2Quoted in Elizabeth C. Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin (2012), p. 140
3Ibid., p. 452
4Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 9, p. 63
5Archives des Affaires Étrangères, Correspondance Politique Angleterre 117, f.117, quoted in C. H. Hartmann, The Vagabond Duchess: The Life of Hortense Mancini Duchesse Mazarin (1926), p. 159
6Ibid., pp. 168–9
7John Hayward (ed.), The Letters of Saint Evremond (1930), p. 167
8Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 156
9Quoted in Charles Spencer, To Catch a King: Charles II’s Great Escape (2017), p. 275
10Mark N. Brown (ed.), The Works of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, vol. 2 (1989), pp. 492 and 504
Epilogue
1Quoted in Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), p. 188
2Montagu Papers at Boughton Court. I am grateful to Crispin Powell, the duke of Buccleuch’s archivist at Boughton, for bringing this to my attention.
Select Bibliography
Manuscript Sources
BODLEIAN LIBRARY
Clarendon State Papers, vol. 56
MS Carte, 31–33, 47
BOUGHTON HOUSE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
Montagu Papers
BRITISH LIBRARY
Additional MS 28044
Additional MS 21947–21951
Additional MS 61486
Additional MS 88923
Harley MS 5277
DORNEY COURT ARCHIVES, BERKSHIRE
Papers of the Palmer family, T15
SURREY HISTORY CENTRE
Brodrick (Midleton) Papers, MS 1248/1
THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
Baschet Transcripts, PRO 31/3/105–160
C 104/46
C 212/7/1
E 315/377
E156/20
PRO 30/50/32
PROB 1/56
PROB 11/363/469
PROB 11/466/369
PROB 32/53/38SP 78/115–148
SP 84/165/133
SP 89/15/25
WEST SUSSEX RECORD OFFICE
Goodwood MSS, 1–5, 7, 103, 391, 1071, 1427, 1889, 1990, 1903, 1965, 2245
Primary Sources
(Place of publication for all printed works is London, unless otherwise stated)
A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq., T. Birch (ed.), 7 vols, 1742
Andrew Marvell, The Complete Poems, G. de F. Lord (ed.), 1984
An Historical Account of the Heroick Life and Magnanimous Actions of the Most Illustrious Protestant Prince, James, Duke of Monmouth, 1683
Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne, Abel Boyer (ed.), 1722
Buckingham, Public and Private Man, C. Phipps (ed.), 1985
Burnet, Gilbert, History of His Own Time, 1753
Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Charles II, M. A. E. Green (ed.), 28 vols, 1860
Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Interregnum, M. A. E. Green (ed.), 13 vols, 1875
Cases of Divorce for Several Causes: Some Memoirs of the Life of Robert Feilding, Esq., 1715
Charles II to Lord Taaffe: Letters in Exile, Timothy Crist (ed.), Cambridge, 1974
Cresswell, M. and Page, D., The Poor Whores Petition, 1668
Hamilton, Anthony, Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont, 19, Allan Fea (ed.), 1906
Hortense and Marie Mancini, Memoirs, Sarah Nelson (ed.), 2008
Journal of Edward Montagu, Navy Records Society, 1929
Journal of the House of Lords, accessed through British History Online
Journal of William Schellinks, M. Exwood and H. L. Lehmann (eds), Camden 5th Series, vol. 1, Royal Historical Society, 1993
‘Letters from Catherine of Bragança, Queen-Consort of Charles II to her brother, Dom Pedro II’, V. Rau (ed.), The Historical Association, Lisbon Branch, Annual Report and Review, 2, 1938
Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield, 1835
Mémoires et Correspondance de la Marquise de Courcelles, P. Pougin (ed.), Paris, 1855
Mercurius Politicus, 1654–1660, M. Nedham (ed.)
