Ocean Minerals Company, 385
Ocean Systems Division, 29, 152–53, 384
O’Connell, Pat, 261
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 18, 22–23, 40, 85
Office of Naval Research, 24, 26, 75, 84
Office of Science Intelligence (OSI), 48, 69
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 47
Office of Undersea Warfare, 30
Olson, V. C., 262, 349
Orekhov, Igor, 399
Orekhov, Nikolai, 399
Owen, “Electric” John, 223, 266, 274, 293, 299, 303
Oxcart program, 57, 61, 68, 72, 74, 82, 84, 112, 127, 153, 169, 204. See also Blackbird
Packard, David, 44, 77, 83, 100–101, 402
Parade, 345, 373
Parangosky, John
and approval process for mission, 243–48, 252
and background of CIA, 46–47
and B crew preparations, 324
birthday celebration, 329
and burial of human remains, 332
and camera design, 133
and cancellation of Matador Project, 371, 376–77
and capture vehicle design, 152–54
and construction of Explorer, 175, 180–81
and contracting accountability, 167–68
and Corona project, 66–67
and cover story for project, 91, 94, 106–9, 115, 143, 170–73
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 202–5, 207
and crew selection for mission, 222
and delivery trip of Explorer, 194, 196–98, 200
and expansion of the CIA, 69
and “grunt lift” concept, 100–101
and helicopter delivery of documents, 139
and hiring of project personnel, 96, 111–13, 119
and Hughes, 400–401
and Hughes Mining Barge 1, 150
and intelligence on wreck site, 131
and inter-agency spying, 210
and labor disputes, 209
and launching of Explorer, 183
management style, 58–61
and Matador Project, 335, 337–38
and moon pool design, 98
and the National Reconnaissance Office, 84–85
and National Underwater Reconnaissance Office, 82–83
and origin of Azorian project, 3–6, 74–77
and Oxcart program, 61–63
and political resistance to project, 188–89
post-mission years, 393–95
and preliminary engineering for project, 87–89
and primary contractors for project, 102–3
and program office for project, 123–27
and Project Mohole, 80–81
and recovery phase of mission, 306–7, 317–18
and Rutten, 322–23
and sea trials, 226–28, 231, 237
and SEC investigation, 360
and security protocols for mission, 70, 135, 154, 249–50
and ship design, 99–100, 147–48
and ship systems, 190
and sources on Azorian Project, 412
and Soviet surveillance of mission, 281
and Summa Corporation break-in, 259
and tax complications of project, 236, 263
years after project, 393–95
Parker, Joseph F., 333
Parsons, Jenny, 266
Parsons, John
and assessment of recovered materials, 314–15
and cancellation of Matador Project, 372
and cover story for project, 172, 235
and crew selection for mission, 265–66, 268
and Graham’s illness and death, 215, 319–20
and launching of Explorer, 184
and recovery phase of mission, 304
and sea trials, 227–28
Pasho, Dave, 120–21, 172–73, 287–88, 327
Pendleton, Wayne, 204–6, 286–87
Person, Abe, 99, 161, 382
Phillippi, Harriet Ann, 389, 391
photographic intelligence, 37–38, 67, 297, 327–28
Piccard, Auguste, 24–26
Piccard, Jacques, 25–26
Pinochet, Augusto, 199
pipe-handling system (PHS), 226–27, 285
Pitt, Harvey, 360
Poirer, Jack (“Grayjack”), 224, 265, 269, 275–76, 281, 293, 308
Poix, Vincent de, 188
Polaris missiles, 27, 31, 50
Polmar, Norman, 339–40
Poteat, Gene, 82
Potter, David, 227, 231, 295, 335–36
Powell, Alan, 163
Powers, Francis Gary, 56–57, 254
Price, Billie Joe, 37
Quest Enterprises, 379
radiation hazards and safety procedures, 203–4, 239–42, 312–13, 327, 402
Radiation Lab (RadLab), 48
Ratliff, Rob Roy, 248
Redmond, Mike, 322–23
Reed, Jack, 87–88, 117–18, 143–44
Reeve, Paul
and cover story for project, 115–16, 151, 164, 320
and launching of Explorer, 183
and news leaks of mission details, 234–35, 343, 369
and program office for project, 124
and recovery phase of mission, 308, 318
