NII-1 (Soviet research institute), 8
NII-88 (Soviet rocket research facility), 22–23, 26–30, 39–44, 98
NII-885 design bureau, 102
Ninth Directorate (KGB), 29
Nixon, Richard, 53–56, 78, 131, 137, 169, 178, 180, 184–86, 215, 221, 231–32, 240, 243–45, 248, 257, 275
NKVD (later KGB), 67, 109
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 72, 185, 241–43, 256–57, 270
North Korea, 88, 89
Norway, 41, 129
Nosov, Aleksandr, 156–58
Novak, Robert, 183
nuclear weapons, 24–26, 35, 38–40, 50, 128, 184, 214–15, 217–18, 220. See also specific types
Oberth, Hermann, 92
Object OD-1, 143, 145
October Revolution, 105–6
jubilee of 1957, 207, 209, 216
Office for Guided Missiles, U.S., 51
Office of Defense Mobilization, U.S., 49, 53, 93
OKB-1, 29–30, 39, 64, 68, 95, 98–100, 150–51, 198, 212, 273
renamed Russian Space Corporation Energya, 278
OKB-52, 100–101
101st Airborne Division, U.S., 140
104th “Timberwolf” Infantry Division, U.S., 10
144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, U.S., 11
“open skies” policy, 93
Operation Confidence, 217, 222
Operation Home Run, 25, 126
Operation Powerhouse, 25
Operation Soft Touch, 123
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 88
orbital decay, 93, 197
orbital velocity, 262, 267
Ordnance Technical Intelligence, 10
Orlov, Alexander, 130
P-30 radar, 125
Pakistan, 115–16, 121, 123–24, 129
Paris Match, 277
Pasternak, Boris, 62
Patton, George S., 45–46, 48
Pearson, Drew, 82, 228
Peenemünde, 10, 84–85, 87, 261
Pershing missile, 248
Peter the Great, czar of Russia, 206
Pickering, William H., 255, 267
Pilyugin, Nikolai, 102, 142, 202
Piszkiewicz, Dennis, 83–84
Pittsburgh Press, 213
Pogo effect, 99
Poland, 32, 41, 42, 63, 72–74
Polaroid Co, 117
Polytechnical Institute of Kiev, 107
Popular Mechanics, 100
Porter, Richard, 226, 238
Portland Press Herald, 180
Portugal, 36
Pospelov, Pyotr, 76
Power, Thomas S, 81
Powers, Francis Gary, 130, 270
Poznan strike of 1956, 72–74, 124
Pravda, 21, 15–16, 111, 136, 194, 196, 201, 206, 216, 246
Presidium, Supreme Soviet (later Politburo), 18, 22
coup attempt of 1957 and, 109–12
fall of Khrushchev and, 272
R-7 and satellite program and, 26–31, 33–36, 39–44, 64–65, 71–72, 149
secret speech on Stalin and, 30–33, 42, 62–63
uprisings of 1956 and, 62–63, 75
Zhukov ouster and, 192, 195
Procter & Gamble, 164
“Proposal for a National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program” (von Braun), 249
PS-1 satellite. See Sputnik IPS-2 satellite. See Sputnik II
Pushkin, Aleksandr, 245
Quarles, Donald, 53–54, 82, 119, 132, 134, 162, 165, 178, 180, 185, 219, 225–26, 244–45, 247, 276
Quistorp, Baroness Emmy von, 87
R-l missile, 29, 71, 98
R-2 missile, 29–30, 34, 98, 209
R-5 missile, 34–35, 40, 69, 98
R-7 missiledoubts about, after Sputnik II, 245–47
early problems with, 64–74, 95–103
failure of, as ICBM, 269–71
first manned flight of, 268
first successful tests of, 113–14, 128–29
fueling problems of, 154–55, 205
Khrushchev and, post-Sputnik, 191, 204–6, 271
Korolev shows, to Presidium, 39–42, 44
Korolev’s legacy and, 274
lift power of, 167–68
satellite program and, 135–36, 142–44, 148
Sputnik successfully launched with, 150, 153–59, 176
U.S. surveillance of, 129, 131–32
R-11 missile (Scud), 274
R-12 missile, 101, 205
R-16 missile, 205, 246, 271
Rabb, Maxwell, 171
Rabi, I. I., 135
radar, 124, 126, 129
Radford, Arthur, 24
radiation belts, 246, 255
Radio Cairo, 199
Radio Free Europe, 74
Radio magazine, 136
Radio Moscow, 92
Rákosi, Mátyás, 75
