31 WHY, p. 1055; Memorandum for Henry A. Kissinger, 6 August 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 30; Memorandum of Conversation, 21 October 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, pp. 3, 8
32 USOH, Thayer; USOH, Green, ch. VI
33 USOH, Freeman; Ambrose, Nixon: Education, p. 618; RN, p. 339; Ehrlichman, p. 297
34 Strober and Strober, p. 128; USOH, Freeman
35 Isaacson, p. 198
36 Hersh, pp. 52, 33
37 Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 289, 253—4; author interview with Kissinger;
Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 253–4
38 Haldeman, Diaries, p. 413; USOH, Freeman
39 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 October 1971, 10.30 a.m.–1.45 p.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, p. 5
CHAPTER 5: MEETING WITH MAO
1 Li Zhisui, pp. 542–3, 547
2 Ibid., pp. 551-2, 553-8
3 Ibid., pp. 561–3
4 Ibid., p. 563; USOH, Supplement, Lord
5 Garver, Foreign Relations, p. 9
6 Luo, p. 155
7 Schram, Political Thought, p. 256
8 Hunt, Genesis, ch. 1, for a discussion of this point
9 WHY, p. 1057; USOH, Supplement, Lord
10 Li Zhisui, p. 564; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 414
11 Kraft, p. 20
12 Li Zhisui, pp. 78–9; Chang and Halliday, p. 345
13 WHY, p. 1058
14 USOH, Supplement, Lord
15 WHY, p. 1059; RN, p. 560; Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, pp. 59, 60; WHY, pp. 1063‒4
16 Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, pp. 65, 62, 61; Teng and Fairbank, p. 19; Kissinger
17 Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, pp. 61, 62, 60, 63
18 Ibid., pp. 59, 60
19 Li Zhisui, p. 565
20 Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, p. 64
21 Ibid., pp. 64, 65
22 Ibid., p. 65; Niksong dangnian fanghua xianwei renzhi de neimu
23 Li Zhisui, p. 565; Heath, p. 495
24 Haldeman, Diaries, p. 414; USOH, Supplement, Lord; USOH, Freeman; WHY, p. 1057
25 RN, p. 561; Safire, p. 411; WHY, pp. 1058, 1059; author interview with Kissinger; USOH, Supplement, Lord
26 Strober and Strober, p. 136; WHY, p. 1061; Kalb, p. 270
CHAPTER 6: MAO TSE-TUNG
1 Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts, p. 65; Ambrose, Nixon: Triumph, p. 454