on secrecy, 397
and tax complications of project, 261
Regulus cruise missiles, 31
Rich, Ben, 52, 53
Richelieu, Chuck, 210
Rickover, Hyman G., 26
Rock Project, 70–71
Rolling Stone, 389
Romney, Carl, 21–22
Roosevelt, Franklin, 343–44
Rumsfeld, Donald, 340
Runge, Erwin, 74, 297
Rush, Kenneth, 188
Rutten, John, 322–23, 325–30, 333, 335, 377, 381
SA-2 missiles, 56
Sand Dollar program, 29, 30
San Mateo Times, 233–34
San Pedro (galleon), 379
satellite technology, 152, 172, 270. See also Corona program
Savage, Brent, 127–28, 197, 199, 209–11, 250, 286–87
SB-10, 291–95, 298, 300, 308–10
Scalia, Antonin, 358
Schick, Ott, 155
Schied, Bob (“Jim”), 134, 136–43
Schlesinger, James, 340, 364
Schlumberger, 155
Schoals, David, 321
Schoenbaum, Steve, 287, 346, 348
Science, 399
Scientific American, 79
Scoville, Herbert, 66
Scowcroft, Brent, 383
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 78, 399
“scrubbing” personnel, 103, 125, 205
sea gates, 228–31. See also moon pool
Sea Scope, 172–74, 184
Sea Shadow, 386
Securities and Exchange Commission, 110, 355–60
Sederberg, Arelo, 256, 342, 383, 400
Sewell, Duane, 230–31
Sewell, Ken, 398
Shadrin, Nicholas, 332
Sharp, Dave
and approval process for mission, 247
and cancellation of Matador Project, 376
and capture vehicle design, 153
and cover story for project, 106
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 207
and Graham’s illness and death, 320–21
and “Jennifer” security protocols, 86
and Oxcart program, 74
and program office for project, 126
and recovery pha
se of mission, 299
and sea trials, 227
and security protocols for mission, 294
Shearer, Lloyd, 345
Shtyrov, Anatoliy, 282–83, 310, 380
simulators, 206–7, 265, 272, 298, 385–86
Sisco, Joseph, 253
Skipton, Bill, 161–62
Skunk Works, 50, 52–53, 56–57, 74, 153, 335
Snyder, J. Edward, 399
Society of Naval and Marine Engineers (SNAME), 104
Somoza, Anastasio, 193–94
Sonenshein, Nathan “Sonny,” 180–81
Sonnenfeldt, Hal, 249
Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR), 20
Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), 20–22, 26, 32
Soviet surveillance and interference
AGI Sarachev, 378
and approval process for mission, 244–45, 247
and cancellation of Matador Project, 372–74, 378
Chazhma, 280–83
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 210
and disposal of hull materials, 329
and handling of intelligence haul, 286
and recovery phase of mission, 318–19
response to leaked story, 366–67
Soviet surveillance and interference (cont.)
SB-10 intelligence ship, 291–93, 293–95, 298, 300, 308–10
and security protocols for mission, 249–50
and survey of wreck site, 142
Spang Tubular Products, 5
Special Projects Group, 221–22
Special Projects Office, 28, 35, 69, 70–71
Special Projects Staff, 74, 112
Sporkin, Stanley, 390
station-keeping system
and arrival at target site, 270–71
and contracting accountability, 166
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 206
and delivery trip of Explorer, 194
and Glomar II, 130
and “grunt lift” concept, 101
and primary contractors for project, 103
and recovery phase of mission, 298
and sea trials, 192
and ship design, 97–98
sophistication of, 81
Steinbeck, John, 80
Stephenson, Jack, 75, 136–37, 379
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 255
Submarine Forces Atlantic, 27
Suisun Bay reserve fleet, 381, 384, 386
Sulzberger, Arthur, 342
Summa Corporation
and assessment of recovered materials, 317–18
and cancellation of Matador Project, 377, 379
and cover story for project, 109, 170–71, 174, 245
and crew selection for mission, 223
and hiring of project personnel, 220
and launching of Explorer, 182–83
and media reception, 164
and news leaks of mission details, 234, 341, 343, 369
office break-in, 256, 258
