1950
Bibliography
Black Elk, Nicholas. Black Elk Speaks. As told through John G. Neihardt (Flaming Rainbow). University of Nebraska, 1979.
Blackstone, Sarah. The Business of Being Buffalo Bill: Selected Letters of William F. Cody. New York, 1988.
———. Buckskins, Bullets, and Business. New York, 1986.
Blake, Hubert Cody. Blake’s Western Stories. Brooklyn, 1929.
Bruce, Robert. The Fighting Norths and Pawnee Scouts. Lincoln, 1932.
Burke, J. M. “Buffalo Bill” from Prairie to Palace. Chicago, 1893.
Burke, John. Buffalo Bill: The Noblest Whiteskin. New York, 1973.
Cody, Louisa Frederici. Memories of Buffalo Bill. With Courtney Ryley Cooper. New York, 1919.
Cody, Wm. F. The Life of Hon. William F. Cody, Known as Buffalo Bill, the Famous Hunter Scout and Guide. An Autobiography. Foreword by Don Russell. University of Nebraska, 1973.
———. Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill. New York, 1927.
———. Letters from Buffalo Bill. Billings, 1948.
Cooper, Courtney Ryley. Annie Oakley. Hurst and Blackett, n.d.
Foreman, Carolyn Thomas. Indians Abroad. University of Oklahoma, 1943.
Havighurst, Walter. Annie Oakley of the Wild West. Introduction by Christine Bold. University of Nebraska, 1954. Reprint, 1992.
Hedren, Paul. First Scalp for Custer: The Skirmish at Warbonnet Creek. University of Nebraska, 1980.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. Phil Sheridan and His Army. University of Nebraska, 1985.
Kasper, Shirl. Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma, 1992.
Kasson, Joy S. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History. New York, 2000.
Lamar, Howard R., ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West. New Haven, 1998.
Leonard, Elizabeth Jane, and Julia Cody Goodman. Buffalo Bill, King of the Old West. Kissimmee, Florida, 1995.
Logan, Herschel. Buckskin and Satin: The True Drama of Texas Jack (Omohundro) of the Old West and His Celebrated Wife, Mlle. Morlacchi, Premiere Danseuse, Originator of the Can-can in America. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1954.
Moses, L. G. Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians 1883–1933. University of New Mexico, 1996.
Muller, Dan. My Life with Buffalo Bill. Chicago, 1948.
Riley, Glenda. The Life and Legacy of Annie Oakley. University of Oklahoma, 1994.
Rosa, Joseph G., and May Robin. Buffalo Bill and His Wild West: A Pictorial Biography. University of Kansas, 1989.
Russell, Don. The Life and Legends of Buffalo Bill. University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
Slotkin, Richard. Gunfighter Nation. New York, 1992.
Swartwout, Annie Fern. Missie: The Life and Times of Annie Oakley. Blanchester, Ohio, 1947.
Wetmore, Helen Cody. Last of the Great Scouts. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, n.d.
Yost, Nellie Snyder. Buffalo Bill: His Family, Friends, Fame, Failures, and Fortunes. Chicago, 1979.
