treatments, 4–6, 319–32, 334–36, 367–79, 381–82, 386–90, 389
Greenstein, Joel, 13–16, 14, 17–18
GRID (gay-related immune deficiency), 163–66, 170
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 225–26
Gut-brain axis, 365
Gut microbiome, 8, 84, 249, 250–55, 257
Haddow, Alexander, 302
Hahn, Bevra, 208–9, 214–15
Hand sanitizers, 234–35, 236, 239, 240, 246
Hayashi, Masaki, 87
Hay fever, 236–37
Health-span vs. life-span, 405–6
Heart, 53–54
Heart disease, 59, 270, 356
Hebernus of Tours, 203
Hemingway, Ernest, 102
Hench, Philip, 205–6
Hepatitis, 24–25, 130, 159, 329
Herbal remedies, 400
Herpes virus, 263–66
Hippocrates, 202–3
Hitler, Adolf, 224, 225
HIV/AIDS. See also Hoff, Robert T. “Bob”
diagnosis, 180–81
discovery of, 179–81, 180
epidemiology of, 175–76
history of, in U.S., 156, 161–66, 170–74
HLA-B57 gene, 191–93, 344–47
long-term nonprogressors (elite controllers), 190–94, 344–47
Magic Johnson’s revelation, 182–83
mortality rates, 181, 188–89
Patient 1, 184–86
treatment, 183–84, 188–89
HLA-B57, 191–93, 344–47
Hobbs, Kathryn, 227–29, 230
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 4, 22, 275–77, 322–23, 329, 368, 374, 381
Hoff, Robert T. “Bob,” 10–11, 23–25, 160
Brian and, 343–44, 349
early life of, 23–24
HIV of, 24–25, 117, 159–60, 163–66, 171–74, 189–91
as long-term nonprogressor, 190–94, 343, 344, 345, 348–50
sexual activity of, 24, 159–60, 163
Homeostasis, 139
Honjo, Tasuku, 308–9
Horror autotoxicus, 205
Horseback riding, 26–27, 197–98
Human genome, 53, 152, 250, 255
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), 101, 344–45
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), 179
Humira, 29, 143–44
Hutterites, 243–45
Huxley, Aldous, 102
Hydrogen peroxide, 300–301
Hygiene hypothesis, 234–35, 237–41, 242, 257–60
Amish study, 242–45
Hyridoma technique, 142–43
“Hysterical,” 209
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 213
Immortality, 405–7
Immune cells, 6–7, 46, 294–95
Immune diversity, 88–91, 254–55
Immune system, 395–98
in the brain, 359–65
discovery of, 6–7
environment and, 69, 239–41
Festival of Life, 45–47
hygiene hypothesis, 234–35, 237–41
as peacekeeping force, 8
structural complications for, 53–56
telecommunications network, 134–35
war metaphor for, 7–8
Immunex Corporation, 219
Immunological ignorance, 251
Immunological tolerance, 98–99
Immunology, 9
history of, 37–44, 59–72, 202–10
infinity problem, 86–87
transplantation and, 91, 96
Immunosuppressive drugs, 99–100
Immunotherapy, 143–44, 292–93, 328–34, 381–82
Incest, 7, 105–6, 349
Indirect evidence, 213–14
Industrial processes, 259, 398–99
Infinity problem, 86–87
Inflammation, 24, 108, 109–19, 397–98, 403
definition of, 111
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 21–22
leading signs of, 111–12
Metchnikoff’s theory, 40–41
mood and, 401–2
Inflammatory response, 112–13
Innate immunity, 154–58
Toll-like receptors, 152–56
Insomnia, 268–72, 278, 285–86, 288
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, 111
Interferon, 129–30, 131–34, 316
Interferon alpha (A), 131–33
Interferon beta (B), 131–33
Interferon gamma (G), 131–33
Interferon lambda (L), 131–33
Interleukins (ILs), 126, 135–36, 293
Interleukin 1 (IL-1), 126–28, 135–36
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), 135–36
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), 135–36
