Io (Jupiter satellite), 69
Italian language, xiii, 9, 21, 43, 77, 173, 233
Italian Library, The (Baretti), 199
Italy, 12, 38, 43, 49, 58, 102, 164, 202, 209 Civil Wars in, 196
Papal States in, 180
Tuscany in, 180–81
James I, King of England, 91
Jerusalem, 27
Jesuit order, 24, 51, 74–75, 76, 82, 86, 92–95, 135–39, 143–46, 148, 164, 175, 176, 178, 189, 214–15
Jesus Christ, birth of, 120
John Paul II, Pope, 102, 104, 136, 217–20, 223, 230–31
Judith Slaying Holofernes (Gentileschi), 6
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 146
Jupiter, 71, 91 Galileo’s diagrams of, 68
orbiting of the Sun by, 67
satellites of, 4, 55–56, 66–69, 70, 72, 74–75, 86, 87, 90–94, 95, 102, 107
Kepler, Johannes, 7, 48–50, 66, 69–72, 74, 87, 88, 90–91, 93–94, 99, 140, 142–43, 246
Khashoggi, Jamal, 191
knowledge, 9 acquisition of, 8
Koestler, Arthur, 171, 250
Kuiper belt, 143
Lamalle, Edmond, 214–17
Lan, Richard, 60–61
Lateran Council, 110
Latin language, xiii, 9, 19, 21, 43, 70, 173, 209, 233
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 84, 243 Galileo’s experiments in dropping weights from, 31–34
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 234
Leibniz, Gottfried, 24
Leiden, 12, 203, 209
Lembo, Giovanni Paolo, 94–95
Leonardo da Vinci, 6, 14, 42
Leo X, Pope, 110
Letters on Sunspots (Galileo), 78, 78, 81, 111, 194
Letter to Benedetto Castelli (Galileo), 1–2, 81, 102–4, 109–10, 112–14, 193–94, 218, 247, 252
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (Galileo), 11, 102, 125, 135–36, 193–94, 221, 254
lever, law of, 10, 47
Libri, Giulio, 98
Life and Works of Galileo Galilei (Paschini), 213–17
Life of Galileo (Brecht), 2, 237
Lincean Academy, see Accademia dei Lincei
linguistics, 14
literacy, 13 rise of, 9
Litvinenko, Alexander, 191
Locke, John, 156
logic, 20, 81, 104, 136 false, 96
London, 110 Great Fire of, 195, 252
Lorini, Niccolò, 110, 125, 193
Los Angeles Times, 219
Louis XIII, King of France, 92
Lower, William, 91–92
Lucca, 26
Luther, Martin, 9
Lutheranism, 49, 112
Lynceus, 58
Maccarrone, Michele, 214
Maculano, Cardinal Vincenzo, 183–85, 187–88, 189–92, 194, 251
Maelcote, Odo van, 94–95
Magagnati, Girolamo, 93
Magalotti, Filippo, 176–77
Magellan, Ferdinand, 92
Magini, Giovanni Antonio, 25, 87, 88
magnets, 7, 98
Manetti, Antonio, 26–28
Mann, Michael, 244
Marc Anthony, 146
Marcellini, Carlo, 237
Marí, Antonio Beltrán, 219
Maria Celeste, Sister (Virginia Galilei), 12, 42, 44, 100, 192, 201–2, 207, 253
Maria Maddalena of Austria, 148
Marie de’Medici, Queen of France, 92
Mars, 250 moons of, 70–71, 72
Mästlin, Michael, 48
mathematics, 9–10, 14, 19, 20, 36, 42, 48 Galileo’s study of, 11, 21–22, 25, 36, 57, 154–55
as key to practical and theoretical advances, 10
laws of, 4, 47
natural sciences and, 84–85
nature and, 3, 154
physical reality and, 15, 22, 84, 154
matter, nature of, 203, 234
Mauri, Alimberto (Galileo pseudonym), 58
Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria, 89
Mayr, Simon, 50, 69–70, 94
Mazzoleni, Marcantonio, 43
Mazzoni, Jacopo, 33, 38, 47–48, 49, 244
mechanics, xii, 15, 43, 104 Galileo’s discoveries in, 39–40, 47, 83–84, 201, 203–6
quantum, 227
Medicean Stars, 56
Medici, Antonio de’, 102
