secretary of, Thomson, 229
Sons of Liberty’s agenda becomes colonial policy, 231
strength of resolves, different locales, 240
time for petition to reach London, 232
Virginia delegation, 228
Continental Congress of 1775 (Second), 232
Franklin and, 261
Gadsden at, 261–62
Samuel Adams and, 258–59
Conway, Henry, 78, 83, 84
Cooper, William, 136
Copley, John, 207
Copperheads, 266, 267
Cornwallis, General Lord Charles, 250
Cosby, William, 65
Cronkite, Walter, 137
Cruger, John, Jr., 74, 80
Cunningham, William, 240
Curling, Alexander, 215
Currency Act of 1764, 108
Curtiz, Michael, 268–69
Cushing, Thomas, 170, 194, 195
Dalrymple, Col. William, 161–62
Dartmouth (tea ship), 202–6, 208
captain of, 205
owner of, 204–5, 208–9
tea thrown overboard, 210–11
Dartmouth, William Legge, Lord
approves first strike of war, 238
letter of commendation to Governor Bull, 216
letter to, “Oration of the Beauties of Liberty,” 193
orders arrest of Samuel Adams and other Sons of Liberty leaders, 237, 238, 239, 243, 244
petition of Continental Congress and, 236
Davis, William, 72
Dawes, William, 246, 247–48
Dawson, Henry, 69
Declaration of Independence, 283n
Franklin and drafting of, 261
precursor to, 59–61
Declaration of Rights (1765), 59–61
Declaratory Act, 101, 106
“in all cases whatsoever” phrase in, 101, 117
DeLancey, James, 141, 142–43, 176
Delaware
as land grant or proprietorship, 5–6
nonimportation agreements, 131
Dickerson, O. M., 130
Dickinson, John, 120–23, 135, 230
Dorchester, Massachusetts, 134–35, 208
Douw, Volkert, 21
Duché, Jacob, 229–30
Dudingston, Lt. William, commander of the Gaspée, 179–83, 185–86, 187
Dunn, Samuel, 184
East India Company, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 206, 214
Boston consignees pressured, 200–202
Boston Tea Party and, 204–12
reimbursement of demanded, 219–20
ship at Charleston, 215–16
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (Beard), 25
Eleanor (tea ship), 206, 208
tea thrown overboard, 210–11
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 250, 284n
Essex Gazette, 243
“Excellent New Song for the Sons of Liberty in America, An,” 69–70
“Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston, A,” 174–75
Fairfax, George William, 223
Faneuil, Benjamin, 202
Forbes, Esther, 267–68
Forrest, James, 166–67
Fort Edward, 93
Fort George (New York City), 63
antistamp mob threats to, 78–79
Colden’s reinforcement of, 67, 70–71, 75
Montresor’s journals and, 71
refuge for stamp agent, 68
Sons of Liberty plan to attack, 89
stamped paper at, 70, 72, 78–79, 80–82
Fortune (tea ship), 219
Franklin, Benjamin, 30, 117, 260
agent for all colonies in London, 236
Albany Plan and, 4–5, 12
as apprentice, 29
on British taxes, 10
called before Privy Council, 197, 261
call for Continental Congress, 224
Declaration of Independence and, 261
as envoy to Britain, 4, 5, 10, 123, 197
error in gauging colonial response to Stamp Act, 4, 17, 36
Gulf Stream and, 18
home threatened by anti–Stamp Tax activists, 84
Hutchinson’s letters and, 195, 196–97, 261
as minister to France, 261
Paxton Boys and, 6
Penn family dispute and, 5, 6, 7
petition of Continental Congress delivered and disseminated in England by, 236–37
on principles of the colonists, 199
representing Georgia in London, 226
role in American Revolution, 261
Second Continental Congress and, 261
testimony before Parliament, 97–101
Treaty of Paris and, 261
Franklin, William, 68