Ramm, Heinrich, 87
Ramo-Woolridge Corp., 80
Randall, Clarence, 171
RAND Corp, 132, 136
RB-29 military planes, 126
RB-47 military planes, 25, 126
Reaction Propulsion Institute (RNII), USSR, 108–9
Reagan, Ronald, 91
Rebrov, Mikhail, 151
Red Army, 14–15, 38, 98, 101, 147, 189–92, 247
Redstone missile, 47–48, 51–52, 79, 89–90, 92, 163, 178, 226, 254, 261
Reedy, George, 182–83, 213, 230, 251
Reisig, Gerhard, 87
Reporter, 173
Republican Party, 23–24, 53–56, 78–79, 137, 171, 182, 183, 214
Reston, James, 204
Riedel, Walther, 85
Roberts, Chalmers, 221
Rockefeller, Nelson A, 93
Rocket and Satellite Research Panel, 223
rockets. See missiles and rockets; and specific types
Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 73
Romania, 63
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 217
Rosen, Milt, 227
Rudnev, Konstantin, 100, 103, 153–54
Rudolf, Arthur, 277
Russell, Richard, 174–76, 183, 214–15
Russian Space Corporation Energya, 278
Ryabikov, Vasiliy, 102, 152–53
SA-2 surface-to-air missile, 131
Saltonstall, Leverett, 214
Samford, John, 58–59
satellites. See also specific satellites
ABMA prepares, 186–87, 219, 247–50, 253–56
Eisenhower and U.S. response to Sputnik and, 179–87, 224
Eisenhower delays U.S. program in, 93–94
first U.S., designed and launched, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77
IGY and, 92–93
Korolev and drive to launch, 102, 146
Medaris and army role in, 162–63, 165–68
potential of, not understood, 44
proliferation of, in modern life, 278
sovereign airspace and, 134–35
Soviet decision to concentrate on, 42–44, 114, 142–50
Soviet dog in space and, 213–18
Soviet problems with development of, 65, 72
spy, 132–34, 185, 249–51, 270–71
Sputnik launch announced, 165–68
U.S. spending on, 92
U.S. vs. USSR and, 133–36, 218
Vanguard failure and U.S., 224–28, 238–43, 258–60
Saturn rocket, 273, 277
Schriever, Bernard, 249–50
Scud missile, 274
Second Provisional Weather Squadron, 120
Sedov, Leonid, 202–3Serbin, Ivan “the Terrible,” 101
Sergeant rockets, 254–55, 261–62, 265
Serov, Ivan, 111, 112
Sevareid, Eric, 172–73, 196, 222
Shabarov, Evgeny, 212
Sharaga prison institutes, 67
Shepilov, Dimitri, 111, 149
Shishkin, Oleg, 144
Siberiaagriculture and, 38, 272
gulags, 31–34, 66–67
Siddiqi, Asif A., 200
&nbs
p; Siemens plant, 7–8
Sikorsky, Igor, 107
SK-4 (Korolev cub plane), 107
Smith, Gene, 140
Smith, Merriman, 179
Smith, Walter Bedell, 118
“Southern Manifesto,” 137
sovereign airspace issue, 93, 134
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 92–93, 136, 145, 202
Soviet Union (USSR)
bombers and military spending of, 38–39, 55, 57–59
Brezhnev as leader of, 272–73
civil war of 1917–21, 105–6
collapse of, 268
coup attempt vs. Khrushchev in, 109–13
decline of space program and, 273
de-Stalinization and, 41–42
dog in space and Sputnik II and, 209–210, 213–19, 222
early victories of, in space race, 268–70
economic problems of, and arms race, 36–39
fear of U.S. bombers and nuclear attack and, 23–26, 52
first ICBM, R-7, and satellite envisioned by, 39–40, 43–44
first successful R-7 flight and, 113–14
first test fire of V-2 and, 13–14
IGY and, 92–93
manned space flight plans of, 248
missile program of, and U.S. intelligence, 53
Nazi invasion and, 67
Nazi rockets and scientists and, 6–8, 11–16
R-7 development problems and, 64–72, 95–103, 245–47
R-16 program and, 271
satellite program of, and decision to go forward, 142–60
Sputnik success of, and U.S. reaction, 165–87, 195–212
