254, 258, 275–76, 279, 353n
Coercive Acts, 53, 55, 57–58, 74–75, 95, 120
Coffin, Nathaniel, Sr., 304n
comet, 8, 304n
commissions
and British army, 192, 201, 238–39
of loyalists, 60
and provincial army, 39, 192–93, 243–45
Committee of Correspondence
and “Boston Declaration,” 35–36
and boycott of British goods, 37, 41–42, 44
correspondence of, 34–36, 52, 54
and Gage’s actions, 79, 84, 103
leaders of, 34, 66–67
meetings of, 58, 69, 103, 310n
members of, 34, 39, 53, 72, 82, 316n
and Solemn League and Covenant, 47–49
Committee of Donations, 52, 54
Committee of Safety, 109–10, 118–19, 121, 123, 126, 150, 176, 331n, 334n
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 195, 198, 204, 208, 215, 337n, 338n, 339n, 342n
and Battle Road, 154
duties of, 88, 104, 204
and Fort Ticonderoga, 173–74
headquarters of, 175, 195
leaders of, 191–92, 236, 336n
meets in Cambridge, 163–64, 166, 175
and provincial army, 164, 179–80
Committee of Supplies, 204
Conciliatory Proposition, 95
Concord, Mass., 62, 75, 81, 88, 91, 96, 109, 111, 113
battle at North Bridge, 133–47, 151, 160, 162, 326n, 327n, 342n, 343n
and Battle Road, 152–54
British expedition to, 114–19, 122–24, 129–30
liberty pole of, 133–35, 139
militia of, 134–36, 141–42
war begins at, 140–43, 145, 189
Concord fight, 132–47, 163, 168, 171, 188–89, 206, 323n
Concord Hill, 148, 153, 328n
Concord River, 133–34, 137, 139–41, 144
Congregational Church, 11, 19, 53, 169
Connecticut, 57, 167, 214, 241, 243, 253, 266, 288
delegates of, 74
and gunpowder, 204
militia/army of, 65, 165, 197, 208, 211, 223, 259–60, 268
supports Massachusetts, 52, 173–75
Continental army, 214, 236, 249, 258
ammunition/artillery for, 268–72
and cowardice, 277–78
devoid of Bostonians, 289
and free African Americans, 251, 262–63
generals/officers of, 262, 270–74
and the King’s Speech, 264–65
and reenlistment crisis, 267, 271–72
winter mobility of, 259, 266, 271–72
Continental Congress. See First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress
Cooper, Rev. Samuel, 33, 46, 96, 100, 111, 308n, 321n
Cooper, William, 42, 96
Cooper’s Tavern, 153, 158
Copley, John Singleton, 22–23, 37, 46–47, 68, 306n
Copp’s Hill, 14, 15, 21, 168, 196, 198, 202, 206, 210, 217, 254, 340n
Cornhill, 19, 97, 320n, 321n, 339n
council of war, 195, 250–51, 267, 271–75, 277, 282
county conventions, 74–75, 77, 79
couriers/messengers, 54, 75, 204, 322n. See also Revere, Paul
courts-martial, 243–44, 251–53, 257
Crafts, Thomas, 271, 290
Crocker, Hannah Mather, 87–88
Cromwell, Oliver, 178–79
Cromwell’s Head Tavern, 56, 312n
Cushing, Thomas, 48, 55–56, 104
customs/customs officers, 7, 14, 16–19, 21, 68, 70, 247, 256, 284, 303–4n, 315n
Daily Atlas, 292
Danforth, Samuel, 69, 72, 314–15n
Danvers, Mass., 40, 58–59, 76, 156–57
Dartmouth, 9
Dartmouth, Lord, 23, 72, 94, 259
and account of Concord/Lexington, 188–89
Gage reports to, 31, 49, 59, 80, 85, 316n
orders of, 104, 114–15
and Port Act, 31
Davis, Ezekiel, 141–42
Davis, Isaac, 137–43, 147, 327n
Davis, William, 276
Dawes, William, 78, 118–19, 123
Deane, Silas, 74
Dearborn, Henry, 212, 218, 222, 227
Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker’s Hill (Trumbull), 294
Declaration of Independence, 5, 290, 294–95, 349n
Dedham, Mass., 101–2, 112, 177, 215–16, 340n