Ipilimumab, 143–44
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 9, 198, 242
Irwin, Michael, 267, 268–72, 287, 288
Isoantigens, 100–101
Janeway, Charles, Jr., 149–54, 155–56
Janssen Biotech, 228
Jason Greenstein. See Greenstein, Jason
Jenner, Edward, 78–80
Jerne, Niels, 140–42
Jerne plaque assay, 141–42
Johns Hopkins University, 131, 208, 212–13
Johnson, Earvin “Magic,” 182–83
Joint pain, 203–4. See also Rheumatoid arthritis
Kaposi, Moritz, 203
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 166
Kendall, Edward Calvin, 206
Khoury-Hanold, William, 264
Kidney transplantation, 96, 99
Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice, 261–63, 262, 408
husband Ron’s Alzheimer’s disease, 357–59, 364–65
stress and immune response research, 262–63, 265–66, 286
Killer T cells, 103–5, 117–19
Köhler, Georges, 142–43
Kolmer, John, 80–81
Kristallnacht, 224
Krummel, Matthew “Max,” 294, 296–99, 308, 313
Kunkel, Henry George, 207–8
Kunkel test, 207–8
Kyoto University School of Medicine, 308
Ladies Irish Open, 26, 27–28
Lambert, Rhonda Elaine, 212, 216–17, 220, 353–55
Lancet, The, 64, 203
Lane, Cliff, 164
Leach, Dana, 298
Lemon, Meg, 229–31, 234–35, 272
Lesokhin, Alexander, 275, 276–77
Leukemia, 60–63, 177–78
Leukocyte, 126
Life expectancy, 314, 357
Lifestyle, 365, 398, 403–4
Ligands, 293–95
Ligare, 293
Linda Bowman. See Segre, Linda
Linsley, Peter, 295
Lipopolysaccharides, 154
Little League, 13–14
Lonberg, Nils, 309–14
London Blitz, 225
Long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), 187, 190–94, 344–47
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 356–57
Luddites, 399
Lupus, 109, 202–3, 207, 227, 242
Merredith’s diagnosis, 31–32
Lyme disease, 201
Lymph, 38
Lymph nodes, 46, 134
Lymphocytes, 63–64, 70
Lymphomania, 38
Lyons, Steve, 23
McCauley, Victor, 26, 27
McCune, Mike, 162–63
McLaughlin, Michael, 278
Macrophages, 43, 113–14, 115–16, 123–24, 301
Maikovich-Fong, Andrea, 320–21, 378
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 103–6
Malaria, 51
Malarkey, William, 286–87
Markmann, James F., 95, 96, 97
Massachusetts General Hospital, 125
Masur, Henry, 164
Mate preference, 7, 105–6
Matthau, Walter, 14
Max Planck Institute, 106
Mayo Clinic, 92–93, 205–6
Mazmanian, Sarkis, 250–53, 255–58
M
D Anderson Cancer Center, 329
Meanings of life, 395–404
Medawar, Peter, 96–99
Medical exams, 202
Meditation, 288, 365
Medzhitov, Ruslan, 88, 146–56, 406–7
Meier, Tom, 15, 336–37, 394
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 162–63, 275, 310
Merck & Co., 375
Mercury, Freddie, 183
Merredith Branscombe. See Branscombe, Merredith
Metastatic melanoma, 317–18
Metchnikoff, Élie, 38–41, 39, 113
Methotrexate, 217, 228, 231
Mice, 60–64, 117–18, 254
transgenic, 309–14
Microbiome, 8, 34, 249, 250–55, 257
Microglia, 361–62, 363–64
Migration studies, 242
Migueles, Stephen, 349
hiring at NIH, 187, 190
HLA-B57 gene and, 191–93, 344–47
long-term nonprogressors, 187–88, 190–93, 344–45
Magic Johnson’s revelation and, 182–83
Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), 263
Miller, Arthur, 4
Miller, Jacqueline, 57–59
Miller, Jacques, 57–65, 71–72, 309, 332, 356, 406
Milstein, César, 142–43
Mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), 115
Monoclonal antibodies, 140–44, 219, 228, 311
Monoclonal antibody therapy, 228, 310–18, 322–23