Medici, Cosimo II de’, 52, 54–57, 88–89, 114, 148, 188 Galileo appointed philosopher and mathematician to, 56–57
Medici, Ferdinando I de’, 55
Medici, Ferdinando II de’, 176, 210–11
Medici family, 90, 92–93, 101, 102, 130, 196
Mercury, 69 orbit around the Sun by, 40
Mersenne, Marin, 209
Micanzio, Fulgenzio, 202
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 5, 211
Michelet, Jules, 11
Michigan, University of, 67
microbiology, 234
Middle Ages, 8
Milky Way, xii, 4, 55, 64, 65, 66, 86, 92, 94, 95, 97
Milton, John, 12, 208
Modena, 88
Moletti, Giuseppe, 38
Montaigne, Michel de, 104–5
Moon, 1, 15, 24, 50, 68, 69, 70, 90, 93, 94, 98, 125, 169 Albategnius crater on, 60
Galileo’s drawings of, 59–61, 59
Galileo’s observations of the surface of, xii, 4, 55, 58–63, 59, 86, 88, 234
gravitational attraction of, 129, 171
men walking on the surface of, 234
Mons Huygens on, 60
mountains on, 58–60, 63, 86, 92, 107
name Cynthia as personification of, 74
phases of, 4, 61, 62, 79
secondary light of, 61–62
synchronous rotation and orbital motion of, 62, 68
More Accurate Disquisition of Sunspots and the Stars Wandering Around Jupiter, A (Scheiner), 77–78
motion: Aristotle’s theory of, 46, 205
Galileo’s study of, 31–34, 36, 38–39, 44–47
laws of, 11, 15, 44–48
Newton’s first law of, 206
principles of, 203
see also Earth, motion of
movable type, invention of, 9
multiverse, 97
Munich, 207
music: consonance in, 17–18
contrapuntal polyphony in, 19
Mysterium Cosmographicum (Cosmic Mystery) (Kepler), 48–49
National Academy of Sciences, 223
National Edition of Galileo’s Works, 139
natural history, 3
natural sciences, 84–85
nature, 6 deciphering secrets of, 81, 155
laws of, 206, 228
mathematics and, 3, 154
Netherlands, 12, 53, 203
Newton, Isaac, 4, 5, 24, 98, 201 first law of motion of, 206
gravity theory of, 35, 40, 46, 80, 108, 171
New York, NY, 230
New York Times, 219
Niccolini, Francesco, 163, 176, 177–78, 180–81, 191–92, 195
Nova Zembla, 92
nuclear power, 80, 107
Nussbaum, Martha, 237, 256
Occam’s razor, in Galileo’s proof of Copernican system, 170
On Comparing Aristotle And Plato (Mazzoni), 47
On Job (Zúñiga), 132
On the Fabric of the Human Body (Vesalius), 7
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 7, 114, 132, 133
“On the Shape, Location, and size of Dante’s Inferno” (Galileo), 14
Oort cloud, 143
optics, 42, 54, 85, 140, 145
Orion (constellation), 64
Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 6
Orsini, Cardinal Alessandro, 127, 130, 162
Orsini, Prince Paolo, 162
Pacioli, Luca, 10
Padua, 25, 38, 42, 47, 51, 52, 70, 87, 127, 201
Padua, University of, 86 Galileo’s appointment to, 38, 41, 91, 98
Padua Cathedral, 80
paintings: perspective in, 20
vanishing point and foresh
ortening in, 10, 79
Palazzo Barberini, 163
Paley, William, 224–25
Paracelsus, 7
Paradise Lost (Milton), 12, 208
Paris, 53, 158, 180, 202
Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 226
Parma, Duke of, 89
Paschini, Pio, 213–17, 253–54
Paul V, Pope, 57, 89, 93, 130, 131, 133–34, 148, 184
Paul VI, Pope, 214
Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri, de, 94
pendulums, 11, 19 pulse rate related to swing of, 22–23
Pergamum, 20
Peripatetics (Aristotelian philosophers), 216
Pescia, 17
Pettini, Andrea, 184
Philolaus, 117
