4 Quoted in Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 196.
5 Attributed to Ashton by Henry Peckham, under interrogation. Quoted in Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies, p. 213.
6 ‘As a roaring lion goes about, seeking whom he may devour’.This is a quotation from 1 Peter 5:8 in the Vulgate, the Catholic version of the Bible. See the footnote to this letter in Marcus et al., Elizabeth I, Collected Works, p. 43.
7 2 August 1556, Marcus et al., Elizabeth I, Collected Works, pp. 43-4.
8 For the complete 1557 New Year’s Gift List, see D. Loades, Mary Tudor (Oxford, 1989), pp. 358-69.
9 Quoted in Tom Glasgow Jr, ‘The Navy in Philip and Mary’s War, 1557-1558’, Mariner’s Mirror, vol. 53(4) (November, 1967), p. 322.
10 Quoted by C. S. L. Davies, ‘England and the French War’, in J. Loach and R.Tittler (eds), The mid-Tudor Polity, c. 1540-1560 (London, 1983).
11 Cal SP Venetian, 6Ii, p. 1240.
12 See Carter, ‘Mary Tudor’s Wardrobe’.
13 Intercepted dispatch in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, BN fr. 23191, quoted in David Potter, ‘The duc de Guise and the Fall of Calais, 1557-1558’, English Historical Review, 98 (July 1983), pp. 481-512.
14 2 January 1558 at 10 p.m., in Edward Arber (ed.), An English Garner (Birmingham, 1882), vol. iv, p. 193.The marshes had been partially flooded, but not sufficiently to give major problems to the French.
15 2 February 1558, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 351.
16 10 January 1558, ibid., 6iii, p. 1421.
17 31 January 1558, ibid., 13,p.348.
18 21 January 1558, ibid., 13, pp. 340-41.
19 10 March 1558, ibid., 13, pp. 366-8.
20 The will is quoted in full as Appendix 3 to Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 370-80.
21 BL MS Cotton Titus, B.2, f. 109. Quoted in Prescott, Mary Tudor, pp. 377-8.The original is a draft in French, with alterations, in Mary’s own hand.
22 Pope’s report from Hatfield of 26 April 1558, in SPD Mary I, no. 753.
23 The 18th-century writer,Thomas Warton, relied on papers that proved to be forgeries.
24 Wriothesley, Chronicle, 2, p. 139.
25 For a general discussion of the chronology of 16th-century epidemics, see Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1985), pp. 53-78.
26 6 October 1558, CSP Foreign, 1553-8, no. 834.
27 Quoted in Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, 2nd edn (1965), vol. 1, p. 404.
28 John A. H.Wylie and Leslie H. Collier, ‘The English sweating sickness (Sudor Anglicus): A re-appraisal’, Journal of the History of Medicine, vol. 36 (1981), pp. 425-45.
29 Henry Clifford, Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, ed. J. Stevenson (London, 1887), p. 69.
30 The poetic tribute of Juan de Vega, president of the Council of Castile, quoted in the Autobiography of Charles V, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (London, 1862), p. xxxi. In fact, Charles never lost his interest in politics and had, earlier in the year, urged his daughter Juana to act decisively against the spread of heresy in Spain.
31 Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 380-83.
32 Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 228.
33 ‘The Count of Faria’s despatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558’, ed. and trans. M.J. Rodriguez-Salgado and Simon Adams, Camden Miscellany, 4th series, vol. 29, pp. 300-44.
34 ‘Memorandum of the jewels that lie in a coffer at Whitehall’, late 1558(?), Cal SP Spanish, 13, pp. 441-2.
35 Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 3, pt ii, p. 142.
36 Ibid., vol.3, pt ii, p. 548.
37 Harleian Miscellany, X (London, 1813), pp. 259-60.
Epilogue
1 Quoted in DNB entry for Winchester, 2004.
2 Haynes, A collection of state papers, pp. 208-9.
3 The exact state of Mary’s health in 1558 before she fell fatally ill is not easy to discern. Certainly she was still conducting affairs of state during Feria’s visits in February and June. She had been bled so much over the years that she was almost certainly suffering from anaemia.