2 See, for example, Ambrose, Nixon: Triumph, p. 409; Li Zhisui, pp. 478–9
3 Short, Mao, pp. 60–1; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 419–20
4 Teiwes, p. 1
5 Schram, Mao Tse-tung, p. 29
6 Short, Mao, p. 33
7 Ibid., pp. 26-7, 33-4, 29
8 Chang and Halliday, p. 6
9 Short, Mao, p. 37
10 Ibid., pp. 37, 55, 66; Schram, Mao Tse-tung, p. 25
11 Short, Mao, p. 57
12 Schram, Political Thought, p. 143
13 Ibid., p. 94
14 Chang and Halliday, p. 269; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (1974), p. 249
15 Short, Mao, p. 60
16 Ibid., p. 102
17 Chang and Halliday, p. 18
18 Ibid., pp. 24–5
19 Ibid., pp. 144, 158-60
20 Short, Mao, pp. 382, 395; Chang and Halliday, p. 279; Short, Mao, p. 396
21 Smedley, p. 170
22 Chang and Halliday, p. 632; Li Zhisui, pp. 120–1; Short, Mao, p. 434; Jin, p. 51; Quan, p. 43; Ji, p. 14
23 Ross, ‘From Lin Biao to Deng Xiaoping’, p. 272; Chang and Halliday, p. 409
24 Short, Mao, p. 226; Chang and Halliday, pp. 83–91
25 Chang and Halliday, p. 346; Li Zhisui, pp. 363–4
26 Hunt, Genesis, p. 7; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (1974), p. 252; Short, Mao, p. 70
27 Teiwes, p. 75; Fang and Fang, pp. 123–4; Jin, p. 74
28 Quan, pp. 44, 45–7; Li Zhisui, pp. 120–1; Chang and Halliday, p. 454; Schoenhals, p. 96
29 Short, Mao, p. 79; Chang and Halliday, p. 432n.
30 Schram, Political Thought, pp. 182, 253
31 Luo, p. 214
32 Li Zhisui, pp. 126, 107; Quan, pp. 90-2, 97, 99, 113, 115
33 Quan, p. 29; Li Zhiusi, p. 99; Quan, p. 111
34 Short, Mao, p. 586; Quan, p. 153; Jin, p. 206; Li Zhisui, pp. 509–10, 560
35 Short, Mao, pp. 149, 298, 403, 422; Li Zhisui, pp. 109-10, 233, 369, 443
36 Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi
37 Author interview with John Fraser; Holdridge, p. 84; Kraft, p. 22; Osborne, p. 25
CHAPTER 7: THE LONG FREEZE
1 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 February 1972, NSA, Record of Historic
Richard Nixon–Chou En-lai Talks in February 1972 Now Declassified, pp. 4, 2, 6, 3, 5
2 WHY, p. 1070
3 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 February 1972, NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Chou En-lai Talks in February 1972 Now Declassified, pp. 5, 9, 6, 4
4 He Di, pp. 145, 155
5 Carter, p. 40
6 Hunt, Genesis, p. 168; Friedman, pp. 59–60
7 He Di, p. 147
8 Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 46–7
9 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, ch. 2 passim; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 73, 85
10 Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 88; Garver, Foreign Relations, p. 8
11 Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 81, 70
12 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 40; Xu, p. 180; Lowe, p. 111
13 Chang, pp. 50–9; USOH, Holloway
14 Chang, pp. 67, 68
15 Ibid., p. 76
16 USOH, Kreisberg
17 USOH, Lutkins
18 USOH, Kreisberg
19 USOH, Green; USOH, Johnson
20 USOH, Levin
21 Zhai, Dragon, the Lion and the Eagle, pp. 7–8, 11; Shambaugh, p. 6
22 Arkush and Lee, pp. 254, 246ff
23 USOH, Thayer; see also USOH, Lacey; USOH, Lutkins; USOH, Johnson
24 USOH, Lutkins; USOH, Clough; USOH, Holdridge
25 He Di, p. 151
26 USOH, Clough; USOH, Supplement, David Fischer
27 USOH, Osborn; USOH, Holdridge; Luo, p. 162
28 USOH, Supplement, David Fischer
CHAPTER 8: BREAKING THE PATTERN
1 Memorandum of Conversation, 21 February 1972, NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Chou En-lai Talks in February 1972 Now Declassified, p. 7
2 Garver, Foreign Relations, p. 155 and n. 28; Foot, ‘Redefinitions’, pp. 264–5
3 Shao, pp. 195–6
4 USOH, Grant
5 Cohen, pp. 190–1
6 USOH, Holdridge
7 Barnouin and Yu, p. 47
8 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 221–9; Garver, Foreign Relations, pp. 291–2; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 425, 426