U-2 spying on, 117, 121, 124–31, 133, 270
uprisings of 1956 and, 63, 72–77
U.S. develops satellite program to compete with, 134–36
U.S. lack of ICBM program and, 93–94
U.S. missiles in Turkey and, 270–71
Vanguard failure and, 240–42
space race. See also missiles and rockets; satellites; and specific programs
Disney and von Braun popularize, in U.S., 91–92
exploration vs. arms race as motive for, 256
first envisioned, in USSR, 43–44
IGY and, 93
legacy of, 278
reconnaissance and, 118, 185
territorial rights and, 134
U.S. and, post-Sputnik II, 220, 222–24, 227
Spain, 36
Special Committee on Space Technology (SCST), 223
Speer, Albert, 235
Sputnik I (PS-1 satellite)
ABMA response to, 167–68, 185–87
cost of, 227
Korolev and success of, 196–99, 202–4
long-lasting impact of, 274–75
prepared and successfully launched, 143, 145–60
success of, for USSR, 188–89, 195–99, 206–9, 268
U.S. response to, 171–87, 229, 250, 269–70, 274–76
Vanguard program and, 228
Sputnik II (PS-2 satellite, dog in space), 209–17, 219–22, 229–32, 245–46, 250
Sputnik III, plans for, 247
“Sputnik Night” (October 4, 1957), 219
SR-71 Blackbird spy jet, 133
SS, 10, 12–13, 29, 83, 237
Stalin, Joseph, 7, 15–21, 29–33, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 60–63, 66–67, 73, 75, 89, 109, 112, 146, 189–90, 206, 208–9, 272
Stalingrad, siege of, 35, 190
Stanikov, Sergei, 61–64
State Commission on R-7, USSR, 102–3, 142–50, 152, 155, 159, 204
State Department, U.S., 23, 25, 88, 126, 270
Stauffenberg, Count Claus von, 235
Stehling, Kurt, 226, 233, 258–60
Steklov Institute of Applied Mathematics, 146
Stevenson, Adlai, 56, 78, 137
Stewart, Homer Joe, 226, 238
Stewart Committee, 225–26, 228, 238, 244
Strategic Air Command (SAC), U.S., 24, 41, 47, 50, 58–59, 119, 141, 180, 217
Strategic Rocket Forces, USSR, 153, 246
Strzalkowski, Romek, 73
Stuhlinger, Ernst, 83, 87–88, 165–66, 202, 224–25, 234, 262, 266
SU-9 supersonic high-altitude fighter jet, 130
Suez Canal, 76
summit meetings
Geneva of 1955, 24, 28
Paris of 1957, 242–43, 256
Symington, Stuart, 56–58, 79–80, 89, 127, 131–32, 138, 169, 174–75, 183–84, 213–14, 274–75
Tacksman 1, 129
Tajiks, 63
TASS (news agency), 128, 167, 246–47
Tatars, 32, 63
Taubman, William, 21, 65
Tbilisi protests of 1956, 60–64, 128
Technology Capabilities Panel, 219
Teller, Edward, 173, 216
Thor IRBM, 52, 80, 82, 102, 129, 248–50, 256, 269–70
Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 107–8, 150–51, 198, 211
Time, 56, 57, 138, 173, 182, 215, 216, 228, 242, 257
Tito, Josip Broz, 41–42, 193
Toftoy, Holger N. “Ludy,” 8–11, 13–14, 83–84, 88
Tokady, Grigori A., 12“total war,” 24
tracking stations
U.S., 263, 267
USSR, 96, 97, 159
Treasury Department, U.S., 223
Trotsky, Leon, 21
Trud (Moscow daily), 61
Truman, Harry S., 16, 49, 51, 56, 85, 89–90, 141, 148, 183, 257
Tsander, Friedrich, 107–8, 245
Tsien Hsue-shen, 89
Tsiolkowsky, Konstantin, 43, 107, 135
Tulip launch stand, 96–99, 102, 131, 153–54, 157, 198
Tupolev, Andrei, 107, 109
Tupolev bombers, 25–26, 127
Turkey, 41, 116, 129, 270–71
Twining, Nathan, 58
Tyura-Tam test site, 96–97, 100, 102, 117, 128–32, 146, 148, 150–60, 205
U-2 spy plane, 115–28, 130–35, 178–79, 185, 205
Cuban missile crisis and, 271
satellites replace, 249–50
USSR shoots down, 270
Ukrainian Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation, 107
United Nations, 75, 78, 241
United Press International, 179
United States. See also specific government agencies; individuals; and programs