Index
Abell,Thomas
Abergavenny, Lord
Act of Succession
Acts and Monuments (Foxe)
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius
Albuquerque, duke of
Alexander, Nicholas
Alva, duchess of
Anna of Austria
Anne of Cleves:
appearance of
death of
Henry divorces
Henry’s marriage to
Mary’s coronation and
Mary’s marriage considerations and
Aquinas,Thomas
Arras, bishop of
Arthur, Prince of Wales
death of
Arundel, countess of
Arundel, earl of
death of
Dudley’s letter to
Philip met by
Ascham, Roger
Ashley, Katherine
Ashton, Christopher
Asshendon,Thomasine
Bacon, Anne
Baker, Alice
Baker, Sir John
Baker, Richard
Barahona, Juan de
Barton, Elizabeth, Nun of Kent
Bath, earl of
battle of Mohács
Baynton, Margery
Bedford, earl of
Bedingfeld, Sir Henry
Bellay, Jean du
Bendon, Alice
Blount, Elizabeth
Boccaccio, Giovanni
Boetius
Boleyn, Anne:
adultery charges laid against
appearance of
birth and early life of
birth of
Katharine of Aragon and
Katharine of Aragon’s only public outburst against
Claude’s household joined by
court debut of
Cranmer nullifies marriage of
created marchioness of Pembroke
Cromwell’s coup against
crowning of
determination of
differing opinions of
early impact of, on Mary
Elizabeth born to
execution of
Francis I meets
at Greenwich
growing power of
Henry accompanied by
Henry falls for
Henry’s letters to
Henry secretly marries
Henry’s tempestuous relationship with
Henry’s unwavering commitment to
Letters Patent undo marriage of
Mary’s enmity with
Mary’s few meetings with
Mary Rose’s public disapproval of
Mary-Henry relationship worries
miscarriages suffered by
noblewomen give precedence to
Norris and
plot against
pregnancies of
rise of supporters of
Smeton’s adultery confession and
sweating sickness suffered by
trial of
Wolsey blamed by
Boleyn, George
Boleyn, Mary
Boleyn, Sir Thomas (later earl of Wiltshire)
Bonner, Edmund
Bonnivet, Admiral
Book of Common Prayer
Book of the Ladies (Pisan)
Book of Rates
Botticelli
Boulogne
Boxall, John
Brandon, Charles, duke of Suffolk
Brandon, Frances, duchess of Suffolk
Brown, Mary
Bruges, treaty of
Bryan, Lady Margaret
Brydges, John
Buckingham, duke of
Bull, Richard
Burgh, Lady
Butts, Dr William
Cabot, Sebastian
Cabrera, Luis
Calais
Calthorpe, Sir Philip
Caly, Robert
Campeggio, Cardinal Lore
nzo
Katherine of Aragon denounces
Cappel, Sir Giles
Carew, Sir Gawain
Carew, Sir Nicholas
Carew, Sir Peter
Carlos, Don
Carthusians
Castiglione, Battista
Castro, Alfonso de
Katherine of Aragon:
Arthur’s marriage to
banishment of
Anne Boleyn accused of trying to poison
Anne Boleyn’s underestimation of
Charles V and
Cranmer nullifies marriage of
death of
education book commissioned by
enduring love for Henry shown by
farewell letter of, to Henry
first pregnancy of
Fitzroy’s elevation appals
funeral of
health concern of
Henry’s attempts to end marriage to passim
Henry intimidates
Henry separates Mary from
jewels surrendered by
legatine marriage hearing concerning
letter of, to Charles V
letter of, to pope
Letters Patent undo marriage of
Linacre and
Londoners’ love for
Mary born to
Mary’s early care and
Mary’s education and
Mary’s final parting from
matronly figure of
native language and
new ideas championed by
nobles’ delegation fails to persuade
Pole, Margaret, and
pope rules in favour of
religious devotion of
Rome’s involvement sought by
second pregnancy of
Vives and
widowhood of
Wolsey and
Katherine of York, Princess
Catholic Church:
discontent with
lands of
power of
resentment towards
see also England: Catholic faith restored to; England: Catholics a minority in; Vatican
Cecil,William
Chancellor, Richard
Chapel Royal
Chapuys, Eustace
anti-Boleyn conspiracy and
Cromwell’s meetings with
Henry’s meeting with
Jane described by
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
abdication of
Chapuys employed by
death of
diplomats of
entry into London of
failing health of
Henry’s support sought by
influence of, over Mary
Mary all but abandoned by
Mary congratulated by
Mary’s entreaty to
Mary’s escape plan and
Mary’s letter to
Mary’s ‘pregnancy’ and
Mary’s proposed marriage and
pope held prisoner by
Château Vert
Cheke, Sir John
Cheyney, Sir Thomas
Chichester, bishop of
Christina of Denmark
Christina of Lorraine
Cicero
City of God, The (Augustine)
Clarence, duke of, see George, duke of Clarence
Clarencius, Susan
Claude, Queen of France
Clement VII, Pope
Clifford, Lady Margaret
Clinton, Sir Edward (later Lord)
Colet, John
Coligny, admiral of France
College of Physicians
Constance of Castile
Cooper, Jane
Cordell,William
Cornwallis, Sir Thomas
Cotton, Robert