9 Yan and Gao, p. 74; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 66–9; Brady, pp. 163–9
10 USOH, Green, ch. V, n.p.
11 Chen and Wilson, ‘All Under the Heaven’, pp. 164, 163
12 RN, p. 353; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 519
13 Haldeman, DVD, 13 May, 1 July 1971
14 Haldeman, Diaries, p. 73
15 FRUS, Foundations, p. 110
16 Aitken, p. 244; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 108
17 Ford Library, Lord; FRUS, Foundations, p. 151
18 FRUS, Foundations, p. 154
19 Ibid., pp. 56–7, 122; WHY, pp. 129–30
20 WHY, p. 192; Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 70
21 FRUS, Foundations, p. 154; WHY, pp. 164, 712, 763–70
CHAPTER 9: THE POLAR BEAR
1 Barnouin and Yu, pp. 108–9
2 USOH, Freeman
3 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (1970), p. 466; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (1974), p. 245; Leys, Chinese Shadows p. 181
4 Short, Mao, p. 421
5 Goncharov, Lewis and Xue, p. 8; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (1970), p. 462
6 Goncharov, Lewis and Xue, pp. 79–80
7 Ibid., pp. 85–93; Short, Mao, p. 424
8 Goncharov, Lewis and Xue, pp. 127, 107–9
9 Zhihua, pp. 44–68; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 58, 58–61
10 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (1974), p. 249
11 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 64–8; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (1974), p. 250; Strong and Keyssar, pp. 503–4
12 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 77–8; Yang Kuisong, pp. 18–19
13 Li Zhisui, p. 270; Share, p. 9; Taubman, p. 392
14 Schram, Mao, p. 291; Taubman, p. 341
15 Hsüeh and North, p. 22; Luo, p. 167; Chang and Halliday p. 505
16 ‘Conversation between Mao Zedong and E. F. Hill’ in Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 424; Chen and Wilson, ‘All Under the Heaven’ pp. 159, 157–61; Yang Kuisong, pp. 36–7
17 Chang and Halliday, pp. 503–4; Naughton, pp. 351–86
18 Lilley p. 146; USOH, Supplement, David Dean
19 Barnouin and Yu, p. 86
20 Garver, Foreign Relations, pp. 304–5
21 Ostermann, p. 186
22 Goldstein, p. 987 n. 9; Ostermann, p. 187; Yang Kuisong, p. 24
23 Goldstein, pp. 992–4, 992 n. 40, 994
24 Goldstein, p. 987; Barnouin and Yu, p. 89; Chang and Halliday, p. 570; Yang Kuisong, p. 27; USOH, Holdridge; Ma Jisen, p. 334; NIE 11/13–69: The USSR and China, p. 4, in National Intelligence Council, Tracking the Dragon
25 Goldstein, passim; Yang Kuisong, pp. 21, 30
26 Ostermann, pp. 187–8; Schaller, ‘Détente’, p. 368; Yang Kuisong, p. 32; Chang and Halliday, pp. 570–1; Garver, China’s Decision, pp. 57, 58