philosophy, 5–6, 36–37, 80–81, 147–48 ancient Greek, 8, 156
Galileo’s study of, 57
natural, 98, 108
religion and, 235
science and, 235
Phobos (moon of Mars), 72
physics, 3, 46, 85 concept of dynamics in, 4
Einstein on definition of, 154
experimental, 32, 46
laws of, 154
particle, 159, 234
unified theory of, 80, 107
Piccolomini, Ascanio, Archbishop of Siena, 42, 201, 244
Piero della Francesca, 14
Pieroni, Giovanni, 203
Piersanti, Alessandro, 55
Pinelli, Giovanni Vincenzo, 38
Pisa, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 47 cathedral in, 22
Medici Palace in, 1
see also Leaning Tower of Pisa
Pisa, University of, 20, 22, 32, 33, 84, 101 Galileo as chair of mathematics at, 29, 31, 37–38, 55
Pius VII, Pope, 210
plague, 207
planets, 2, 3, 4, 24, 40, 48–49, 54–57, 64, 65, 108, 117 extrasolar, xi
Galileo’s observations of, 66–75, 86, 87, 91
liquid water on, 66
luminosity of stars vs., 91
speculation about living beings on, 90
Plato, 8, 46, 99, 101 dialogues of, 169, 250
Platonic solids, 48
Poetic Meditation upon the Medici’s Planets, A (Magagnati), 93
Poland, 41 Communist, 217
political correctness, 116
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 109, 214–15, 223, 254
Pontifical Lateran University, 213
Poor Clares, 100
Popper, Karl, 230–31
Prague, 9, 70, 93, 203
printing, 9–10
printing press, 9
projectiles, trajectory traced by, 6, 205
Prophets, 120
Protestantism, 203, 209 contrast of Catholicism and, 8
rise of, 8
Protestant Reformation, 8, 11, 108–9
Ptolemy, geocentric theory of, xiii, 24, 47–48, 68, 72, 77, 98, 111, 114, 117, 119, 121, 132, 146, 161–62, 167, 170, 171, 197, 214
public radio, 13
pulsilogium, 23
Pythagoras, 17, 18, 117
quarks, 159
Redondi, Pietro, 158–59
religion: conflict of science and, xiii, 1–2, 13, 15, 101–4, 108–10, 183, 229
interaction between science and, 217–20, 221, 230
philosophy and, 235
salvation through, 2, 103, 118
“Religion and Science” (Einstein), 228
Renaissance, xiii, 5, 7, 11, 14, 18, 19, 28–29, 43, 60, 61, 233
Republic, The (Plato), 8
rhetoric, 20
Riccardi, Father,
Riccardi, Niccolò, 149–50, 159, 163–66, 168, 172–73, 175–78, 187, 188, 192, 200
Ricci, Ostilio, 20, 21–22
Ricciardo, Salvatore, 110
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, 163–64
Rome (city), 9, 11, 24, 25, 57–58, 60, 74, 78, 86, 110, 125, 127, 133, 139, 161–65, 168, 175, 209, 213
Rome, University of, 163
Rosa Ursina (Scheiner), 162
Rowbotham, Francis Jameson, 32
Royal Society, 110
Russell, Bertrand, 3, 147–48
Sabatelli, Luigi, 22
Sacred Apostolic Palace, 163
Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 74–75
Sagredo, Gianfrancesco, 42, 44, 169
St. Ignatius Church, 145
Salusbury, Thomas, 195–96, 246
Salviati, Filippo, 169
San Matteo Convent, 100
Santa Maria Maggiore Church, 93
Santa Maria Novella Church, 112
Santa Maria Sopra Minerva Convent, 188
Santillana, Giorgio de, 5
Santini, Antonio, 93–94
Santorio, Santorio, 23
Sappho, 233
Sarpi, Paolo, 42, 44, 45, 53, 54, 112, 127, 202, 244
Sasso, Camillo, 50
Saturn, 57, 66, 70, 95, 96, 107, 246 rings around, 71–72, 94
Scheiner, Christoph, 76–79, 81–82, 138, 144, 146–47, 162, 189
science, 3 arts and, 14–15
conflict of religion and, xiii, 1–2, 13, 15, 101–4, 108–10, 183, 229
Galileo on knowledge of, 81
governmental attitudes toward, xiii