Index
abolition, 36–37, 52
Adams, Henry, 9, 95
Adventures of Buffalo Bill, The, 213
Albert, Prince Consort of England, 160
Alderdice, Mrs. (Indian captive), 89, 90n
Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 5, 34, 161, 163, 202
Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, 24, 26, 53–54, 84, 86–87
American Exposition (1897), 157
American Field, 196
Anderson, Bronco Billy, 212
Annie Get Your Gun, 19
Apache Indians, 21, 41, 71–72, 77, 85, 102–3, 128, 177
Ayer, Edward, 49–50
Bailey, James, 9, 188–89, 190, 193, 194, 207, 208, 209
Baker, Johnny, 13–14, 16–17, 25, 133–34, 135, 143, 145, 146n, 190, 195, 200, 222
Barnum, P. T., 29, 137, 153, 161, 188, 208
Barnum and Bailey, 9
Barrymore, John, 17
Bartholdi, Frédéric, 186
Bat, Johnny, 98
beaver trapping, 58–59, 227
Benjamin, Walter, 21
Bennett, James Gordon, 84, 87, 91
Bernhardt, Sarah, 128–29, 192
Big Foot, Chief, 181
Biograph Co., 211
Bird, Larry, 136
Bismarck, Otto von, 184
Black Beaver, 77
Black Elk, Nicholas, 12, 43, 157, 163–66, 167, 181, 212
Black Kettle, 70, 88
Blackstone, Sarah, 118
Blake, Herbert Cody, 98
Blake’s Western Stories (Blake), 98
“Bleeding Kansas,” 36–37
bloomers, 216–17
blue rock pigeons, 149
Bodmer, Karl, 21, 84
Bogardus, Adam H., 8, 121, 129, 131, 146n
bonds, 43, 112–13
Bonfils, Frederick, 16
book illustrations, 33, 40–41, 90n, 118
Border Ruffians, 52
Bozeman Trail, 72
Brady, Matthew, 28, 86, 117–18
Breeder and Stockman, 169–70
Bridger, Jim, 21, 22, 85
Brompton Cemetery, 175
Brook, The, 129
Brulé Sioux, 86–87
Buckskins, Bullets, and Business (Blackstone), 118
Buffalo Bill: His Family, Friends, Fame, Failures, and Fortunes (Yost), 64
Buffalo Bill: King of the Border Men, 91
Buffalo Bill’s War Pictures, 211
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West:
advertising for, 33–34, 77, 158, 185–86, 187
animals used by, 131, 154, 157, 195, 206
buffaloes used in, 29–30, 118, 131, 154, 157, 168, 206
charity events of, 186–87
civilization as theme of, 154, 168, 174
Cody’s conception of, 115–16, 119–20, 153–54, 168, 211–12
Cody’s exploits as subject of, 18–19, 37, 47, 48–49, 52, 60, 62, 103, 119, 153
cowboys in, 9–10, 111, 115, 116, 183, 186, 187, 190
English tours of, 12, 13, 34, 43, 124, 140, 166–67, 206
European tours of, 8, 12, 43, 124, 166–67, 172, 174–75, 183–84, 206–7
“farewell tours” of, 110–13, 114, 128, 151, 222
financial arrangements for, 118, 130
four kings’ stage ride in, 126, 158
Indians employed by, 9–10, 23, 43–44, 80, 86, 87, 112–13, 118, 124, 139, 157–58, 160, 161, 162, 163–64, 174–77, 178, 182, 187, 204
indoor vs. outdoor shows of, 118, 154, 188
international success of, 5, 7, 116, 154
management of, 7–10, 118, 129, 130, 170–75, 182–89, 192–95
mergers of, 3–4, 122, 130–31
narrative in, 153–54
in New York City, 29, 136–37, 154, 188–89
origins of, 18–19, 24–30, 116, 118–20, 122
ownership of, 88, 118, 119, 122, 129–30
as pageant of American life, 115–16, 119
performers in, 7, 121–33, 184, 187–89; see also specific performers
