Everdingen, Caesar van, 90
Exeter, 14, 16, 31, 46
F
Fagel, Gaspar: and William’s Declaration, 29; and French trade war, 39; Burnet works with, 43; as adviser to William, 246; family, 246; garden and plants, 246–50, 249, 252; transfers plants to Hampton Court, 248–9
Fairfax, Thomas, 3nd Baron, 219
Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 311–12
Finch, Sir Heneage, 282
Fitzcharles, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta, 171
Flines, Agnes de (Agnes Block), 250
Fort Orange see Albany
Fourment, Hélène (Rubens’ second wife), 179
Fox, Sir Stephen, 14–16
France: support for James II, 4; James II’s exile in, 18; trade war with Dutch, 33, 39–40, 42; as threat to Dutch Republic, 37, 41, 62–3, 353; anti-Protestant measures, 41; William’s campaign against, 263
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 48, 86–8, 219, 228–9
Frederik Hendrik, Stadholder: marriage, 67, 111, 212; and Stuart-Orange marriage alliances, 67–70, 73, 75; pictured, 68, 89, 90; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; death, 76, 89, 138, 209; court life and culture, 82, 84, 86, 89, 212; claims share of captured Spanish silver, 85; Sir Constantijn Huygens as First Secretary to, 100, 110, 126, 152; art interests and collection, 129, 132, 207–8; and Duarte, 178, 180, 183; buildings and improvements, 209; gardening interests, 222–3, 231, 235; shelters Elector Frederick, 229; acquires and rebuilds Honselaarsdijk, 235
Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, 274, 277
Fromanteel, John, 277
G
Gage, George, 102, 103, 105, 108
Gale (Master of St Paul’s School), 354
garden design and landscaping: Dutch, 24, 205, 210–13, 214, 215–18, 222–6, 231–6, 234, 236, 239, 241–2, 244–50, 252–3; and drainage problems, 235, 239; water features, 246; in Brazil, 253–6; financing, 256–7, 260; in Britain, 262
Geldorp, George, 135
Gerbier, Sir Balthasar, 131, 135
Gheyn, Jacob de, sr (Jacob de Gheyn II), 99, 292
Gheyn, Jacob de, jr (Jacob de Gheyn III), 99, 99, 107–8, 137–8, 292
Glorious Revolution (1688): and William’s invasion, 27–9, 31, 42; and Dutch international aims, 41
Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 172, 198
Goddard, Jonathan, 274
Goltzius, Hendrik, 126
Good Hope, Cape of, 320
Goree, Guinea, 327
gout: treatment, 341–4, 344
Goyen, Jan Josephszoon van, 126
Graeff, Andries de, 140–2
Great Fire of London (1666), 147; memorial inscription, 353–5
Great Plague (1665), 302, 305
Grebber, Frans Pieter de, 90, 134
Greenwich palace, 206
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 205
Guinea: Holmes sacks Dutch settlements, 285, 288; trading opportunities, 327
Gunpowder Plot (1605), 10
Gunterstein: garden, 246, 249–50, 252
H
Haarlem, Cornelis, 126
Hague, The: admired in England, 81; courts, 81–2, 85–6, 88, 91; building and improvement, 85; Huygens’ house in, 157–8, 158, 207–8, 209; plague (1635), 158; English exiles in, 175, 212
Halen, Peter van, 123–4
Halley, Edmond, 310, 315
Hampden, John, 312
Hampton Court: gardens, 50, 224, 226, 248–9, 252; Christiaan Huygens visits, 310
Hanau, Count of, 84
Hanneman, Adriaen, 132, 133, 134, 188; portrait of William, 133
Harrison, John, 284
Hartlib, Samuel, 316
Hatfield Chase, Lincolnshire, 232, 237–8
Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerckhoven, Lord of, 68
Heidelberg, 86; gardens, 48, 48, 219, 228–31
Hein, Admiral Piet, 84
Heinsius, Daniel, 354
Held, Julius, 156, 157
Hellevoetsluis, 6, 15
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 70, 72–3, 75, 78, 116, 163, 186–8, 212–13, 351
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, 108
Herbert, Admiral Arthur, Earl of Torrington, 16
Hesse, Johan van, 172
Hoefnagel family, 98
Hoefnagel, Jacob, 98
Hoefnagel, Joris, 292
Hofwijk, Voorburg (Sir Constantijn Huygens’ estate), 164, 166, 183, 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 214, 215–19, 227–8, 229, 233–4, 245, 308
Hollandine, Louise, 132
Holles, Sir Frescheville, 284
Holmes, Sir Robert, 283–9, 284, 326–7, 329
Hondius, Hendrik, 126
Honselaarsdijk, 22, 85, 204, 212, 224, 235–7, 236, 241, 245
Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerard) van, 85, 88, 90, 126, 131, 138
Hoogstraten, Samuel van, 145, 147; The Slippers (painting), 146