Deming, Sarah Winslow, 161–62, 164, 169, 331n
Derby, John, 171–72, 188
desertion
in British army, 50, 80, 311n
in British navy, 258
in provincial army, 202, 205
Devens, Richard, 205, 338n
Diana, 170, 184–86, 207, 217, 265
Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 239
Ditson, Thomas, 99, 145, 319n
Dock Square, 11, 15, 31, 183
Doolittle, Amos, 323n, 325n, 327n
Doolittle, Ephraim, 86
Dorchester Heights, 12, 14, 15, 63, 191, 195, 204, 234, 251, 254, 272–83, 287, 354n, 355n
drummers. See fifers and drummers
Dunbar, Jesse, 84–85
dysentery, 243, 255
East India Company tea, 3–4, 8–9, 11, 37, 52
Edwards, Rev. Jonathan, 59
Edwards, Sally, 101–3, 112, 177, 191–92, 216, 319n, 320n, 340n
Eliot, John, 181, 235
Eliot, Rev. Andrew, 169–70, 181, 206, 332n
Eliot, Samuel, 48–49
Emerson, Rev. William, 133–34, 142, 144, 241, 243, 327n
English
Civil War, 42, 137, 341n
patronage system, 193
political system, 94
Revolution, 4–5, 178
settlers, 18, 61, 120, 137
Enlightenment, 20, 32, 34, 289
entrenching tools, 205–6, 214
Estabrook, Benjamin, 121
Estabrook, Prince, 121, 128
Eustis, William, 68, 110, 150, 314n, 320n, 328n, 340n
Evacuation Day, 285
Fairfax, Sally, 239
Falcon, 196, 203
Falmouth (Portland, Maine), 16, 257, 349n
Faneuil Hall, 15, 31–32, 36, 39, 48, 103, 168, 256, 259, 265–66
farmers, 41, 70, 77, 120, 126, 142, 165, 197, 208, 241–42, 289, 309n
Farnsworth, Amos, 179, 185–86, 199, 334n, 337n
Faulkner, Francis, 151–52
fieldpieces, 76, 78, 88, 154, 197, 205–6, 209–11, 218, 223. See also artillery
fifers and drummers, 124, 128, 132, 138, 146, 149, 289
fire boats, 170
firefighters, 17, 292, 305n
First Continental Congress, 47, 75, 96, 110, 247, 253
and African Americans, 351n
and army/militia, 181, 236, 241–42, 267
and civil government, 178, 181, 236
delegates of, 44–46, 55, 74, 82, 130, 294, 309n, 312n
grants commissions, 243–44
issues paper currency, 250
militant start of, 76
replaces Gridley, 270
resolves of, 82–83, 85
and Samuel Adams, 73–74, 130
and Washington, 237, 241, 250–51, 261–63, 274, 3
51n
First Meeting, 15, 40
fishery/fishermen, 95, 246, 256, 313n
flags, 30, 137, 192, 264–65, 283, 317n, 326n, 351n
flank guards, 145–48, 153, 156, 158, 160, 209
fleches, 223, 225
Flucker, Lucy. See Knox, Lucy Flucker
Flucker, Thomas, 38, 68, 89, 246, 255
Forbes, John, 239
Ford, John, 147–48, 223
Fort Duquesne, 238–39
Fort George, 268–70
Fort Ticonderoga, 26–27, 173–74, 190, 245, 268–69, 271, 276, 332n
Fort William and Mary, 84, 99, 140, 316n, 317n
fortifications, 248, 265
abatis lines of, 264, 277
of Boston, 10, 78, 82, 86, 177, 183, 249–50, 254, 351n
at Boston Neck, 15, 76–77, 93, 164, 317n
on Breed’s Hill, 118, 197–205, 209, 224
on Bunker Hill, 213–14, 286
at the Castle, 30, 286–87
components of, 199, 273, 275–77, 280, 353n
on Dorchester Heights, 275–76, 280, 282–83
at Lechmere Point, 271–72, 274
Foster, Edmund, 146
Foster, Gideon, 156
Framingham, Mass., 93, 159, 268–69
France, 5, 221, 238–39, 289. See also French and Indian War
Francis, 284
Franklin, Benjamin, 23, 28–29, 36, 53, 64, 93–96, 111, 158, 171, 251, 314n, 315n
French and Indian War, 38, 60, 194, 315n
and British soldiers, 61, 132, 190, 212, 239
and colonial soldiers, 61, 78, 229
history of, 6, 26–27, 239