photographs of, 126, 138
popularity of, 6, 9, 33–34, 154, 157, 185–89, 192–94, 222
predecessors of, 107–9, 116
press coverage of, 137–38, 158–59, 160, 169
profits of, 7, 8, 132–33, 136–37, 154, 157, 185–88, 191, 192
props of, 131, 139
publicity for, 7, 23, 25, 66, 108, 117–18, 127, 158–59, 160, 171–72, 186–87
sharpshooters in, 8, 9, 13–14, 19, 121–24, 146n
steamboat sinking of, 131, 132
testimonials for, 137–38, 158–59
title of, 119, 129, 139, 183, 193, 209
train wreck of, 173, 195–96, 206
transportation for, 7, 20, 63, 131, 132, 158, 173, 188–89, 190, 195, 206
U.S. tours of, 7, 8, 12, 110–13, 118, 185–90, 222
Wild West myth in, 9, 18–19, 21–22, 29–30, 54, 112, 115–16, 119–20, 137–38, 153–54, 212–14, 222, 226–27
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History (Kasson), 33–34
buffaloes, 5–6, 8–9, 24, 29–30, 68, 76, 80–87, 118, 122, 123, 131, 154, 157, 168, 176, 178, 206, 208, 226
Bull Head, 180
Buntline, Ned, 18, 26, 66, 84, 92, 107, 110, 114, 140
Burke, John M., 7, 13, 109, 127, 128, 129, 133–35, 153, 154, 158, 160, 173, 174, 182, 185–86, 187, 213, 220, 225
Butler, Elizabeth, 219
Butler, Frank, 15, 195–96, 219
as Oakley’s manager, 7–8, 12, 13, 121, 150, 151, 170, 171–73, 197, 198, 199, 215–16
Oakley’s marriage to, 10, 15, 19, 144–45, 150, 189, 195, 215–16, 218, 219, 224
Butler, Kattie, 219
Butterfield, John, 48
Carlyle, Thomas, 63
Carr, Eugene, 75–76, 77, 88
Carson, Christopher “Kit,” 21–22, 41, 59, 77, 210
Carson, Josefa, 22
Carver, W. F. “Doc,” 29, 30, 118, 119, 121–24, 126, 129, 135, 153, 208
Catlin, George, 21, 84
cattle drives, 39–42, 49
Cavanaugh, James, 69
Cedar Mountain, 16–17
Challenge Buffalo Hunt, 226
Chaplin, Charlie, 220, 225, 229
Charge of the Light Brigade, 184
Cheney, Dick, 85
Cheyenne Indians, 41, 71, 88–90, 94–100, 101, 102
Chicago Exposition (1893), 9, 30, 154
Churchill, Winston S., 84
circuses, 8, 119, 131, 158, 189, 221
Civil War, U.S., 28, 40, 55–57, 62, 66, 69–70
clay pigeons, 121–22, 187, 198, 210
Clemmons, Katherine, 30, 63, 65, 112, 202, 204, 207
Cleveland, Grover, 67, 185
Clinton, Hillary, 198
Cody, Elijah, 37
Cody, Isaac, 36–37, 55
Cody, Josephine, 100
Cody, Julia, 58–59
Cody, Kit Carson, 22, 25, 93
Cody, Louisa Frederici “Lulu”:
Cody’s career and, 6, 20, 24, 81, 97–98, 100, 111, 132–35, 182
Cody’s divorce proceedings against, 34, 61, 62, 63, 163, 205
Cody’s extramarital affairs and, 17, 30, 34, 63, 65, 111–12, 133–34, 163, 202–5
Cody’s marriage to, 11, 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30, 61–65, 92, 93, 102, 128, 132, 134–35, 201–5, 207, 222
memoir of, 20, 64, 65, 133–35
Cody, Mary Ann Laycock, 36, 37, 55, 57, 58
Cody, Orra Maude, 92
Cody, William Frederick “Buffalo Bill”:
as actor, 18, 26, 29, 33, 44–45, 91, 93, 97–98, 99, 107–8, 110, 112, 117, 120, 128, 139, 151, 210–11
authenticity of, 18–19, 212–13
autobiography of, 20, 28, 33, 34–35, 39–42, 52–53, 55, 56–57, 62, 89, 99, 112, 114, 129