French and Indian War, 2, 11
expense of, debt from, 4, 5, 97, 98
Frothingham, Richard, 156, 157
Gadsden, Christopher, 62, 106–7, 139, 260
British capture of Charleston and imprisonment, 262
death of, 262
“Don’t Tread on Me” flag, 262
response to Boston Port Act, 222
Samuel Adams and, 115–16
“Samuel Adams of the South,” 261
Second Continental Congress and, 261–62
trade boycott problems, 241–42
vote for Suffolk Resolves, 231
Gage, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts and British General, 70, 93, 94, 95, 101
attempt to bribe Sam Adams, 228
authorized to use force against the colonists, 244
becomes governor, 220
Boston Massacre and, 161
Boston Massacre trial and, 168
Boston regiments and, 134–35, 138, 234–35
Colden, Fort George, and, 67, 81
death of, 259
edict ignored by Sam Adams, 225
failure of troops in Boston, 156
housing of troops in New York and, 110
liberty pole struggles and, 112, 142
offer of pardon to all but Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 258
predicts independence movement, 124–25
recalled to England, 259
records discovered in 1930s, 175
regiments sent to Boston, 129
return to London (1774) with reports on colonies, 217–18
Samuel Adams and, 234–35
secret plans to arrest leaders of Sons of Liberty, 237–38, 243, 251
temperament as problem, 235
troops sent to Concord, 245–49, 251
Gailer, George, 150
Galloway, Joseph, 229, 231
Garrick, Edward, 157
George III, King of England, 13, 96
repeal of the Stamp Act, 101, 105
response to Boston Tea Party, 217–18
response to petition of Continental Congress, 236–37
Georgia
absent from Continental Congress of 1774, 226
Committee of Correspondence, 226
population of, 226
as “royal province,” 5
Sons of Liberty in, 226
stamp master resigns, 84
Goddard, William, 69
Golden Hill, Battle of, 145–47, 176, 278n
Goldfinch, Capt. John, 156–57
Gombrich, E. H., xiii–xiv
Gore, Sammy, 154
Gray, John, 155–56
Gray, Samuel, 159, 162
Great Britain. See also British Parliament; George III
colonial loyalty to, 34, 42, 60, 105, 124–25, 131, 133, 192–93, 198, 231
criticism of treatment of colonies, 11–12
Hutchinson Letter Affair, 196–97
nonimportation agreements and economic pressure on, 138
oppressive measures against the colonies, 4
petition of Continental Congress arrives in, and response, 236–38
response to Boston Tea Party, 211, 212, 217–25
&nb
sp; schemers and incompetents sent to rule the colonies, 10–11
stamp taxes used in, 4
superior attitude toward colonies, 11, 33, 36
trade duties levied on colonies, 9–10
trade with colonies, 11, 12
troops stationed in the colonies, 11
war debt of, 7, 8, 26, 116
Whigs as sympathetic to colonists, 6
Grenville, George, 7, 8, 9, 90, 96
Declaratory Act and, 101
Stamp Act and, 10, 13, 35
Hale, Nathan, xiv
Hall, James, 205
Hallowell, Benjamin, 56–57
Hancock, John, xiv, 28
Boston Tea Party and, 205, 207, 209
call for Continental Congress, 224
death of, 259
Gage’s plans to arrest and, 245–49
in Massachusetts Assembly, 170
as Massachusetts governor, 259, 260
petition for withdrawal of troops, 161
Provincial Congress meeting in Concord and, 244
Samuel Adams and, 259
seizure of his ship, 128–29, 130
Stamp Act and, 46
Hannah (packet boat), 181–82
Hartford, Connecticut, 89
newspaper, 38
Sons of Liberty summit meeting in, 92
Harvard University, 226
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 31
Henry, Patrick, xiv