Sydney Papers, R. W. Blencowe (ed.), 1825
The Diary of John Evelyn, E. S. De Beer (ed.), 2006
The Diary of Samuel Pepys, R. C. Latham and W. Matthews (eds), 1979–85
The Gracious Answer of the Most Illustrious Lady of Pleasure, the Countess of Castlemaine, 1668
The Harleian Miscellany, vol. 8
The Letters of King Charles II, A. Bryant (ed.), 1935
The Letters of Saint Evremond, J. Hayward (ed.), 1930
The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, written by himself, Oxford, 1817
The Right Honourable the Earl of Arlington’s Letters to Sir William Temple, T. Bebington (ed.), 1701
The Works of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, Mark N. Brown (ed.), 1989
Travels of Cosmo the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Through England During the Reign of King Charles II, Lorenzo Magalotti (ed.), 1821
Secondary Works
Alexander, J. M. and MacLeod, C. (eds), Politics, Transgression and Representation at the Court of Charles II, 2007
Barbour, Violet, Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, 1915
Baxter, Stephen, William III, 1966
Beauclerk, Charles, Nell Gwyn, 2005
Bevan, Bryan, Charles II’s French Mistress, 1972
—, The Duchess Hortense, 1987
Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.), Queenship in Britain 1660–1837, Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics, 2002
Claydon, Tony, William III, Oxford, 2002
Dasent, A. I., The Private Life of Charles II, 1927
Davidson, Lillias Campbell, Catherine of Bragança, 1908
Delpech, Jeanine, The Life and Times of the Duchess of Portsmouth, 1953
Eustace, Katharine, ‘Britannia: Some high points in the iconography of British coinage’, British Numismatic Society Journal, vol. 76, 2006
Fisk, Deborah P. (ed.), English Restoration Theatre, Cambridge, 2000
Forneron, Henri, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, 1887
Fraser, Antonia, King Charles II, 1979
Goldsmith, Elizabeth C., The Kings’ Mistresses, New York, 2012
Grant, Colquhoun (Mrs), Brittany to Whitehall: Life of Louise Renée de Kéroualle, 1909
Haley, K. H. D., William of Orange and the English Opposition, 1672–4, Oxford, 1953
Hamilton, Elizabeth, The Illustrious Lady, 1980
Harris, Tim, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 2005
Hartmann, C. H., The King’s Friend: The Life of Charles Berkeley, 1951
—, La Belle Stuart, 1924
—, The Vagabond Duchess, 1927
Hatton, Ragnhild (ed.), Louis XIV and Europe, 1976
Hicks, Steven, Ralph, First Duke of Montagu, 2015
Holland, Peter, The Ornament of Action: Text and Performance in Restoration Comedy, 1979
Holmes, Richard, Marlborough: England’s Fragile Genius, 2008
Howe, Elizabeth, The First English Actresses, Cambridge, 1992
Hutton, Ronald, Charles II, Oxford, 1989
Jacobsen, Helen, ‘Luxury consumption, cultural politics and the career of the earl of Arlington’, Historical Journal 52(2), 2009
Jones, J. R., Country and Court: England 1658–1714, 1978
Keay, Anna, The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth, 2016
—, The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power, 2008
Kenyon, J. F., Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, 1641–1702, 1992
Leech, Peter, ‘Musicians in the Catholic Chapel of Catherine of Braganza, 1662–92’, Early Music, vol. 29, 2001
Macqueen-Pope, W., Ladies First, 1952
Madway, Lorraine, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment: The Marriage Celebrations for Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, 1661–62’, The Seventeenth Cen
tury, vol. 27(1), 2012
Norrington, Ruth, My Dearest Minette, 1996
Porter, Linda, Royal Renegades: The Children of Charles I and the English Civil Wars, 2016
Porter, Stephen, Pepys’s London, Stroud, 2011
Renée, Amédée, Les Nièces de Mazarin, Paris, 1857
Scott, Jonathan, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic,1623–1677, Cambridge, 1988
—, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683, Cambridge, 1991
Scott, Lord George, Lucy Walter: Wife or Mistress, 1947
Smuts, R. M. (ed.), The Stuart Courts and Europe, Cambridge, 1996
Spencer, Charles, To Catch a King, 2017
Spurr, J. (ed.), Anthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of Shaftesbury, 2016
Steinman, G., A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, 1871
Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 9