27 Zhang Baijia, pp. 67–8; Whiting, p. 336; Yang Kuisong, p. 34; Wishnick, Mending Fences, p. 35; Hoff, p. 197; Whiting, p. 226
28 WHY, p. 184
29 Yang Kuisong, pp. 35, 35–6
30 Ibid., p. 36; Barnouin and Yu, p. 91
31 Wishnick, ‘In the Region and in the Center’, p. 198; Yang Kuisong, pp. 37–9; Soviet Report on 11 September 1969 Kosygin–Zhou Meeting, CWHIP Bulletin 6–7, pp. 191–3; Luo, pp. 273–4
32 Yang Kuisong, p. 40; Soviet Report on 11 September 1969 Kosygin–Zhou Meeting, CWHIP Bulletin 6–7, p. 193; WHY, p. 185; Yang Kuisong, p. 39; Tyler, p. 77; Pollock, pp. 244–71
33 Yang Kuisong, p. 40
34 Chang and Halliday, p. 572; Yang Kuisong, pp. 40–1, 47–8; Ma Jisen, pp. 242–3; author interviews
35 Hsüeh and North, p. 25; Ma Jisen, p. 294
36 Luo, pp. 254–6
37 Zhang Baijia, p. 69; Luo, pp. 162, 166
38 Luo, pp. 272–3
39 Chen and Wilson, ‘All Under the Heaven’, pp. 166–8
40 Ibid., pp. 170, 171; Ma Jisen, p. 301
41 Zhang Baijia, p. 71; Yang Kuisong, p. 43
42 Li Zhisui, p. 514; WHY, p. 182; Luo, p. 275
CHAPTER 10: THE BANQUET
1 USOH, Supplement, Lord
2 Xiong, ‘Jiang Qing’, p. 61
3 Author interview with John Burns; Cronkite, p. 322; NPM, Dwight Chapin Files, Box 28, Folder Memoranda to Official/Unofficial Parties
4 USOH, Freeman
5 Mancall, p. 24; Financial Times, 7/8 May 2005
6 Holdridge, p. 79; Walker, pp. 237, 409–10
7 Walker, p. 229; Chen and Hong, pp. 310–11; WHY, p. 1069; Haig, p. 259
8 NPM, Dwight Chapin Files, Box 28, Folder Memoranda to Official/ Unofficial Parties; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 415; Holdridge, pp. 86–7
9 Author interview with John Burns; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 59; Garment, p. 111
10 Ehrlichman, pp. 263–4, 273‒4; Greenberg, p. 128; Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 46, p. 5
11 Greenberg, pp. 137, 146, 155; Ehrlichman, pp. 264–9
12 Memorandum of Conversation, 11 July 1971, 10.35 a.m.-11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 5; Greenberg, p. 276; Frankel, p. 349; Memorandum for Henry A. Kissinger, 6 August 1971, ‘Conversations with Chou En-lai, 10 July afternoon sessions’, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, pp. 18–19; Rather, Camera Never Blinks, p. 230
13 Wen, p. 1735
14 Holdridge, p. 70; author interview with Li Qin
15 Memorandum of Conversation, 23 October 1971, 9.05 p.m.–10.05 p.m., NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 70 Doc. 14, p. 8; Memorandum of Meeting, 11.45 p.m., 7 January 1972, NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, p. 4; Haig, pp. 262–3