big game hunters escorted by, 24, 26, 53–54, 84–87, 92
biographies of, 19–20, 33, 64–65, 74, 98, 172, 226
birth of, 36
bonds posted by, 43, 112–13
broken leg of, 59–60
as “Buffalo Bill,” 5–6, 80–81
as buffalo hunter, 5–6, 8–9, 24, 68, 76, 80–87, 122, 123, 206, 226
career of, 34–35, 119, 131, 191, 211–12, 214, 224–25, 228, 229
charisma of, 130, 132, 133
as colonel, 10, 159
Congressional Medal of Honor awarded to, 23, 92
costume of, 8, 27–28, 81–82
as courier, 66, 74–76, 102
as cowboy, 29–30, 34, 37–42, 66
death of, 11–12, 16–17, 64, 65, 135, 171, 209, 213, 222, 223, 224, 225
debts of, 16, 192–94, 200, 204, 209
drinking by, 30, 53, 56–57, 111, 123, 129, 130, 131, 162, 184, 188, 203
early years of, 33, 34–38, 46–58
education of, 58
extramarital affairs of, 17, 30, 34, 63, 65, 111–12, 133–34, 163, 202–5
fame of, 3–8, 18–22, 24–28, 58, 66, 73, 92, 97, 100, 117, 123, 128, 129, 130, 136, 169, 171–72, 190, 192, 208–9, 211, 214, 220–21, 224–27, 228, 229
“farewell tours” of, 110–13, 114, 128, 151, 222
films made by, 44–45, 73, 98, 182, 210–14, 221
finances of, 8–9, 16–17, 51, 63, 130, 191, 192–94, 200, 201, 204, 207–9, 214, 220–21, 222, 224
first Indian killed by, 33, 34–35, 38, 39–42, 47, 53, 149
in France, 43, 163–64, 170, 193
funeral of, 11, 16–17, 65
generosity of, 11–12, 30, 143, 166–67, 186–87, 193, 224
horsemanship of, 8, 20, 27, 49, 50–51, 76, 77–78, 99, 103, 117, 120, 192, 206
horses of, 4, 16, 27, 51, 87, 89, 90, 137, 140, 213, 221
as Indian fighter, 18–19, 20, 23–25, 33, 34–35, 38–45, 47, 50, 53, 56, 66, 72, 73, 76, 83, 88–100, 107–8, 134, 149, 211
as Jayhawker, 40, 55–56, 62, 130
later years of, 3–4, 16, 42, 48–49, 220–22
legends about, 34–35, 39–42, 47, 52–53, 59–60, 64–65, 81, 83, 88–90, 92, 103, 148
“love potion” given to, 202–3, 205
as manager, 8–9, 12, 132, 160, 207–9
marksmanship of, 44, 76, 91–92, 95, 96–97, 99, 118, 123, 124, 153, 169, 229
military career of, 23, 55–57, 77, 92, 93–100, 137, 182, 190–91, 212–13
in New York City, 29, 87, 91, 136–37, 139–40, 152–53, 160, 185, 224
as “Pahaska,” 87, 133, 157–58, 222
in Paris, 49–50, 166–67
personality of, 11–12, 26–27, 42, 44, 48, 130, 132, 133, 172, 192, 209
photographs of, 20–21, 28, 109, 117–18, 186, 222
physical appearance of, 8, 17, 19, 20–21, 26–28, 81–82, 117–18, 120, 123, 186, 192, 220
as plainsman, 20, 38, 44, 49, 50, 53, 62, 63, 66, 77, 87, 91–92, 118, 128, 153, 227
as Pony Express rider, 20, 37, 43, 45, 46–53, 54, 58, 59, 153, 187, 227
press coverage of, 17, 24–25, 34, 40, 97, 100, 128, 158–59, 171–72
ranch of (Scout’s Rest), 11, 30, 64, 103, 110–11, 112, 114–15, 116, 201
rivals of, 12, 16, 30, 119, 122, 128, 129, 153, 172, 188, 193–94, 200, 208–9, 210, 220
royalty met by, 12, 34, 84–85, 123, 162
scalpings by, 24–25, 26, 41, 95, 97–98, 99, 107–8, 119, 134, 139, 211, 226
as scout, 18, 23–24, 26–27, 28, 40, 42, 55, 56, 65, 74–78, 83, 88–90, 93–94, 100, 102–3, 108, 117, 118, 129, 130, 226–27
sheriff’s auction for, 16, 51, 200, 220
showmanship of, 4, 16, 66, 76, 80–83, 91, 115
