need for participation by all countries in, 159–60
number of countries implementing, 159
social cost of carbon measure in, 157–58
starting low and increasing the price each year in, 157–58
taxation for, 6, 203
transition to biofuel and, 176
U.S. support for, 159
Cautious group, 8, 107
Chapin, Terry, 103–5
Chevron, 136, 137, 159
Chicago Climate Action Plan, 121–22
Christian belief acting from love in climate solutions and, 142
climate change as a “Christian issue” and, 24
importance of talking about climate science and, 24–25
as motivation for climate scientists, 23
“pro-life” aspects of climate action and, 140
Christians climate change opinions of, xi, 18–19
sharing personal and lived experiences by, 20
Christians in Science conference, 225
Chu, Chris, 92
Cialdini, Robert, 74–75
Cifuentes, Luis, 189, 190
Cities4Forests initiative, 182
Citigroup, 187
Citizens’ Climate Lobby (CCL), 202–3, 230
Clark, Tim, 176
Climate Accountability Institute, 136
climate action acting from love in, 83
barriers to adopting, 200–201
collective efficacy and, 202
companies’ approaches to combating, 137–39
disinformation campaigns against, 138
guilt as motivator for, 77
health benefits of, 119
hope in the future for, 239–45
positive feedback cycle in use of, 202
sharing data on local climate impacts and, 93–94
straw man arguments against, 138–39
Uninhabitable Earth effect in, 66–68
Climate Action Network, 153
Climate Action Plans Chicago, 121–22
Houston, 156
Climate Action Tracker, 152, 186
Climate Adaptation Science Center (CASC), U.S. Department of Interior, 27–28
Climate Central, 219
climate change basic scientific facts behind, 39–42
being unprepared for increasing rate of change in, 94–96
calculating rate of, 109–11
checking and ruling out other possible causes of, 42–46
as a “Christian issue,” 24–25
emotional cost of receiving information about, 66
fear-based messaging about, 63–71
fear of government regulation of, 131–32
guilt response to, 73–83
health impacts of, 119–28
hope in the future about, 239–45
hopelessness response to, 68–69
human activity as biggest uncertainty in rate of, 112–14
human responsibility for conditions in, 46–48, 128
illustrating differences between choices for future with, 114–15
importance of countering fake news about, 50–51
percentage of adults alarmed or concerned about, x
political politicization of, ix-x, 18
as a “pro-life” issue, 140
psychological distance and perception of, 90–92
refugee crises and, 125–26
social relevance of, 91
talking about. See talking about climate change
terraforming of Mars as escape from, 118
climate change impact, 22–29 changing opinions through personal observation of, 106–7
difficulties estimating risk levels in, 111–12
financial costs of, 189–90
gardening and agriculture and, 27–28
hobbies and sports and, 26–27
polar bears as symbol for, 88
reaching out and connecting with nonscientists over, 29–31
sharing data on local impacts in, 93–94
threat multiplier and, 22
three choices for minimizing, 113
winter sports and, 25
climate change polling bad-news warnings’ ineffectiveness in, 10
Christian belief in, 18–19
connecting people’s activities to climate change in, 17–18
connecting with values people already have in, 32–33
factors behind polarization in, 5–7
focusing on what parties have in common in, 11, 16
impact of communicating factually scary information in, 65–66
personal observation of climate change impact and opinion changes in, 106–7
propaganda with scientific-sounding objections to, 37–38
sharing personal experiences in, 19–20
six categories on opinion spectrum in, 8
solution aversion and, 134–35
thinking in frames and, 9, 52, 92
zombie arguments in, 38–39, 51, 57
Climate Leadership Council, 159
Climate Matters, 219
climate models, 64–65, 114
Climate Outreach, 236–37
climate scientists anxiety about climate change among, 63–64
background to becoming, 21–23
Christian belief as motivation for, 23
connecting with nonscientists by, 29–31
erring on the side of least drama by, 64–65
ice cores as information source for, 37, 38, 47
objective reasons for fear felt by, 64–65
sharing personal experiences by, 19–20
social media criticism of, 3, 4–5
climate solutions barriers to adopting, 200–201
bonding and connecting about, 229–30