Hooke, Robert: on William’s invasion, 15; on Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; scientific endeavour, 266; and clock and watch mechanism, 267–8, 279–82, 284, 291, 301, 306; and determination of longitude, 280–1, 285, 288; reputation, 293, 296; Christiaan Huygens jr criticises, 296; in controversy with Auzout, 297–8, 302–3, 305–8; on need for high-quality lenses, 297; involvement with Royal Society, 298–9; lens-making machine, 298–302, 304, 306; as Curator of Experiments at Royal Society, 301, 313; leaves London (1665), 302, 306; supports Stuart royals, 308; career setbacks, 313; lectures at Royal Society, 313–14; work on optics, 313; ill health, 314; on Chinese medical practices, 344–5; and inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 354; discusses Temple of Solomon with Wren, 357; Micrographia, 291–3, 294–5, 296–300, 299, 306–7, 307, 312–13
Hortus Pembrochianus, 47
Hoskins, Sir John, 315
Hudson, Henry, 321
Huguenots: support William, 31; flee France after revocation of Edict of Nantes, 41
Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, 89–90, 138, 209, 246
Hume, Sir Alexander, 190, 271
Hutchinson, Colonel John, 116
Huygens family, 47, 92, 93
Huygens, Christiaan, jr: cosmopolitanism, 7; career, 93; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; at Hofwijk, 213; mental health problems, 213, 290, 308; requests copy of Evelyn’s Sylva from Royal Society, 227; correspondence with Philips Doublet, 245–6; develops and tests watch and clock mechanisms, 263, 266–74, 267, 276–84, 289–91, 314–15, 329; in France, 264, 308; scientific interests and activities, 264, 266; in England, 274, 309–10, 315; friendship and correspondence with Moray, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; portrait, 275; and determination of longitude at sea, 283; questions Holmes’s report, 285–6; and Hooke’s Micrographia, 291, 293, 296, 298; interest in microscopy, 292–3; and lens-making, 292, 300; criticises Hooke, 296, 304; and Hooke’s lens-grinding machine, 300–2, 306; in The Hague during Great Plague (1665), 305; retires to father’s estate, 308; elected first overseas member of Royal Society, 309, 316; reads and approves of Newton’s Principia, 309; attends Royal Society meetings, 310, 313; audience with William, 310–11; and Newton’s political involvement, 311–12; relations with Newton, 312–13; reputation, 315–16; appointment in Paris, 316; planetary observations, 316–18; Discours sur la cause de la pesanteur, 314; Horologium Oscillatorium, 284, 289–90; Systema Saturnium, 316–17; Traité de la lumière, 309, 313
Huygens, Christiaan, sr, 93, 97, 102, 108
Huygens, Constantia see Wilhem, Constantia de
Huygens, Sir Constantijn: and William’s invasion, 7; and William’s expectation of English throne, 80; as art adviser to courts, 82–3, 85, 89–90, 112, 118, 125–7, 138–9, 207, 210; career and influence, 91–3, 100, 111–12; portrayed, 92, 96, 128, 131–2, 134, 144, 155, 156–9, 206, 342; in England, 94–8, 101, 105–6, 109–10, 166–7, 350; musical virtuosity and activities, 95–8, 159, 163–4, 166, 180, 185–7, 192–3, 354; art interests, 98–9, 107, 109; as personal secretary and adviser to Frederik Hendrik and William II, 100, 110, 126, 152; marriage to Susanna van Baerle, 122, 149, 152, 155–6; commends Rubens’ Head of Medusa, 125, 126; praises and
encourages Lievens and Rembrandt, 126–9, 131, 137; aids Hanneman, 132; acquires Rembrandt painting, 137; and ‘Dutch Gift’ to Charles II, 139–40, 142–3; attachment to talented women, 149, 163–4, 266; poetry, 149, 153, 157, 160, 210, 215–16, 227, 233, 354; and Susanna’s death, 152–3, 210; and Descartes, 153–4; houses and properties, 157–8, 158, 164, 166, 183, 204, 207–10, 209, 211, 212–13, 214, 215–17; relations with Anna Morgan, 160–2; and Anglo-Dutch wars, 162; friendship with Killigrews, 166–9; helps Mary Killigrew find house in UP, 173; and Duarte, 178, 180–3; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 192; friendship with Lanier, 198; correspondence with Margaret Cavendish, 200–3; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 201–3; architectural interests and taste, 204, 207–8; provides Latin inscription for William the Silent’s tomb, 205; and Rubenshuis, 207; garden designs and interests, 210, 215–19, 224–5, 227, 229, 230, 233–5; entertains exiled English royals in Netherlands, 