veterans of, 16, 56–57, 67, 70, 85, 120, 134, 154–55, 164–65, 180, 201, 205, 212, 274, 329n
Washington’s role in, 238–39
and “Yankee Doodle,” 149
Furbush, Charles, 147–48
Gage, Margaret Kemble, 27, 30, 50, 86–87, 117, 234–35, 253, 317n, 322n, 345n
Gage, Thomas, 29, 60, 109, 162, 164, 237, 250, 311n
account of Lexington/Concord, 168, 171, 188–89
army of, 49–51, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 170, 249
background/family of, 26–28, 38, 50, 86–87, 238, 322n
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 195, 197–98, 200, 203–4, 216, 233–35
and Coercive Acts, 57–58
criticism of, 86–87, 189–90, 317n
description of, 318n, 333n
dismisses General Court, 46, 75
fortifies Boston, 76–80, 82
and gunpowder supplies, 62, 65, 71–72, 84
issues martial law, 190
leads Concord expedition, 115–19, 122–23, 129, 321n, 322n
and Mass. Government Act, 52–53
and Massacre Day Oration, 96, 99
misleads Bostonians, 168–69, 175, 177
as new governor, 26–27, 30–31, 37–40
and patriots, 49, 111–12, 121
and provincial army, 163–64, 166–67, 174–75, 320n
replacement of, 253, 255–56, 258
reports to Lord Dartmouth, 31, 49, 59, 80, 85, 316n
sends regulars to countryside, 102–5
sends regulars to Lexington, 148–49
sends sloops to Grape Island, 183
uses spies, 90–93, 101, 105, 113, 115–16, 135, 173, 176, 180, 182, 192, 318n, 321n
gallows, 15, 20–21
Gaspée, 140
Gates, Horatio, 242, 250, 272–73, 277
General Court, 24, 35, 38–41, 44–46, 75, 81, 164, 236, 247, 253, 288
George III, King, 25, 41, 50, 52, 60, 94, 103, 190, 252
1775 speech of, 264–65
independence from, 262
and crisis in colonies, 112–15
loyalty to, 29
confidence in, 112
royal authority ends, 291
and war with colonies, 216, 257, 264, 321n
Gerry, Elbridge, 123, 150, 173, 215, 339n
Gibbon, Edward, 188
Glasgow, 184, 196, 203
Gordon, Rev. William, 119, 130, 142, 147, 150, 162, 260, 266, 272–73, 280–81, 322n, 323n, 327n, 328n, 354n
Gorham, Mass., 35, 41
Government Act. See Massachusetts Government Act
Governors Island, 12, 63, 283
Grand American Army, 181
Grape Island, 13, 183, 191, 336n
Graves, Samuel, 51, 79, 217–18
abilities of, 349n
and Battle of Chelsea Creek, 185–86
criticism of, 256–58, 317n
and Fort William and Mary, 84
and Gage, 87, 162, 170, 198
orders of, 87, 167–68
promotion of, 185–86
ships of, 161, 167, 170, 203
Graves, Thomas, 170, 185–86
Gray, Harrison, 4, 48, 284, 321n
Great Britain
America’s connection to, 34, 55, 74–75, 93–94, 181, 285
bans gunpowder export, 62
defends colonies, 5
economic prosperity of, 255–56
loyalty to, 60, 252
military strength of, 3–5, 93
opposition to, 54, 58–59, 112, 140, 190, 257
reconciliation with, 74, 91, 172, 182, 262, 264
right to search premises, 7, 32
and rights of colonies, 33–34, 44, 55, 134
Green Dragon Tavern, 15, 68, 90, 192, 256, 318n
Greene, Nathanael, 236, 246, 250–51, 260, 274, 282, 347n, 348n
Greene, Rufus, 233
Greenleaf, John, 89, 318n
Greenleaf, William, 290
Greenwood, John, 8
Gridley, Richard, 172–73, 197–99, 201–2, 205, 210, 244, 270, 276, 337n
Griffin’s Wharf, 3, 9–10, 15
Groton militiamen, 138
gunboats, 196, 212, 217
gunpowder, 125, 313n, 318n
of British army, 62, 64–65, 124
for cannons, 209–10
explanation of, 62, 64
lack of, 234, 249–50, 267, 272, 276–77
needed by provincial army, 78, 173, 198, 204, 210, 245