carbon capture plants as, 181
carbon dividends framework as, 159
CCL’s approach to, 203
collective action needed for, 136, 146
defense mechanism and, 135–36
distrust of government and, 145–46
educating and empowering women and girls and, 141–42
health benefits of, 119
importance of talking about, 215
individual choices and, 212–13
lack of incentive to act in, 145–46
looking for opportunities to talk about, 223
people’s view of as threat, 134–35
population control proposal and, 147
Project Drawdown’s research on, 231
solar radiation management and, 182–83
solution aversion to, 134–37
talking with politicians about, 203–5
tree planting as part of, 150, 181–82
Climate Stewards, 76
Climate Stewardship Acts, 5
Climeworks, 180
coastal communities, 27, 57, 64, 100–102, 202, 229
cognitive misers, 58
Colbert, Stephen, 40
collective efficacy, 202
Concerned group, 8, 149, 221
“Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (COP), 41, 152–53
Conway, Erik, 137
Cook, John, 195–97
coral reefs, 101–2
Corbat, Michael, 187
Cruz, Ted, 7
cyclones, 99, 123. See also hurricanes, typhoons
D
Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010), 202
defense mechanisms, 135–36, 343
deforestation, 79, 158 heat-trapping gas emissions from, 40, 210
poverty alleviation program for reducing, 126
subsistence agriculture resulting in, 47, 125–26
DeGrussa, 169–70
denial, in response to climate change messaging, 70–71
Dessler, Andy, 107
direct-air-capture technology, 180
disease risk climate change and, 119, 123–25
deforestation and, 126
zoonosis and, 126, 146
Disengaged grou
p, 8
Dismissive group, 8–10, 57, 78, 90, 136, 221, 226, 233
divestment from fossil fuels movement, 186–88
Domigues, Josh, 209
Donner, Simon, 101–2
Doubtful group, 8, 107
Drake, Henri, 32
droughts, 67, 99, 100, 132, 140, 146 food sources affected by, 14, 22, 29, 30
increasing strength and length of, 15, 69, 99, 229, 239
possible military threats from, 218–19
Ducks Unlimited, 26
dust storms, 98, 99
E
earth stewardship, 103
Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992), 41
EasyJet, 175
Ebi, Kristie, 89
eco-anxiety, 126–27
ecological footprint, 147–48, 150
Edoho, Emem, 140
education climate change awareness linked to, 53
of women and girls, as climate solution, 141–42
electric buses, 122, 168, 174
electric cars, 75, 133, 158, 167–68, 201, 208, 212
electric planes, 78, 175
electric ships, 175
electricity generation, human waste used in, 124
electricity usage energy poverty and, 161
Opower experiment and, 77–78
El Niño, 45, 101
emissions. See carbon emissions
energy generation rebuilding of grids after natural disasters and, 124–25
transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable power in, 14
energy poverty, 161–62
Engie, 231
Epictetus, 235
Evangelical Environmental Network, 139–40, 191
Eviation, 175
Exxon Knew, 137
ExxonMobil, 136, 137, 159
F
faith. See Christian belief
fake news, importance of countering, 50–51
farming. See agriculture
fear-based messaging, 63–71 acting from love to counter, 83
anger and denial as reactions to, 70–71
hopelessness response to, 68–69
impact of, 65–66
learning from the Bible about how to overcome, 82–83
objective reasons for reacting to, 64–65
reaction of turning away from and avoiding, 69–70
Uninhabitable Earth effect in, 66–68
ways of moving beyond, 81–82
Feygina, Irina, 79–80, 82
Figueres, Christiana, 70–71, 128
Fink, Larry, 189
First Nations peoples, 162–63
Flannery, Tim, 220
Flashfood, 209
flight shame (flygskam), 75
floods, 123–25
food sources, 28, 88–89, 209–11
Fort Hood, Texas, 14
Fossil Free, 186
fossil fuels air pollution from burning, 120
benefits of energy from, 140
carbon dioxide’s trapping of heat from using, 46–47
carbon pricing effectiveness and consumption of, 159–60
carbon taxation for paying full cost of, 157
distribution among nations of, 163–64
divestment movement in, 186–88
as essential part of life, and guilt about using, 80–81
financial costs of, 189–90
Fort Hood’s transition to renewable power from, 14
health problems associated with, 141
poverty and need for, 161–62
scientific facts behind climate change and, 39–40
subsidies for, 165–66
Fourier, Joseph, 40
Fourth U.S. National Climate Assessment (2018), 65, 154–55
Four-Way Test, in Rotary Clubs, 14–15
