palaeontologists
finding dinosaurs 87–105
methods and evidence used by 14–15
palintropiforms 278
Palmer, Colin 245–47
Paluxy River, Texas 242–43
Pangaea 47, 49, 64
Panphagia 29
parachuting 245
Parasaurolophus 79, 80–81, 80, 87
parental care 163–67
Parks, William 81
peer-review process 9
Pemex 266
periodicity 263–64, 263
Permian–Triassic mass extinction 14, 33–34, 46, 222
phaeomelanin 124
phaeomelanosomes V
photogrammetry 93–94
phylogenetics
evolutionary trees 52–84, 60–61, 281
phylogenetic systematics 54
phylogenomics 52
Pinguinis 145
Pisani, Davide 76
plants 36, 269
Plateosaurus 39, 64, 62
fact file 62–63
Plot, Robert, The Natural History of Oxford-shire 65, 65
pluvial phase 40
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 134–35, 137
Popper, Karl 13, 287
porphyrins 124
posture 23, 39–40, 231
bipedal dinosaurs 22, 219, 221–22, 222
fashions in 218–22
humans 284
Psittacosaurus 173, 174
sprawling 23, 25, 222, 222
Pouech, Jean-Jacques 155–56
Powell, Phil 65
proto-Caribbean 254–55, 255, 276, 285
Protoceratops 156, 157, 157, 166
protofeathers 121
Psittacosaurus 167, 168, XV
fact file 168–69
growth rates 173–74, 173
posture shift 173, 174
pterosaurs 69, 244
Pyrenean ibex 149, 150
Q
quadrupedal dinosaurs 65, 218
posture shift 174, 236
speed 228
use of arms and legs 221, 228, 236
quagga 138, 151
R
radioisotopic dating 45
rauisuchian I
Raup, David 258, 259, 263, 263
Rayfield, Emily 190, 208
feeding mechanisms of dinosaurs 17, 186, 188, 190–91, 192–94, 195, 213
Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium diets 199
Reig, Osvaldo 29, 31
release and radiate model 281
reptiles
brains 129, 130
posture 23, 25
teeth 196
respiration 118
resurrection science 149, 151
Rhodes, Frank 11
rhynchosaurs 22, 25–28
dominance of 34–35
loss of 22, 35, 43
posture 25
rift valleys 49, 226
Riggs, Elmer 178
Riley, Henry 103
road runners 221
rocks
dating 44
extracting skeletons from 94–99, 105
identification 44–45
rock formations 87
Ischigualasto Formation 28, 29
Romer-Colbert ecological relay model 22, 35, 36, 39–40
Roopnarine, Peter 205
Roslin Institute 148
Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 86
Ruffell, Alistair 40
Rutherford, Sir Ernest 11–12, 12, 13, 18, 45
S
Sakamoto, Manabu 273, 275
Sampson, Scott 128
San Andreas Fault 47
Sander, Martin 174, 175, 176–77
Saurischia 57–58, 57, 59, 82
sauropodomorphs 82, 83, 225, I
classification 57
decline of 274, 275
evolutionary tree VIII
genome 151
Jurassic period 64–65
use of hands 235
sauropods 110
age 175
Cretaceous 71
diet 205–13
eggs 155
Late Cretaceous 79
Late Jurassic 69, 71
size 175–77, 180
swimming tracks 242–43, 242
use of arms and legs 236
scanning, CT (computerized tomographic) 97, 99
dinosaur embryos 160, 162
dinosaur skulls 163, 191
scarab beetles 204
Schweitzer, Mary 141–42, 145
Science (journal) 136, 141
science, definition of 286–87
Scott, Diane 160
Scrotum humanum 65, 67
secretary birds 235, 235
sedimentology 46
seed ferns 22
Seeley, Harry 57, 58
Sen, Gautam 265
Sepkoski, Jack 263, 263
Sereno, Paul 53, 59
sex
identifying a dinosaur’s 143–45
sexual selection 125–28, 143
Shaffer, Paul 11
sharks 192, 196
shock waves 276
signalling, sexual 126, 128, 143
Silesaurus 29, 30, 32, 32–33, 33, 55
fact file 30–31
Simms, Mike 40
Simpson, G. G. 53, 54
Sinosauropteryx 122, V
fact file 122
feathers of 8–9, 8, 10, 17, 120–21, 125, 126
skeleton 119, 121
size 154–59
brain vs body 129
and breathing 118
and core temperature 117–18
of dinosaur babies 158–59
dwarf dinosaurs 180–84
of eggs 156, 158–59
how dinosaurs could be so huge 175–79
size changes 35–36
speed proportional to body size 229
skeletons
age of 155
casting 100
excavating 87–99, 105
mapping 93–94
reconstructing 99–101
skin 100
Slater, Graham 281
Smith, William 44–45
Smithwick, Fiann 98
Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy 86, 118
soft issues 100
identifying dinosaur 141–43
Sookias, Roland 35–36
species recognition hypothesis 128
speed 228–31
muscle mass and 232–34, 233