and primary contractors for project, 102
and program office for project, 122, 124, 186
and recovery phase of mission, 308
and SEC investigation, 356
and security protocols for mission, 125
and Summa Corporation break-in, 259
and tax complications of project, 261–62, 346–47, 349–50
and United Nations seabed conference, 324
Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
and construction of Explorer, 175–79
and departure of Explorer, 193
and launching of Explorer, 182–83
and legacy of Azorian Project, 386
and Matador Project, 338
and sea trials, 191–92
and ship systems, 190
and tax complications of project, 348
tax complications of project, 170, 262–63, 346–50, 355–57
Technological Capabilities Panel (TCP), 49
Teller, Edward, 253
Terrell, Fred, 225
Thiel, Jack, 322–23
Thomas, Bill, 341–42
Thompson, Elmer, 321
Thornburg, Russ, 89
Tiger Team, 320
Time, 345, 383
Tishman Building, 87, 160, 163–64, 186, 214, 217
Todd Shipyards, 96, 386
Toy, Dave, 178, 261–63, 346, 349–50, 356–57
Trieste (submersible), 25–26
Trott, Stephen, 350
Truman, Harry, 46, 394–95
U-2 spy planes, 53–55, 71, 83, 86, 112, 125, 139, 169, 254, 365, 368, 403
United Nations, 92–93, 116, 320, 324, 367. See also Law of the Sea Conference
United States Intelligence Board (USIB), 336, 351
United States’ National Ocean Policy, 92–93
The Universe Below (Broad), 402
US Air Force, 86, 400
US Army School of Naval Warfare, 91
US Coast Guard, 111, 147–48, 262, 350
US Department of Defense, 46, 50, 84, 383
US Department of State, 86, 248–49, 351, 366
US Fleet Command, 15
US Naval Academy, 29
US Naval Institute, 333
US Navy
and antisubmarine doctrine, 13
and cancellation of Matador Project, 374
and exploitation of recovered materials, 315
and leaks to media, 400
Naval Intelligence, 13, 19
and post-project life of Explorer, 384
and program office for project, 128
and scope of recovery project, 24
and SOSUS system, 20–22
spies, 210, 217
USS Barb, 15
USS Cavalla, 85
USS Halibut, 30–32, 34–39, 44, 297
USS Lowry, 182
USS Pueblo, 41, 44, 64–65, 264, 319, 372
USS Scorpion, 5, 32, 225
USS Seawolf, 337
USS Tecumseh, 29
USS Thresher, 27–28
Valparaiso, Chile, 199
Van Calcar, Carolyn, 370
Van Calcar, Hank
and arrival at target site, 272–73
and assessment of recovered materials, 314
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 206–7
and legacy of Azorian Project, 385–86
and Matador Project, 338
and news leaks of mission details, 369–70
and recovery phase of mission, 296, 298–99, 305, 309–10
and security protocols for mission, 265
Vaughan, Theresa, 395
Velvet Fist, 41–43
Victory, James, 92
Vinson KY-58 radio encryption unit, 41
Walker, John Anthony, 41, 403
Wall Street, 356
Walsh, Don, 26
Warner, John, 350, 357–58, 360, 390
The Washington Post, 345, 364
Watergate, 233, 344
Watson, Harry, 258
Watson, Philip, 262, 346–50, 377–78
Wayne, John, 204, 381–82, 384
Weeks, Jack, 65
Welling, Conrad “Connie,” 385
Wenzel, Jim, 153, 385
Western Electric, 19–20
Western Gear, 102–3, 166, 178, 200, 203, 300, 303
Western Industrial Liaison Detachment (WILD), 87
Wetmore, Sherman, 99, 128–29, 223, 227–28, 238, 241, 266, 274–75, 280, 304–5
Wheelon, Albert “Bud,” 69, 85
White, Don, 204, 286
Williams, Tom, 20
0
Williams, Wendell, 108
Wolfe, John, 131–32
Yeltsin, Boris, 397–98
Z Division, 221–22
Zellmer, Ernest “Zeke,” 84, 85, 230–31, 295
Zhuravin, Alexander, 8, 10, 398
Zhuravin, Mikhail, 398
Zhuravina, Irina, 8, 10, 17, 398–99
Zumwalt, Elmo, 188
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JOSH DEAN is a correspondent for Outside; a regular contributor to many national magazines, including GQ, Bloomberg Businessweek, Fast Company, and Popular Science; and the author of Show Dog and The Life and Times of the Stopwatch Gang.
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