bases of, in Europe and Asia, 25
development of jet power in, 45–59
first satellite launch by, with Explorer and Juno, 260–67
German scientists gathered by, 14
Hungarian revolution of 1956 and, 74–76
IGY satellite program and, 92–93
impact of Korolev and Khrushchev’s space program on, 274–75
Korolov speaks of satellite plans of, to get Soviet support, 43–44
lag behind Soviets in space, after Explorer, 268–69
leads in ICBM race, 269–70
military spending, vs. USSR, 38
missile gap and, 251–53
missile launch pads and, 153
missile program of, downgraded vs. bombers, 79–82
nuclear weapons and bombers of, 24–26
prepares first Explorer launch after Vanguard failure, 247–51, 254–56
response of, to Sputnik I, 165–87, 274
response of, to Sputnik II, 213–34
satellite program of, rumored in Moscow, 151–52
school integration crisis in, 136–40
Sputnik’s propaganda success and, 199
spy satellite program and, 249–51
storable solid-fuel rocket, 155
surpasses Soviets with Saturn rocket, 273
surveillance of USSR and, 129
threatened by range of R-7 missile, 40–41
U-2 plane developed by, 115–35, 270
V-2 rocket and scientists sought by, with defeat of Nazis, 8–11
Vanguard failure and, 238–43
von Braun moves to, 83–92
U.S. Congress, 49, 50, 55, 79, 93, 132, 135, 144, 174, 178, 182, 184, 213–14, 222, 224
U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 200, 201, 241
US News & World Report, 173, 182
U.S. Senate, 53, 56–58, 135, 167, 213–15
Armed Services Committee, 80, 174–76, 214
Armed Services Subcommittee on Preparedness, 183–84, 214–15, 221, 229–30, 231, 247–48, 250, 251–53, 274
U.S. Supreme Court, 136–37, 139
Ustinov, Dmitri, 8, 18, 36
Uzbeks, 63
V-2 rocket (Vergeltungswaffen-2, Vengeance Weapon), 36, 38, 92, 166
Nazi Germany develops, 1–6, 11–13, 235–38
Soviet rockets and, 6–8, 12–15, 29–30, 34, 40, 67, 68
U.S. rockets and, 8–12, 52, 255, 261, 277
Van Allen, James, 255
Vance, Cyrus, 229
Vanguard program, 133–35, 162–63, 165–67, 171, 179, 202
cost overruns of, 226–27
failure of, 224–30, 232–34, 238–44, 247, 250–51, 255–60, 263–64
first test of, 185–87, 224–25
funding for, 249–51
Versailles, Treaty of, 236
Vietnam War, 274–75
Viking rocket, 225–26, 233–34
von Braun, Iris, 90
von Braun, Magnus, 87, 89, 224
von Braun, Margrit, 90
von Braun, Maria, 86, 90
von Braun, Wernher
ABMA missile program and, 48, 51, 79, 102, 129, 144, 162–63, 187, 202, 218, 220
background and Nazi past of, 5, 9, 14–15, 86–87, 234–38, 277
Disney and, 91–92, 121, 234–35
Explorer satellite and, 224–25, 248–49, 254–56, 258, 260–61, 263–65, 267
Korolev keeps abreast of, 100, 102
legacy of, 276–77
manned flight and moon landing proposed by, 249
moves to U.S. after WW II to work on missiles, 83–92, 238
salary of, 122
satellite proposal of, turned down, 92
satellite surveillance proposed by, 132–35
Sputnik success and, 165–68, 186–87
von Freed, Charles, 180
Voroshilov, Kliment, 111
Voskresenskiy, Leonid, 98–99, 113–15, 153, 155–57, 261
Wallace, Mike, 229
War of the Worlds (movie), 92
Warren, Earl, 139
Warsaw Pact, 72, 75, 270
Washington Evening Star, 182, 213
Washington Post, 176, 181, 221
Werhmacht, 166, 235
Western Ukrainians, 32, 63
West Germany, 83, 129, 277
White, Thomas D., 82
White Army, 105
White Sands Proving Ground, 12
Wiesl, Ed, 229
Wiley, Alexander, 171
Williams, G. Mennen, 230–31
Wilson, Charles E. “Engine Charlie,” 48–53, 58, 79, 82–83, 93–94, 102, 129, 132, 134, 161–66, 170–71, 178, 181, 204, 227, 229, 247–48
Wilson, Charles “Electric Charlie,” 49