Tyrannosaurus rex 230–32, 232, 234
Spielberg, Steven 134
Spinosaurus 193–94, 193, 196
sprawling posture 23, 25, 222, 222
star phylogeny 83
Stegosaurus 65, 206, II
brain size 128
diet 206, 206
fact file 206–7
Morrison Formation 69
predators 186
use of arms and legs 236
Stevns Klint, Denmark 262, 265, 286
stomach contents 194, 197
Stonesfield mines, Oxfordshire 67
storm beds 265
stratigraphy 44
stride length 228–29, 228, 229
Stutchbury, Samuel 103
Styracosaurus 87
Sue (Tyrannosaurus rex) 154–55
Supersaurus 207
supertrees 53, 76–77, 271–73, VIII
Suuwassea 207
Sweetman, Steve 74
swimming 240–44
synapsids 21, 34
changing sizes of 35–36, 37
ecological relay between archosaurs and 21–22, 35
posture 25
T
Teapot Dome, Wyoming 269
tectonic plates 47
teeth 162, 167, 188–201
Allosaurus 188, 189
carnivores 194
hadrosaurs 196–97, 198, 201, XVIII
herbivores 18
7, 189, 194, 196–98
Iguanodon 187, 189
Megalosaurus 186, 188–89
microwear on teeth and diet 199–201
predators’ 186, 188, 194
tooth shape and diet 194
Telmatosaurus 181, 184
Tennyson, Alfred Lord 40
Tenontosaurus 145, 146–47, 146
Thecodontosaurus 101, 101, 102
fact file 102–3
theory 287–88
theropods 82, 83, 131, VII, VIII
arms and legs 236, 238
bones 114
classification 57
decline of 274, 275
egg incubation 166–67
flight 248
gastroliths 194
genome 151
Jurassic 64
Late Cretaceous 79
Late Jurassic 71
Maniraptora 245, 248
size of 180
swimming tracks 243, 243
three-step process, origin of dinosaurs as 39–43
Tiaojishan Formation, Inner Mongolia 68
tongues 100
tracks and trackways 223–27, 240
megatracksites 242
swimming tracks 242, 243
Transylvanian dinosaurs 180, 181
Triassic 47–50, I
key stages in the origin of dinosaurs 21, 24
Triassic explosion 62–64
see also Late Triassic
Triceratops 192, 270, 276
fact file 270–71
Trossingen Formation, Germany 62
tsunami beds 265, 265, 285
tsunamis 254–55, 255, 256
tsunamites 265, 265, 266
Tübingen, Germany 52, 58–59
Turco, Richard P. 264
turtles 151–52, 164
Two Medicine Formation, Montana 204
Tyrannosaurus
feeding methods 193
Hell Creek Formation 270
medullary bone 145
skulls X, XII
Tyrannosaurus rex 79, 121, 236
bite force 192–93, 194
blood compounds and soft tissues extracted from 141–42
coprolites 195, 195
evolution of 114
extinction 276
fact file 236–37
feeding methods 193
growth rates 170, 171, 172
how it used its arms and legs 235–40
hunting methods 15–16
largest known 154–55
locations found 50
size 154–55, 237
skull of 19
speed and movement 230–32, 232, 234
Sue 237
teeth 192
U
UK Heritage Lottery Fund 102
uniformitarianism 257, 262, 269
United States of America
Cretaceous period 240–42
first bones found in American West 91
University of Bristol, Bristol Dinosaur Project 101–4
V
Valentine Formation, Nebraska 86
Van Valen, Leigh 11
Venditti, Chris 273
Vinther, Jakob 9, 125, 126, 132
volcanic eruptions 257
Deccan Traps 268, 285, 287
Late Triassic 40, 43, 48–49, 64
W
Walker, Alick D. 25
Walking with Dinosaurs (TV documentary) 249–52, 251
Wang, Bo 68
warm-blooded dinosaurs 109–10, 116, 151
Wealden 72–74, 74, 75, 78
Western Interior Seaway 240–42, 241, 278
Wiemann, Jasmina 142
Willi Hennig Society 54–55
Witmer, Larry 16
Wolfe, Jack 269
Woodward, Scott 136–37
Wrangellia basalts 40, 43, 45, 48
Wyoming Dinosaur Centre, Thermopolis XIV
X
Xing, Lida 131
Xing, Xu 70
Y
Yi qi 68
Yucatán peninsula, Mexico 254, 255, XIX
Z
Zalmoxes 181
Zhang, Fucheng 10, 125
Zhao, Qi 173, 174
Zim, Herbert 11
First published in the United States of America in 2019 as Dinosaurs Rediscovered: How a Scientific Revolution is Rewriting History
ISBN 978-0-500-05200-6
by Thames & Hudson Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10110
Dinosaurs Rediscovered © 2019 Thames & Hudson Ltd, London
Text © 2019 Michael J. Benton
This electronic version first published in 2019 in the United States of America by
Thames & Hudson Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10110
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On the cover: Sinosauropteryx © Julius Csotonyi