history of, 14, 21, 32, 46, 57
humanities and, xiii, 13, 14, 235
as integral part of culture, 25–26
interaction between religion and, 217–20, 221, 230
interpretations of, 105
philosophy and, 235–36
revolution in, 203
Scott, David, 35
Second Vatican Council, 215, 218
Segeth, Thomas, 91
senses, role of, 155–56, 158
Serchio River, 26
Sfondrati, Cardinal Paolo Camillo, 110
Shakespeare, William, 5, 38, 146, 236
Sheen, Fulton John, 229
Sidereal Messenger, The (Sidereus Nuncius), (Galileo), 14–15, 53–54, 55–57, 56, 60–63, 68–69, 83, 88, 90, 91, 245
Siena, 201
Simplicius of Cilicia, 169
Sinceri, Carlo, 183, 194
Sirtori, Girolamo, 97
Simplicio, 98, 169, 172, 173, 176, 188, 195, 203
Snow, C. P., 13–14, 233
social media, 9
sociology, 13
solar system, 7, 75, 129–30, 143, 157 Galileo’s discoveries about, xii, 97, 200
Sol Ellipticus (The Elliptical Sun), 82
Solomon, King, 120, 121–22
soul, 5, 210
space-time, 234–35
Sphere, The (Sacrobosco), 74–75
spheres, foreshortening circles on, 79, 79
Spinoza, Baruch, 228, 229
stars, 44, 48–51, 87, 94, 172 absence of parallaxes and, 65
birth of, 64
death of, 50, 64
dimensions of, 65
Galileo’s observations of, 63–66
luminosity of, 64, 91
neutron, 234
new, 49–50
nuclear reactions in, 64
Orion constellation of, 64
path of light from, 40–41
Pleiades, 64
see also Milky Way
Stefani, Jacinto, 165
Stelluti, Francesco, 147
Stevin, Simon, 34
Strasbourg, 209
Suidas, 155
Sun, 24, 29, 70, 75, 80, 84, 117, 121, 127–30, 167, 178 motion of, 103, 104, 112, 120
1919 total eclipse of, 41
orbit of Earth around, xii, 1, 3, 12, 21, 24, 47–48, 63, 65, 68, 127–28, 128, 138–39, 170, 172, 189, 209, 210, 219
orbit of Jupiter around, 67
orbit of Mercury around, 40, 68
orbit of Venus around, 68, 77–78
spots on, 57, 58, 71, 75–82, 107, 112, 144, 162, 170, 170, 171–72, 194
temperature on surface of, 81
supernovae, 50
Sup
reme Court, US, 105
Swift, Jonathan, 72
Tartaglia, Niccolò, 21
Tasso, Torquato, 6–7, 148
Tedaldi, Muzio, 19
telescope, 66 Gaia Space, 66
Galileo’s discoveries with, 59, 76, 83–93, 98, 207
Galileo’s manufacture of, 89–90, 92
Galileo’s promotion of, 88–92, 93–94
history of, 97
invention and development of, 42, 53–57
Kepler, 66
optics of, 140
Telescopium (Sirtori), 97
Telesio, Bernardino, 145
Terni, 145
theology, 14, 20, 48
Theory of Everything, 80, 107
“third culture” concept, 14, 81
Thirty Years War, 137, 163
Tiktaalik roseae fossil, 224
Torricelli, Evangelista, 210
Treatise on the Sphere, or Cosmography (Galileo), 24, 47
trial of Galileo, 12, 100, 130, 134, 181, 183–200, 202, 208, 248–49 charges brought in, 183
false accusations in, 193–94
injunction of 1616 as focus in, 184–87, 189, 191, 192, 216
interrogation of Galileo in, 183–88, 197
plea bargain sought in, 190–92, 194, 195
session 1 of, 183–90
sessions 2 and 3 of, 192
summary of proceedings in, 193–96
threat of torture in, 196–97, 199
verdict and sentence of house arrest in, 183, 197–202, 207
trigonometry, 48
Trump, Donald, 226
truth, 8, 18, 35, 42, 52, 90, 111, 116, 120, 132, 200 harmony between scientific and revealed, 218–20
search for, 226
supreme, 220
Tübingen, University of, 48
“Two Cultures,” 13
United Nations, 225–26
United Nations Environmental Program’s Emissions Gap Report, 225, 255