frames, thinking in, 9, 52, 92
Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, 41, 152–53
Fullman, Tim, 23–25, 106
G
Gandy, Jim, 219
gardeners, and climate change impact, 27–28
Gates, Bill, 170, 218
Gazprom, 136
GE Hitachi, 170
General Motors, 168
geothermal energy, 169, 170
Gilovich, Tom, 54
Gingrich, Newt, 5
glaciers, 14, 64, 88, 100, 106, 107
Gladwell, Malcolm, 212
Global Compact on Refugees, United Nations, 125
Global Footprint Network, 147–48
global warming being unprepared for increasing rate of, 95–96
health impact of, 119
psychological distance and perception of, 92
sharing data on local climate impacts of, 94
social relevance of, 91
Global Warming’s Six Americas framework, 8
Goldberg, Matthew, 223
Goodall, Jane, 220
Google, 166, 198
Gore, Al, 7, 55, 202–3
Graham, Lindsey, 7
Green New Deal, 138–39
Griffiths, Saul, 167
Guckian, Meaghan, 221–22
guilt, 73–83 acting from love to counter, 83
carbon emissions and, 149
essential aspects of our lives Seen as bad for climate and, 79–80
example of reaction to, 73–74
learning from the Bible about how to overcome, 82–83
Opower experiment and, 77–78
peer pressure and, 74–76, 77
Puritan ethos of disapproval and, 78
shaming ourselves and, 78–79
ways of moving beyond, 81–82
H
haboob, 98
Haidt, Jonathan, 6, 54, 236
Hansen, Jim, 41
Hardin, Garrett, 144
Hartman, Betsy, 147
Hawking, Stephen, 117–18
health, 119–28 benefits of climate solutions for, 119
climate change’s impact on, 127–28
eco-anxiety and, 126–27
heat and air pollution affecting, 120–22
public awareness of climate change risks for, 127
refugee crises and, 125–26
heat carbon dioxide levels and, 46–47
health affected by air pollution and, 120–22
sports performance and, 27
heat waves, 10 asthma from air pollution spikes during, 219
coral-reef bleaching from, 101
deaths from, 111–12, 121–22
food sources affected by, 14
increasing strength and frequency of, 99, 120
India’s state hazard planning for, 232
most vulnerable and marginalized people affected by, 127
summer sports and, 27
Heglar, Mary Annaïse, 79
Heintz, Stephen, 191
Heliogen, 168–69
Hescox, Mitch, 139–40, 191
Hiemstra, Chris, 103, 104
Hoggan, Jim, 51, 137–38
Holdren, John, 113
Houghton, Sir John, 83
housing flooding and destruction of, 100–101, 229
permafrost thawing’s risk to, 102–3
sea level changes and threats to, 101–2
wildfire risk for, 112, 114, 229–30, 231
Houston Climate Action Plan, 156
hunting, climate change impact on, 26
Huntley, Rebecca, 78
hurricanes, 49–50, 99, 100–101, 123–25, 146, 229, 239. See also cyclones, typhoons
I
ice ages, orbital cycles and, 44–45
ice cores as information source in climate change, 37, 38, 47
student experiments, 60
Industrial Revolution, 47, 64, 110, 180
Inglis, Bob, 57, 230
Inhofe, Jim, 90
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), 151–2
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang
e (IPCC), United Nations, 41, 111, 153–54, 226
International Energy Efficiency Scorecard, 167
International Maritime Organization, 175
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 165–66
International Renewable Energy Agency, 166
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, 170
invasive species, 17, 27, 210, 211, 230
Invenergy, 198
Iowa Interfaith Power and Light, 178
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), United Nations, 41, 111, 153–54, 226
Islamic Declaration on Climate Change, 218
island nations, and sea level changes, 101–2, 107
Israel, Tania, 7, 236
J
James, P. D., 241
Johnson, David, 179
Johnson, Lyndon, 41, 185–86
Johnstone, Chris, 244
Jones, Jeremy, 25
Jope, Alan, 218
Joyner, Anna Jane, 56–57
Joyner, Rick, 56–57
K
Kahan, Dan, 52–53
Kahneman, Daniel, 92
Kalmus, Peter, 243
Karelas, Andreas, 68
Kay, Aaron, 134
Keeling, Charles, 110
Keys, Ron, 219
Kirata, Taratau, 102
Kiribati, 101–2, 107
Kirk, Karin, 236
knowledge deficit model, 52
Kopp, Bob, 65
L
Lakoff, George, 9, 52
Lancet Countdown 2020 Report, 127
La Niña, 45–46
Lawson, Danielle, 60
Leiserowitz, Tony, 8, 82
Lertzman, Renée, 70, 126, 236
Lieber, Don, 186–87
Lieberman, Joseph, 5
Lindroth, Rick, 239–41
Lindsay, James, 55–56
lithium-ion batteries, 169
Lloyd, William Forster, 144, 147
Loblaws, 209
Locklear, Samuel III, 218
Lukianoff, Greg, 6
M
Macy, Joanna, 244