stage career of, 18–19, 24, 91, 92, 93, 99
as superstar, 3, 7–8, 28, 117, 128, 129, 130, 136, 190, 220, 224–25, 228, 229
as teamster, 34, 58, 66
as trapper, 58–60
“tropes” of, 20, 33–35, 43, 44–45, 47, 48–49, 58, 59, 61, 119, 211, 212, 221
wig worn by, 186, 220
wounds of, 88
Cody, Wyo., 16–17, 98
Comanche Indians, 74–75
“combinations,” 108, 153
Complete Poems (Cummings), 223
Comstock, William, 80–81
Congress of Rough Riders of the World, 9–10, 183, 190
Connell, Evan, 92
Cooper, Courtney Ryley, 13, 64, 81
Cossacks, 10, 183, 184, 187
Crawford, Jack, 124
Crazy Horse, 25, 44, 53, 72, 80, 94, 98, 102
Crook, George (Gray Fox), 25, 68, 71–72, 77, 80, 93–94, 101, 102–3, 137
Cummings, E. E., 223
Custer, George Armstrong, 23–25, 44, 59–60, 69–70, 72, 77, 78, 79–80, 86, 93, 95, 100, 107–8, 119, 211, 212, 221, 226
Custer, Libbie, 24, 137
David, Theodore, 81
Davies, Henry E., 26–27
Deadwood stage, 82, 87, 100, 118,
122–23, 126–27, 139, 153, 158, 211
DeMann, Freddie, 7
DiMaggio, Joe, 148
dime novels, 6, 20, 21–22, 33, 53, 59, 107–8, 128, 140, 192, 229
Dismal River, 115
Dragon’s Blood, 202–3
dude ranches, 214
Dull Knife, 102
Dunn, Charlie, 37
Dunraven, Earl of, 84–85, 92
Duvall, Robert, 228
Edington, Nancy, 147
Edison, Thomas, 210
Edward, Prince of Wales, 5, 12, 17, 127, 161–62
Egan, Howard, 50
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 214
Elliott, Joel, 69
Ellis County Star, 97
endurance shoots, 121–22
Erastina resort, 136
Esquivel, Antonio, 138
Euro Disney, 6, 33, 118
Fetterman, William J., 86
Fields, W. C., 17
Fifth Cavalry, U.S., 55, 75–76, 85, 87, 88, 94, 95–97
Fighting Cheyenne, The (Grinnell), 90
For a Few Dollars More, 127
Ford, John, 120, 228
Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 139
Fort Dodge, 75
Fort Hays, 24, 75
Fort Laramie, 22, 59, 78, 94, 100
Fort Larned, 24, 75
Fort Lyon, 70, 88
Fort McPherson, 85, 91
Fort Robinson, 94
Fort Sedgwick, 89
Fowler, Gene, 17
Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, 5, 117, 144
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 222
Frémont, John Charles, 222
Fronval, George, 119
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 9
Garbo, Greta, 3
Garland, John Watts, 85
Garnier, Baptiste “Little Bat,” 98, 100, 108
George V, King of England, 224
Geronimo, 25, 72, 77, 102
Ghost Dance crisis, 55, 176–82, 221
Gladstone, William E., 161
glanders, 206
glass balls, 121, 123, 138, 153, 208, 221, 229
Gleason, Jackie, 229
Goetzmann, William Jr. and Sr., 21
gold mining, 58, 78, 79–80
Goodman, Al, 202
Goodnight, Charles, 76
Good Night, Sweet Prince (Fowler), 17
Gould, Howard, 204–5
Gould, Jay, 204–5
Grant, Ulysses S., 9, 69–70, 124
Green, Hetty, 143
Griffith, D. W., 211, 212
Grinnell, George Bird, 90
Halbing, Kjell, 119
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 74, 77, 88
Harrington, Dave, 58–59
Hart, William S., 225
Haslam, Bob, 50, 132
Havighurst, Walter, 196
Hawks, Howard, 228
Hearst, William Randolph, 197–98