clinical trials, 316–18
Monocytes, 113–14, 116, 123–24, 361–62
Mononucleosis, 263
Montagnier, Luc, 179
Mood and inflammation, 401–2
Mount McKinley, 324–25
Nagoya, bombing in World War II, 87
National Academy of Medicine, 365
National Centre for Human Retrovirology, 179
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 82–83, 266, 325, 347
Building 10, 122–23, 125, 131, 187–88
HIV/AIDS research, 163–64
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, 138–39
Nationalism, 224, 350
Natural killer cells, 117–19, 119, 270
“‘Natural’ Killer Cells in the Mouse” (Kiessling), 117
Nature (magazine), 38
Nazi Germany, 30, 57, 224–25
NCAA Basketball Tournament, 366, 369
Nesbit, Bob, 335, 337, 339
Neurodegeneration, 356–57
Neurons, 360–61
Neutrophils, 43, 116–17, 300
New England Journal of Medicine, 59, 121, 244–45, 314–15, 374–75, 376
New York Times, 9–10, 81, 181, 228, 289–91, 315, 317–18, 329–30, 382, 394
Nivolumab, 144, 329, 332–33, 374–79, 378, 386–90, 391
Nobel Prize, 59, 65, 83, 87–88, 90, 101, 104, 125, 179, 192, 206, 296
Norepinephrine, 267, 286–87, 403
Northwestern University, 30, 226
Northwick Park Hospital, 315
Nose-picking, 235, 236–37, 245–46
Nuremberg Laws, 224
Obesity, 259, 357, 398
Ohio State University, 67–68, 261–62, 357
Oligodendrocytes, 361
Olympic Club, 351–52, 355
Osler, William, 203
Otezla, 401–2
Owen, Ray, 98
Oxycodone, 369
Panama Limited, 68
Parasites, 51
Parkinson’s disease, 356–57
Pathogens, 48–53
bacteria, 49–50, 51
parasites, 51
pimples, 53
viruses, 50–51, 52
Paul, John, 81
Pavlovian conditioning, 150
PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), 308–9, 332
PD-1 inhibitors, 374–75
PDE4 (phosphodiesterase 4), 402
PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), 276
Peanut allergies, 242
Penicillin, 83, 84–85
Pets, 235, 244, 245
Phageîn, 113
Phagocyte, 40
Phagocytosis, 40, 113
Pharmaceutical industry, 401
Physical exams, 202
Pimples, 53
Pittsburgh Steelers, 337
Placenta, 51
Pneumocystis carinii, 162, 163, 166
Pneumonia, 6, 49, 59, 144, 356
Polio, 80–82
Polio vaccine, 81–82
Pollack, Andrew, 317–18, 329–30
Pollen, 241
Prednisone, 216–17
Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center, 6, 11
Primary immunodeficiency, 67
Priming event, 192–93
Pringles, 352
Processed foods, 259, 398
Programmed death (PD), 276, 309–9
Protease inhibitors, 183–84
Proteases, 300
Psoriasis, 401–2
Psychosomatic Medicine, 263
Pyrogens, 121, 126
Racism, 68–69, 222–23, 350
Raulet, David, 118
Raynor, John, 17
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 300–301
Reagan, Nancy, 171
Reagan, Ronald, 171, 173
Red blood cells, 73–74
Religious belief, 372
Remicade, 143–44, 228
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 130–31
Republican Party, 165–66, 173
Resio, Ron, 159–60, 163, 164, 165, 171
Retroviruses, 50–51, 177–79
Rheumatoid arthritis, 204–10, 216, 227, 404
Linda’s diagnosis, 29–30
Merredith’s diagnosis, 31–32
smoking risk, 215–16
treatment, 219–20
Rheumatologists, 205
Ribavirin, 130
Richmond Country Club, 198
Richtel, Anne, 407
Richtel, Milo, 280, 366–67, 408–9
Richtel, Mirabel, 280, 408–9
Richtel, Murray, 13–14, 15
Ritual washing, 238
RNA, 178, 183
Rockefeller Institute, 207
Rosenthal, Elisabeth, 315
Rutgers University, 59
Salk, Jonas, 81–82
San Francisco Chronicle, 362
Saquinavir, 183–84