Council of the North
Courrières, count of
Courtenay, Edward (later earl of Devonshire) passim
death of
Elizabeth’s name linked with
Courtenay, Henry, earl of Devon, marquess of Exeter
Courtenay, Sir William
Craddock, Lady Katherine
Cranmer,Thomas
Edward’s confidence in
Edward’s funeral conducted by
execution of
heresy trial of
house arrest of
recantation of
succession and
Tower imprisonment of
Croft, Sir James
Cromwell,Thomas
anti-Boleyn coup devised by
chancellor’s role of
Chapuys’s meetings with
execution of
Fitzroy’s death and
Mary exasperates
Mary given horse by
Mary’s letter of thanks to
Mary threatened with abandonment by
Crusaders
Culpepper,Thomas
customs
da Vinci, Leonardo
Darnley, Lord
Decameron (Boccaccio)
del Monte, Giovanni, see Julius III, Pope
Denton, Elizabeth
Derby, Lord
Devon, countess of, see Katherine of York, Princess
Devon, earl of, see Courtenay, Henry, earl of Devon, marquess of Exeter
Devonshire, earl of, see Courtenay, Edward
Dissolution Bill
Dormer, Jane
Dormer, Lady
Dormer, Sir William
Douglas, Lady Margaret, countess of Lennox
d’Oysel, Ambassador
drought
Drury, Sir William
Dubois, Jehan
Dudley, Ambrose, earl of Warwick
Dudley, Katherine
Dudley conspiracy
Dudley, Edward
Dudley, Guildford
execution of
Dudley, Henry
Dudley, John
anti-Mary force led by
arrest of
conciliatory towards Mary
death sentence on
Edward’s confidence in
Edward’s death kept secret by
Edward’s health and
Elizabeth’s London property given to
hour of reckoning of
Jane’s reign and
leader of government
Mary’s dislike of
Mary’s growing army presents dilemma to
Mary’s proclamation’s denunciation of
Mary puts price on head of
Mary sets out to apprehend
Paget and Arundel humiliated by
succession and
surrender of
treatment of, during imprisonment
trial of
wife pleads with Mary for life of
Dudley, Lady Jane, see Grey, Jane
Dudley, Robert
Duffy, Eamon
Duwes, Giles
economy
Education of a Christian Woman, The (Vives)
Edward IV, King
Edward the Confessor
Edward VI
birth of
coronation of
death of
doubts over legitimacy of succession of
funeral of
grooming of, for government
health of
last weeks of
Mary’s escape plot and
Mary’s freedom-of-religion appeal to
Mary’s last meeting with
Mary reproved by
matters of state undertaken by
overstated academic attainments of
privy council of
privy council conceals death of
removal of, to Windsor
sisters disinherited by
succession and
Egmont, Count of
Elder, John
Eleanor of France
Elisabeth of France, Princess
Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth, duchess of Norfolk see Howard, Elizabeth, duchess of Norfolk
Elizabeth, Princess (later Elizabeth I)
appearance of
armed guard placed on house of
bastard status of
becomes queen
Courtenay’s name linked with
Dudley conspiracy and
Edward’s succession plan against
emotional fragility of
epitaph infuriates
French spy carries letter of
funeral of
Jane Grey and
guile of
health of
Henry doubts succession of
longevity of reign of
marriage of priests opposed by
Mary accepts succession of
Mary’s choice of husband and
Mary’s coronation and
Mary’s death and
Mary’s determination to ignore status of
Mary’s gifts to
Mary’s last meeting with
Mary’s ‘pregnancies’ and
Mary’s relationship with
Mary’s will and
mercantile community and
new wealth of
northern rebellion against
Northumberland given London property of
Philip’s proposal to
question of marriage of
re-establishment of, as head of Church of England
religious-instruction request by
Renard’s suspicions of
Seymour’s behaviour towards
Seymour-Parr marriage and
title of
Tower imprisonment of
White’s funeral references to
Woodstock confinement of
Wyatt Rebellion and
England:
agrarian discontent in
Catholic faith restored to
Catholics a minority in
central to monarch’s power
Chapuys’s dislike of
coinage of
concern over public drinking in
enormous change in
epidemics in
Europeans’ views of
Frances’s relations with
France’s war with
governmental tradition of
Pole absolves
population of
rains and floods in
religious change in
Scotland’s relations with
social and religious discontent produces widespread rebellion in
sweating sickness (‘the sweat’) in
violent ruling class of
Englefield, Sir Francis
Epitaph upon the death of our late virtuous Quene Marie deceased, The
Erasmus, Desiderius
Eraso
Erik XIV
Essex, earl of
Europe, famine and pestilence in
Euston Hall, near Thetford
exchequer, reform of
Exeter, marquess of, see Courtenay, Henry, earl of Devon, marquess of Exeter
famine
Feckenham, Abbot
Feckenham, John
Ferdinand of Aragon
Ferdinand, King of the Romans (later Holy Roman Emperor)