16 Walker, pp. 308; Halstead, p. 6, 21, 246
17 Halstead, p. 4
18 Halstead, p. 5
19 Thomas, Dateline, p. 139; Thomas, Front Row, p. 187; Kraft, p. 9
20 Thomas, Dateline, pp. 140–1; Walker, p. 84
21 Author interview with Yu Jiafu; Halstead, pp. 6–7
22 Hevia, p. 117 and ch. 5 passim
23 Text available at The American Presidency Project; Holdridge, p. 87
24 USOH, Freeman
25 Text available at The American Presidency Project
26 Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 416, 415
27 Buckley, p. 87; quoted in Hersh, p. 495
28 Holdridge, p. 87; author interview with John Burns
CHAPTER 11: OPENING MOVES
1 WHY, p. 187
2 See Haig interview, Nixon’s China Game, PBS website
3 Kissinger interview, PCC transcripts 1/V, p. 2; WHY, pp. 189–90
4 USOH, Nichols
5 Ibid.
6 USOH, Holdridge
7 Secret Cable 427, 18 February 1969, NSA, China and the US, CH00055
8 FRUS, Foundations, p. 79
9 Department of State, Next Steps in China Policy, 6 October 1971, NSA China and the US, CH00079; Walters, p. 526; Holdridge, p, 32; Aijazuddin, p. 3; Secret Cable 2547, 12 August 1969, NSA, China and the US, CH00075; Secret Cable 2618, 18 August 1969, NSA China and the US, CH00077
10 National Security Study Memorandum, NSSM 14, 5 February 1969, NSA, China and the US, CH00043; WHY, p. 169; Hoff, pp. 196–7; Ma Jisen, p. 298
11 Mann, p. 22; Foot, ‘Redefinitions’, pp. 277–8, 280
12 Confidential Cable 1720, 9 June 1969, NSA, China and the US, CH00070; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 245; Mann, p. 62; Zhang Baijia, p. 68; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 99, 99–100
13 USOH, Supplement, Buche
14 Author interview with John Fraser; Robert Edmonds; author interview with Chen Weiming
15 USOH, Jenkins; Ma Jisen, p. 326
16 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 250; WHY, p. 190; RN, p. 545
17 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 250–2; Secret Memorandum of Conversation, 21 February 1970, NSA, China and the US, CH00143
18 Mann, p. 24; Holdridge, p. 37; WHY, pp. 684–5, 692; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 252
19 Safire, pp. 206–7; RN, p. 546
20 Walters, pp. 526–7
21 Ibid., pp. 534-8, 529-30
22 Aijazzudin, p. 30; Ma Jisen, pp. 327–8; WHY, pp. 701–2; Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 450; see, for example, Aijazuddin, pp. 58–9
23 Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 449–50; Holdridge, p. 41; WHY, pp. 702–3; RN, p. 547
24 Aijazuddin, pp. 42–3
25 WHY, pp. 701–2; RN, pp. 549–50; Aijazuddin, pp. 52–3; Memorandum of Conversation, nJuly 1971, 10.35 a.m.–11.55 a.m., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 3; WHY, p. 736; Isaacson, pp. 338–9
26 RN, p. 548; WHY, pp. 704–5
27 Ma Jisen, pp. 328–9; Chen and Lin , pp. 250–5; Ma Jisen, p. 329
28 USOH, Levin; Boggan interview, PCC transcripts, i/V, p. 1; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 260
29 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 261; Zhang Baijia, p. 73
30 Ma Jisen, p. 230; USOH, Cunningham; Brown interview, PCC transcripts, 1 /V, p. 5
31 Boggan interview, PCC transcripts, i/V, pp. 18�
��19
32 Barnouin and Yu, pp. 103–4; WHY, p. 710
33 Globe and Mail, 15 April 1971
34 Ibid.; Boggan interview, PCC transcripts, i/V, pp. 18—20; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 262
35 WHY, p. 710; copy in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 15, Doc. 19
36 RN, p. 549; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 275; WHY, p. 721
37 WHY, pp. 716–17
38 Aijazuddin, pp. 58–9; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, p. 263 n. 113; WHY, p. 725
39 Message for the Government of the People’s Republic of China, 20 May 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 24; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 264–5
40 WHY, pp. 726–7; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 295; RN, pp. 551–2; Mann, p. 29
41 RN, p. 552
CHAPTER 12: THE SECRET VISIT
1 RN, p. 552
2 Aijazuddin, p. 67; RN, pp. 550; Isaacson, pp. 339—40; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 282; WHY, pp. 715—17; telecon The President/Mr Kissinger, 8.18 p.m., 27 April 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 18
3 RN, p. 550; WHY, pp. 717, 734
4 USOH, Supplement, Farland; WHY, p. 738; Kissinger interview, PCC transcripts, i/V, p. 18
5 Hilaly to Kissinger, 19 June 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 29; Aijazuddin, pp. 102—5; USOH, Supplement, Farland
6 Zhang Baijia, pp. 74—5; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, pp. 262—5
7 NPM, NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 850, Folder 3, pp. 1—5
8 Memorandum for the President’s Files, 1 July 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 33; WHY, pp. 735—6
9 WHY, pp. 728—9; Hersh, pp. 466—76
10 Aijazuddin, p. 81 n. 25
11 WHY, p. 725; Brown interview, PCC transcripts, i/V, p. 12; Hanhimäki, pp. 116—20, 124; Bundy, p. 233
12 WHY, p. 729; Holdridge, p. 52
13 Author interview with Gordon Barass; USOH, Supplement, Lord
14 Wicker, One of Us, pp. 594—5; WHY, p. 749
15 Holdridge, p. 55; USOH, Supplement, Lord; WHY, p. 753
16 Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 289, 316
17 USOH, Holdridge; Chen and Lin, p. 266
18 Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi
19 Memorandum of Conversation, 9 July 1971, Afternoon and Evening, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34
20 Ibid, p. 6
21 Memorandum of Conversation, 10 July 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 2