anonymous Frenchman’s account of, 40–43, 275n
“Give me liberty…,” 25, 242–43
as governor of Virginia, 260
“If this be treason…,” 40
resolutions in response to the Stamp Act, 38–43
Virginia’s Committee of Correspondence and, 193
vote for Suffolk Resolves, 230
Hewes, George, 209–11
Hill, John, 240
Hillsborough, Lord, 125, 126
History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (Hutchinson), 259
HMS Beaver, 186
HMS Coventry, 71–72
HMS Cygnet, 57
HMS Edward, 67, 71–72, 83
HMS Garland, 71–72, 77, 81, 94, 103
HMS Gaspée
burning of, xvi, 179–89
Dudingston as commander, 179–83, 185–86
failure of hearings, 189, 190
hearings on burning, 188–89
men involved in attack, 183, 184, 189
HMS Kingfisher, 233
HMS Romney, 127–28, 129
Hofstadter, Richard, 25
Holt, John, 68, 70, 86, 94, 137, 214
Hood, Zachariah, 68, 85
Howard, William, 91
Howe, William, 255
Hughes, Hugh, 90
Hughes, John, 17
Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependencies of the American Colonies, An (Zubly), 16
Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts (former Lt. Governor), 50, 51, 52–55, 56, 116, 152
agitating against colonies in London, 235, 259
awareness of call for Continental Congress, 224
Boston Massacre and, 159–60
Boston Massacre trial and, 168
Boston Tea Party response, 211
death of, 259
East India Company interests, 198, 200–201
efforts to stop protest meeting, 152
incendiary letters by, 194–97
letters from Bernard, 132
option to return tea to England declined by, 201, 208–9, 211
Samuel Adams and, 152, 163–64, 195
suspension of Assembly and, 199
tea tax protests and, 199–201, 203, 204, 205–6, 207, 208–9
troop withdrawal petition and, 161
warnings about independence movement, 1772, 191, 192, 193
Hutchinson Letter Affair, 194–97
Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, The (Bailyn), 25
impressment, 127–28
Improved Order of Red Men, 267
Ingersoll, Jared, 67–68
Intolerables. See Coercive Acts
Ireland, 11, 16–17
Irvin, Benjamin, 151
Jackson, Richard, 52, 53, 54
James (ship of Robert Murray), 233
James, Maj. Thomas, 71, 72, 73, 74–75, 76–77, 82, 83, 84, 106, 112
Jefferson, Thomas, xiv, 260
Patrick Henry’s speech and, 242, 243
on Samuel Adams, 258
Virginia’s Committee of Correspondence and, 193
Virginia Resolves and, 38
Johnny Tremain (Forbes), 267–68
Johnson, Andrew, 30
Johnson, Lyndon, 70
Johnston, Augustus, 57
“Journal of the Times” or “Journal of Occurrences” (S. Adams), 136–37
Kennedy, William, 1
Kent State Massacre, 160–61
Killroy, Matthew, 168, 170
Knights of the Golden Circle, 266
Koch, Jim, 269
Lamb, John, 90, 141, 143, 214–15, 260
in American Revolution, 262–63
death of, 263
as first customs collector, Port of New York, 263
scandal and disgrace, post-Revolution, 265–66
Lansing, John, 19, 20, 87
Laurens, Henry, 233, 283n
Lee, Richard Henry, 223, 235
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 120–22
Lexington, Massachusetts, 244–45
Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 249, 251–55
casualties, 254–55
killing of William Marcy, 255
libel, 65
Liberty (Hancock’s ship), 128–29
Lillie, Theophilus, 152–53
Lincoln, Abraham, 266
Lindsey, Benjamin, 182
Lister, Jeremy, 253, 254
Little History of the World, The (Gombrich), xiii–xiv
Livingston, Philip, 141
London (tea ship), 215–16
London Gazette, 196
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 246
Los Angeles Free Press, 69
Mackenzie, John, 139–40
Madison, James, xiv, 260