Sutherland, James, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development, Cambridge, 1986
Thomas, Gertrude Z., Richer than Spices, 1965
Uglow, Jenny, A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration, 2009
Williams, Mark R. F., The King’s Irishmen, Woodbridge, 2014
Williams, Noel, Five Fair Sisters, 1906
Wilson, Derek, All the King’s Women: Love, Sex and Politics in the Life of Charles II, 2004
Wilson, J. H., All the King’s Ladies, Chicago, 1958
Unpublished Dissertations
Clayton, Roderick, Diplomats and Diplomacy in London, 1667–1672, University of Oxford, 1995
Marciari-Alexander, Julia M., Self-Fashioning and Portraits of Women at the Restoration Court: The Case of Peter Lely and Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, 1660–1668, Yale University, 1999
Wynne, Sonya M., The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685, University of Cambridge, 1997
Picture Acknowledgements
1. Charles II in the early years of his reign. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
2. Charles II, c.1680. The elaborate clothes and shoes cannot hide the ravages of time. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
3. Princess Mary Stuart, Charles II’s sister, and her husband, William II of Orange. (Peter Horree / Alamy Stock Photo)
4. A miniature of Lucy Walter, Charles II’s first mistress, painted after her death. No contemporary likenesses of Lucy survive. (The Buccleuch Collections)
5. James, duke of Monmouth, Charles II’s son by Lucy Walter, as a child. (19th era / Alamy Stock Photo)
6. Eleanor Needham, Lady Byron, one of Charles II’s mistresses in exile. (Bridgeman Images)
7. Barbara Palmer, née Villiers, countess of Castlemaine and duchess of Cleveland, painted as Mary Magdalene by Sir Peter Lely. (National Trust Photographic Library / Jane Mucklow / Bridgeman Images)
8. Barbara Palmer as the Madonna with her eldest son. (Art Collection 4 / Alamy Stock Photo)
9. Roger Palmer, earl of Castlemaine, with his secretary. (© National Trust Images / John Hammond)
10. Philip Stanhope, second earl of Chesterfield and one of Barbara Palmer’s earliest lovers. (Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo)
11. Catherine of Braganza, Charles II’s Portuguese queen consort. (Peter Lely [public domain])
12. Queen Catherine shortly after her arrival in England, wearing the Portuguese fashions and hairstyle derided by the king and court. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
13. John IV of Portugal, Catherine of Braganza’s father. (Workshop of Peter Paul Rubens [public domain])
14. Luisa de Guzmán, Catherine of Braganza’s Spanish mother. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)
15. Catherine of Braganza’s arrival at Portsmouth and the king and queen leaving Hampton Court by river for Whitehall, in two contemporary German prints. (Photo © Historic Royal Palaces / Bridgeman Images)
16. Frances Teresa Stuart. The daughter of Scottish royalists, she evaded Charles II’s advances and secretly married the duke of Richmond. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)
17. Charles Stuart, duke of Richmond and Lennox. (Artokoloro Quint Lox Limited / Alamy Stock Photo)
18. Cobham Hall in Kent, one of the homes of Frances and her husband, in a nineteenth-century painting. (Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo)
19. Eleanor (Nell) Gwyn, painted c.1670, with a prim expression, in marked contrast to her half-exposed left breast. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
20. Nell Gwyn with her elder son, posing very revealingly as Venus and Cupid. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)
21. Mary (Moll) Davis, actress, singer, dancer and rival of Nell Gwyn. She was the mother of Charles II’s youngest illegitimate child, Lady Mary Tudor. (Photo © Philip Mould Ltd, London / Bridgeman Images)
22. A romantic nineteenth-century painting showing Nell Gwyn leaning over the wall of her Pall Mall house in conversation with Charles II. (V&A Images / Alamy Stock Photo)
23. Louise de Kéroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, painted towards the end of Charles II’s reign, looking more mature but also very regal. (Bridgeman Images)
24. Princess Henrietta Stuart, also known as Henriette Anne, duchess of Orléans. The youngest child of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, she was Charles II’s favourite sibling. (ACTIVE MUSEUM / Alamy Stock Photo)
25. Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. Credited with facilitating Charles II’s seduction of Louise de Kéroualle. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
26. Thomas Osborne, earl of Danby. (Studio of Peter Lely [public domain])
27. James, duke of Monmouth, as an adult, painted in his Garter robes. (National Trust Photographic Library / Bridgeman Images)
28. The chateau of Aubigny-sur-Nère, Louise de Kéroualle’s home after her return to France. (Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo)
29. Hortense Mancini, Cardinal Mazarin’s niece. (Art Collection 3 / Alamy Stock Photo)
30. Armand Charles de La Porte de La Meilleraye, the husband chosen for Hortense Mancini by her uncle, Cardinal Mazarin. (Royal Collection [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)])
31. Chelles Abbey outside Paris. Hortense was confined here as a troublesome teenager. (Bridgeman Images)
32. Ralph Montagu, Charles II’s ambassador to France. (Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo)
33. Cardinal Jules Mazarin, the wily successor to Richelieu. (GL Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)
Index
Aachen ref1
Act of Uniformity (1662) ref1
Afonso VI of Portugal ref1, ref2
Albrici brothers ref1
All Mistaken (play) ref1, ref2
Altdorf ref1
Anglesey, earl of (Charles Villiers) ref1
Anglesey, Lady (Mary Bayning, Viscountess Grandison) ref1, ref2, ref3
Anglo-Dutch War see Dutch Wars
Anhalt-Dessau, count of ref1
Anne, Queen ref1, ref2, ref3
Anne of Austria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Anne of Denmark ref1
Anne (yacht) ref1
Antwerp ref1
Arlington, earl of (Henry Bennet) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Arouches, marquis de ref1
Articles of High Treason, and other high crimes and misdemeanors, against the Lady Duchess of Portsmouth ref1, ref2
Aubigny, Lord d’ (Ludovic Stuart) ref1, ref2, ref3
Aubigny estates ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Aubigny-sur-Nère ref1, ref2, ref3
Auld Alliance ref1
Baltimore, Lady (Charlotte Lee) ref1
Barlow, Mrs Lucy see Walter, Lucy
Barrillon, Paul de see Branges, marquis de
Barry, Elizabeth ref1
Bastille ref1
Bawdy House Riots (1668) ref1
Bayning, Mary see Anglesey, Lady
Beauclerk, Charles see St Albans, 1st duke of
Beauclerk, James ref1, ref2
&
nbsp; Bedloe, William ref1
Behn, Aphra ref1, ref2
Bellings, Sir Richard ref1
Bennet, Henry see Arlington, earl of
Bennet, Isabella see Grafton, duchess of
Berkeley, Charles ref1
Berkshire, 3rd earl of (Thomas Howard) ref1
Berkshire House, London ref1
Bestwood Park, Nottinghamshire ref1
Betterton, Thomas ref1
Beverweerd, Isabella van ref1
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ref1
Blantyre family ref1
Blantyre, Lord ref1
Blount, Bessie ref1
Boleyn, Anne ref1
Booth, Sir George ref1
Bordes, Henriette de ref1
Bouillon, duke de (Maurice Godefroy de La Tour d’Auvergne) ref1
Boyle, Francis see Shannon, Viscount
Branges, marquis de (Paul Barrillon d’Armoncourt) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Breda ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Breda, Declaration of (1660) ref1, ref2
Bretby, Derbyshire ref1
Brill ref1
Bristol ref1
Bristol, 2nd earl of (George Digby) ref1
Brodrick, Alan ref1
Brudenell, Anna-Maria see Shrewsbury, countess of
Bruges ref1, ref2
Brussels ref1, ref2, ref3
Buccleuch, countess of (Anna Scott) ref1
Buckhurst, Lord see Dorset, 6th earl of
Buckingham, 1st duke of (George Villiers) ref1, ref2, ref3
Buckingham, 2nd earl of (George Villiers) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
character and description ref1
marriage to Mary Fairfax ref1
volatile relationship with Barbara Villiers ref1, ref2
political activities ref1
spends time in the Tower ref1
damaging affair with countess of Shrewsbury ref1
altercation with Ralph Montagu ref1
and Frances Teresa Stuart ref1
and Restoration theatre ref1
and Nell Gwyn ref1, ref2, ref3
as member of the Cabal ref1
as godparent to Charles Beauclerk ref1
and Louise de Kéroualle ref1
and impeachment of Arlington ref1
and earl of Danby ref1
Bulkeley, Sophia Stuart ref1, ref2
Bunyan, John ref1
Burford, earl of see St Albans, 1st duke of
Burford House, Windsor ref1
Burnet, Gilbert ref1, ref2