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 102
Seattle Seahawks, 335
Second Lymphokine Workshop, 126
Sedimentation rate test, 212
Segre, Linda, 11, 26–30
autoimmune disorder of, 29–30, 199–201, 212, 216–18, 249, 351–53
autoimmunity diagnosis, 29–30, 201, 212, 216
autoimmunity treatment, 216–18, 220–21, 353–55
business career of, 28, 199–200, 201, 249, 352
early life of, 197–99
golfing, 26, 27–28, 198–99, 351–52, 352, 355
horseback riding, 26–27, 197–98
type A lifestyle of, 199–200, 403
Segregation, 68–69, 222–23
Self-confidence, 289
Sepsis, 54, 230
Sexism, 208–9
Sexual assault, 226
Shalala, Donna, 183
“Side-chain theory,” 87
Side effects, 322–23, 333, 401–2
Skin allergies, 241–42
Skin grafts, 96–98
Sleep, 268–72, 402–3
Sleep problems, 268–72, 285–86, 288
Smallpox, 78–80
Smallpox vaccine, 78–80
Smirnoff Ulster Open, 26, 27–28
Smith, Jenny Lee, 27
Smithsonian (magazine), 169
Smoking, 15, 215–16, 306, 403
Soap products, 234–35, 236, 239, 240, 246–47, 257–58
Socioeconomic issues, 236–37, 241
Solomon, Ariel, 337, 338–39
Som
mers, Melissa, 372
Soviet-Afghan War, 147
Soviet Union, collapse of, 151–52
Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, 167–69
Specific immune system. See Adaptive immune system
Sperm, 261–62
Stanford University, 27, 199, 212, 253–54, 362
Starfish, 38–39
Star Wars (movie), 48–49
Steinman, Ralph, 114–15
Stem cell transplant, 381–82
Steroids, 99–100, 206–7, 231, 265–67
Streptococcus, 200
Streptomycin, 58–59
Stress, 261–67, 365
sleep loss and, 267, 271
Sun exposure, 306–7
Sympathetic response, 266–67, 269–70, 271–72, 286–87, 288
Synapses, 360–61, 363–64
Syndrome, 225–26
Systemic lupus erythematosus, 202–3
Tahitian village, 368, 370
Tawfik, Vivianne, 361
T cells (T lymphocytes), 46, 55, 73–76, 75, 102–3, 106–7, 134–35, 145, 329–30
antigens and, 114–15, 149–50
cancer and, 275–76, 296, 312–14, 332–33
CD4, 177, 179, 183–84
CD8, 177, 191, 345–47
CD28, 295, 297, 313–14, 315
cell-mediated immunity, 67
CTLA-4, 295–99
killer (cytotoxic), 103–5, 117–19
ligands and, 294–95
macrophages and, 115–16
Miller’s discovery of, 60, 64–65, 71–72
T regulatory (Treg), 245, 255–56
types, 73–74, 176–77
Technological innovation, 259, 398–99
Tedeschi, Bob, 289
TeGenero, 315–16
Thymectomies, 62
Thymos, 61
Thymus, 61–63, 71, 134, 332, 403–4
Time (magazine), 81
Timmerman, John, 11
Toll-like receptors, 152–56
Tonegawa, Susumu, 87–91, 145, 254–55
Training stress, 263
Tramadol, 228, 231
Transgenic mice, 309–14
Transplantation, 91, 92–101
T regulatory cells (Treg), 245, 255–56
Trichinosis, 238
Trypanosomiasis, 51
Tuberculosis, 57–59
Tulane University, 68–69
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 219–20, 228
Type A lifestyle, 199–200, 403
Ulcerative colitis, 225
Ulster Open, 26, 27–28
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS), 188
United Network for Organ Sharing, 100
University College Hospital (London), 204
University of California, Berkeley, 118, 284, 295, 308
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 11, 162, 214, 267, 287
University of California, San Diego, 87
University of California, San Francisco, 51, 209, 295, 404
University of Chicago, 295
University of Colorado, 11, 250
University of Edinburgh, 103
University of Massachusetts, 95
University of Minnesota, 69, 93
University of Padova, 37
University of Pennsylvania, 95