stolen by patriots, 62, 140
supplies of, 62, 128, 130, 180, 195, 220–21, 224, 226, 228, 244–45
See also Powder Alarm
guns, 78, 122, 186, 228, 343n
Haldimand, Frederick, 27, 86, 93, 324n
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 283–85, 287, 290, 355n
Hallowell, Benjamin, 63, 68, 70–71, 256–57, 284, 315n
Hallowell, Mary Boylston, 70
Hancock, John, 22, 24, 33, 79–81, 86, 163, 168, 199, 323n
alerted by Revere, 123
chairman of Committee of Safety, 88, 121
flees to Lexington, 111–12, 116, 118–19, 122
and Gen. Gage, 38–40
as leading politician, 121–22
and Lexington fight, 130, 325n
and martial law, 190
and Massacre Day Oration, 96, 100
and Mercy Scollay, 247
official papers of, 125
personality of, 130
and secret patriot committee, 90
vessel seized by British, 7, 18
and Washington, 274, 351n
and whale oil market, 9
Handley, Charles, 138
Harrington, Jonathan, 119, 127, 323n
Harris, George, 177, 227, 309n
Hartwell, Mary, 132, 134, 147, 153
Harvard College, 11, 40, 63, 67, 97, 178, 197, 253, 294
Has
tings House (Cambridge), 175, 195, 204, 208, 215–16, 339n, 340n
Hawley, Joseph, 33, 59, 104, 118, 307n
hay, 170–71, 183, 185–86, 214, 219, 256, 276, 280, 285
Hayward, James, 147
Heath, William, 130, 159–60, 243, 258, 276, 329n
background of, 150
and building fortifications, 275, 353n
at council of war, 248
tactical leadership of, 151–52, 154–55, 158, 330n
and Joseph Warren, 151–52, 194, 273, 336n
Hewes, George, 15, 16–17, 21, 247, 305n
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 188
Hog Island, 12, 63, 183–85, 254
Hollis Street Meeting, 15, 288
Hooten, Elizabeth. See Warren, Elizabeth Hooten
horses, 127–28, 140, 150, 152, 154–55, 173, 204–5, 285
Hosmer, Abner, 142
Hosmer, Joseph, 136, 139, 326n
hospitals, 152, 244, 252, 255–56, 312n
Howe, William, 189, 338n
ambivalence of, 258–59, 350n
army of, 206, 209, 218–19, 271, 273
background of, 190, 216, 259
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 196, 221–25, 230, 234, 259
and Dorchester, 280–83
and early 1776 raid, 265–66
evacuates British army, 283–85, 290
orders Boston burned, 256
orders Charlestown burned, 218
replaces Gage, 253, 255
tactics of, 190–91, 200, 203, 211, 214, 216–17, 225
Hunt, Abra, 51
Hutchinson, Thomas, 32, 39, 68, 72, 81–82, 95
aspirations of, 193
and Boston Massacre, 8
criticism of, 70, 94
and Daniel Leonard, 44
on Derby’s account, 188
on Gage, 50
home of, 14, 30, 44, 88, 305n
and John Malcom, 20–21
and patriot leaders, 90
removal of, 28, 30, 36, 38
and Stamp Act, 6, 17–18, 30
and Tea Act/Tea Party, 3, 9, 34–36
on Joseph Warren, 110–11
impressment. See press gangs
independence, 5, 32, 35, 74, 81, 92, 98, 110, 112, 262, 264, 290, 315n, 321n, 336n, 350n
Independent Company of Cadets, 38, 40, 121
Indians, 35, 57, 61, 66, 121, 137, 159, 211, 238, 241, 259, 271, 289. See also King Philip’s War; Native Americans
Jeffries, Dr. John, 192–94, 230, 284–85, 288, 335–36n
Joyce Junior, 10–11, 14, 22–25, 42, 54, 288–89, 304–5n, 356n
Kemble, Margaret. See Gage, Margaret Kemble
Kemble, Stephen, 86
King Philip’s War, 4–5, 20, 35, 61, 91, 137, 147, 177, 259
King’s Chapel, 15, 288
Knowlton, Thomas, 196–97, 211, 213, 219, 266
Knox, Henry, 15, 89–90, 246, 268–71, 274, 277, 279, 290, 347n, 352n