212–13; helps broker William-Mary marriage, 212; designs road from The Hague to Scheveningen, 225, 226; visits Heidelberg, 230; helps finance Vermuyden’s drainage scheme, 238; owns land in England, 238; and daughter Susanna’s wedding, 242–4; pride in son Christiaan, 270; and Hoefnagel family, 292; sends extracts from Hooke’s Micrographia to son Christiaan, 296; son Christiaan lives with in old age, 308; and son Christiaan’s career, 315; oversees building of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, 333; and new medical knowledge from overseas, 341–3; attempts to recover money owing from Charles II to William, 351–2; role in Anglo-Dutch collaboration, 352–3; proposes inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 353–5; Pathodia Sacra et Profana (song collection), 159, 163–4, 185
Huygens, Constantijn, jr: on invasion fleet and landing, 7, 9, 11, 14, 46–7; as William’s secretary, 7, 93, 263; portrayed, 9, 158, 159; admires English countryside, 18; paintings and drawings, 18, 211, 214, 215, 264; countersigns William’s Declaration, 46; accompanies William on journey from Torbay to London, 47–9; on Wilton House gardens, 48; and William’s claim to English throne, 65–6; selects art works from English Royal Collection for William and Mary, 147–8; in Arnhem with mother, 158; and father’s relations with Duarte girls, 163; and Duartes’ art dealing, 183; garden, 242; marriage, 242–3, 246, 273; with William on campaign against French, 290; grinds lenses, 292; status and power in England, 308–9; and brother Christiaan’s visit to England, 309–10; influence at William’s court, 312; and William’s acceptance by English, 349–50
Huygens, Gertruyd see Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd
Huygens, Lodewijk: career, 93; in England, 116–17; on low price of paintings in England, 116, 137, 160, 219; with mother in 1635 plague, 158; Anna Morgan’s hospitality to, 160; in First Dutch War, 162; in France, 264; and brother Christiaan, 277
Huygens, Maurits, 152, 211
Huygens, Susanna (née Rijkaert; Constantijn jr’s wife), 246
Huygens, Susanna (née van Baerle; Sir Constantijn’s wife): marriage, 122, 149–51, 155–6, 159; death, 152–4, 163, 210; and Descartes’ writings, 154; portrait, 155, 156, 157–8, 206; helps plan family home, 158
Hyde, Anne seeYork, Anne, Duchess of
I
Israel, Jonathan, 27, 41
J
James I, King of England (James VI of Scotland): and Sir Constantijn Huygens, 94–8, 212, 237
James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (earlier Duke of York): abdicates on William’s invasion, 1, 6, 16, 26; nosebleeds, 5; first attempted flight, 17, 20; reaches France, 18, 21, 23; Catholicism, 26, 37, 40; and English succession, 29, 66; and William’s Declaration, 29–30, 33; birth of son, 37, 63–4, 78–9; marriage to Maria of Modena, 37–8, 66, 78; pro-French stance, 40; Burnet writes against, 43; as patron of Lely, 135; and Huygens’s ballet, 188; in Antwerp, 198; Holmes serves, 285, 287–8; Hooke supports, 308; interference at Cambridge University, 310; Albany (New York) named after, 326; and West African slave trade, 327; granted Dutch territories in North America, 329
James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales (’the Old Pretender’), birth and doubts over legitimacy, 37–8, 53–4, 63–4, 78–9
Janssens, Cornelius, 126
Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron: holds Great Seal, 17; Newton confronts at Cambridge, 310
Jersey (ship), 283, 286–7
Jews: in Antwerp, 176–7; settle in New Amsterdam, 323
Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen see Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van
Jones, Inigo, 102, 108
Jonson, Ben, 167
Jordaens, Jacob: The Triumph of Frederik Hendrik (painting), 89, 90
Journal des sçavans, 283, 304–5, 307–8
Jupiter (planet), 317–18
K
Karl Ludwig (Charles Lewis), Elector Palatine, 88
Kensington Palace: gardens, 50
Kerckhoven, Jan van der see Heenvliet, Lord of
Keyser, family de, 205–7
Keyser, Hendrick de, 205, 354
Keyser, Hendrick, the younger, 206
Keyser, Thomas de, 159
Keyser, Willem de, 206
Killigrew, Anne, 168
Killigrew, Cecilia (née Crofts), 171, 172
Killigrew, Charles: death, 167–8
Killigrew, Charlotte (née van Hesse-Piershil), 172–3
Killigrew, Elizabeth see Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess
Killigrew, Mary, Lady (née Woodhouse; later Lady Stafford), 167–8, 173
Killigrew, Sir Robert, 164, 166–7, 169, 198
Killigrew, Robert (son of Thomas and Charlotte), 173
Killigrew, Thomas, 168, 170, 171, 172–4
Killigrew, William, 167
Kincardine, Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of: and Christiaan Huygens’ clock mechanism, 268–79, 281–4, 289, 291
Kincardine, Veronica, Countess of (née van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck), 271, 272, 273–4
King’s College, Cambridge, 312
L
la Barre, Anne de, 185–7
landscaping see garden design
Lanier, Nicholas, 164, 165, 167, 169, 198
Leake, John, 239
le Blon, Michel, 83, 110
Leers, Arnold, 31
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 264, 292, 343
Leeuwenhorst: garden, 246–7, 249
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 312
Lely, Sir Pieter, 134–6, 136, 147, 195
le Nôtre, André, 245
lenses, 292, 296–302, 304–6
Leon, Jacob Judah (’Templo’), 356–7
Leopold Wilhelm, Archduke, 90
Lievens, Jan: paintings in Huis ten Bosch, 90; Sir Constantijn Huygens promotes, 126–7; qualities, 127; portrait of Huygens senior, 128, 144, 156–7; paintings for Frederik Hendrik, 129; reputation, 129; in England, 131; few works in English royal collection, 131, 145; works with van Ravenstijn, 132; crucifixion painting, 137; with Dou in Rembrandt’s studio, 143; Soothsayer (painting), 129
Locke, John, 309; Two Treatises on Government, 35–6
Lombeek, 264
London: William arrives in, 18–23, 44–5; Dutch occupation, 27; see also England; Royal Society
London, George, 252
Long Island, 321, 326
longitude: and timekeepers, 275–7, 279, 281–4, 286–7, 289–90
Loo, Het, near Appeldoorn, 50, 145, 148
Lope, Alonse de, 181
Lopes Suasso, Francisco, 6, 51, 52
Lorraine, Duchess of, 200
Louis XIV: as threat to Dutch Republic, 37–8, 62–3; trade war with Dutch, 39, 42; anti-Protestant measures, 41; seizes Orange, 63, 315; Versailles garden, 242; Christiaan Huygens dedicates Horologium Oscillatorium to, 290; and Auzout’s ambitions, 308; and Treaty of Dover (1670), 352
Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange, 230
Louise Henriette, Princess, 75
Louise, Princess Palatine (Amalia von Solms’s daughter), 190
Louise-Juliana of Orange-Nassau, Electress, 229–30
Lovelace, John, 3rd Baron, 3
2
Lower, Sir William: Enchanted Lovers, 188
Lucas, Margaret (Duke of Newcastle’s first wife), 195
Lumley, Richard, Baron (later 1st Earl of Scarborough), 32
Lundi, Sir Arnout, 180
Luxembourg: France annexes (1684), 63
M
Manhattan Island, 317, 321–3, 324–5, 331–2, 341
Marchin, General, 197
Maria of Modena, Queen of James II: pregnancy and birth of son, 37–8, 53–4, 56, 63–4, 78–9; marriage and daughters, 66, 78
Marnix, Elizabeth (Lady Morgan), 160
Marnix, Philips, Heer van St Aldegonde, 160
Marvell, Andrew: poems on gardens, 216, 219, 232
Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland: and William’s invasion, 1, 42, 179; sees off William’s invasion fleet, 15; accepted as monarch, 26; in William’s Declaration, 33; pictured, 34; claims to English throne, 36, 62–3, 66, 79, 247, 310; porcelain collection, 52; marriage and residence in The Hague, 53, 62, 66, 69–70, 71, 72, 75, 76–7, 163, 212, 239, 352; and Maria of Modena’s pregnancy, 56, 182; bust, 61; influence, 78; Hanneman portrait, 132; art collection, 145, 148; and Boyle brothers, 170; in Antwerp, 175, 178; given wedding jewel by William, 180–3, 182; status in Netherlands, 213; garden interests, 249; and Dutch economic decline, 357; Mémoire, 79
Mary Queen of Scots, 54
Mary (ship), 139
Mary (Stuart), Princess Royal (William’s mother): death, 62; as sister to Charles II, 62; status, 64, 91, 118; marriage to William II, 67, 111; court in The Hague, 81–2, 85–6, 91; forbidden to give sanctuary to English royal exiles, 113; portraits, 119, 188, 189; as patron of Hanneman, 132, 134; Huygens and, 161; in Spa, 161–2; and Anne de la Barre, 186; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 188–90; dancing, 192; in Antwerp, 198; and son William’s education, 204
Matthew, Toby, 108
Maurits of Nassau, Stadholder, 82, 97, 235
Mauritshuis, The Hague, 157, 158, 204, 207, 333; garden, 256
medicine: new knowledge imported from overseas, 341–4
Meester, Willem, 11
Meurs, Jan, 123–4
microscopes, 292, 296