Maier, Pauline, 258, 264
Malcolm X, ix, 256–57
Mallet, Jonathan, 177
Marcy, William, 255
Maryland
Committee of Correspondence, 46
as land grant or proprietorship, 5–6
Sons of Liberty chapters, 92–93
stamp agent threatened, 68, 85
Maryland Gazette, 37
Mason, George, 131
Massachusetts. See also Boston
as “charter” colony, 5
Committee of Correspondence, dissemination of embargo resolution, 123
Governor Bernard’s letter about rebellion against Stamp Tax, 46–51
population of, 28
Suffolk Resolves, 230–31
towns objecting to Boston Tea Party, 217
towns opposing the landing of tea, 208
Massachusetts Assembly, 35
call for colonial union, 194
dissolved by Bernard, 126, 164
Hutchinson’s letters and, 194–97
Intolerable Acts removes power of colony to elect members, 222
John and Samuel Adams in, 170
petition to King George to rescind revenue acts and circular letter, 123–24, 125
petition to remove Bernard as governor, 126
refusal to rescind circular letter, 125
Resolves, 46
Samuel Adams as clerk of, 116, 126
solidarity and, 115–16
Stamp Tax protest sent to London, 35
suspended by Hutchinson, 199
Massachusetts Government Act, 222
refusal to submit to, 231
Suffolk Resolves and, 230
Maverick, Samuel, 159, 162
Mawney,
John, 183, 184, 185–86, 189
May, Peter, 188
Mayhew, Jonathan, 15–16, 115
maypole, 110–11
McDougall, Alexander, 176, 224
Murray and, 234
McEvers, David, 72
McEvers, James, 23, 58, 67, 76
Message to the Grassroots (Malcolm X), 256–57
Michener, Ronald W., 25–26
Midnight Ride (of Paul Revere), xiv, 245–49, 250, 251
Minutemen, 235, 249
Battles of Lexington and Concord, 252–55
Monk, Christopher, 163
Montagu, Adm. John, British fleet commander, 180–81, 187–88
Montgomery, Hugh, 170–71
Montresor, John
on Battery cannon, 103
Fort George defenses and, 84
identifies “Sons of Liberty,” 86
journals of, 71, 81
on New York during Stamp Act Boycott, 104
petition for land denied, 102
relief on troops holding fire, 78
reports on liberty pole, 111
reports on stamp protests, 73, 76–77, 85, 93, 94–95, 102
reports peace in New York following surrender of stamped paper, 83
on Sons of Liberty, 88–89, 93, 104, 106
Stamp Act repeal, reaction in New York, 105
survey of islands in harbor, 113
Moore, Sir Henry, Governor of New York
absent from Stamp Tax repeal celebration, 106
appointment of, 79
arrival in New York, 84
Colden passes buck to, 82, 83, 84
death of, 143
fortification of harbor islands, 113
hands-off policy with Sons of Liberty, 94–95
liberty pole struggles and, 115, 142
meeting on enforcing Stamp Act, 85
Sons of Liberty threaten life of, 88
unpopularity of, 102
wearing of homespun coats, 93
Morgan, Edmund and Helen, 38, 45, 61, 93
Mott, Gershom, 90
Murray, John, Earl of Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, 242
originally sent to New York, 177
Murray, Robert, 233–34
Native Americans, 6, 10
Navigation Act of 1660, 4
Neville, John, 270
New Brunswick, New Jersey, 92
New England Trade and Fisheries Act (New England Restraining Act), 239
New Hampshire
Assembly, 46, 194
as “royal province,” 5
tax demonstrations in, 84
New Jersey
Elizabeth, embargoed goods and, 234
Elizabeth stamp protest, 92
refusal to accept stamped paper, 68
as “royal province,” 5
Sons of Liberty in, 91, 92
New Jersey Assembly
Resolves, 46
Stamp Tax protest sent to London, 35
New London, Connecticut, secret delegation of Sons of Liberty sent to, 90
Newport, Rhode Island