12. Note Annabel Jane Wharton, Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
13. From the unrevised script for the Berlin performance, September 20, 1960, box 78, folder 23, Leonard Bernstein Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. I have watched the broadcast and made all necessary corrections to what is in the unrevised script. Everything quoted here reflects what Bernstein said to Berliners that day and what Americans heard on Thanksgiving. (Hereafter, quotations from the documentary cited as “LB script.”)
14. LB script, 2–3.
15. LB script, 3.
16. LB script, 5.
17. LB script, 6.
18. LB script, 11.
19. LB script, 11–12. Bernstein’s decision to recite the Hebrew prayer was not received favorably by the producers, who thought it would be out of place on American television on Thanksgiving, which they considered a Protestant holiday. Bernstein claimed the holiday had universal significance. He said it would not do the Berliners “any harm to hear a little Hebrew once in a while.” Moreover, he said it was “the Hebrew in Berlin on Rosh Hashanah that will really make this show for me.” Quoted in Burton Bernstein, “Leonard Bernstein’s Separate Peace with Berlin,” Esquire (October 1961): 96.
20. Burton Bernstein, 165.
21. “Bernstein Brings TV Hour of Good Music,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, BFRC ad file.
22. The material was mailed to more than six hundred newspapers. The agency stated that “stories were sent to many editors and ‘highlight listing’ services” for television promotion. AP and UPI also received material. Undated Kenyon and Eckhardt item in BFRC ad file.
23. Letter from Wauhillau La Hay (of Kenyon and Eckhardt) to Editors, November 7, 1960, BFRC ad file.
24. Publicity drawings and newspaper photos of Bernstein are in the BFRC ad file. An ad in which Bernstein appeared, with eyes closed, in the classic pose of the brooding artist, was slated to appear in newspapers in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Washington, DC, on November 23–24. BFRC ad file.
25. Letter from Wauhillau La Hay to “Dear Friends,” November 7, 1960, BFRC ad file.
26. For a record of those reviews, see the BFRC ad file.
27. “A National Asset,” New York Herald Tribune, n.d., BFRC ad file.
28. “A Report on the Tour of the Soviet Union and Western Europe Made by the Cleveland Orchestra under the Auspices of the U.S. Department of State, April 13–June 26, 1965,” General Managers Tour files, Europe and Russia, 1965 European Tour, Misc., Cleveland Orchestra Archives, Severance Hall, Cleveland, Ohio (hereafter COA).
29. “The Cleveland Orchestra: European Tour, May–June 1957,” Tours: Itineraries, box 1, 1956/7-Europe, COA.
30. For Johnson’s March 16, 1965, letter to the orchestra, see Archives Reference files, Tours—Europe and USSR, 1965, COA. Note “Dean Rusk Adds His Bravo to Orchestra Cheers,” Cleveland Press, June 26, 1965.
31. “Szell Frank in Jubilation,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 29, 1965.
32. “The Cleveland Orchestra: A Message from the Secretary of State,” Tour Programs, 1965, COA.
33. Rather than citing each letter separately, I offer the following archival information on how to locate them: 1965 European Tour, Congrat letters, General Manager Tour files, Europe and Russia, COA. The letters are alphabetized and divided into the following folders: A–G, H–M, N–Z.
34. See citation above concerning archival information.
35. 1965 European Tour, Congrat letters, General Manager Tour files, Europe and Russia, COA.
36. 1965 European Tour, Congrat letters, General Manager Tour files, Europe and Russia, COA.
37. For the children’s letters, see 1965 European Tour-Congrat. Letters (Children), General Manager Tour files, Europe and Russia, COA.
38. Ibid.
39. “Orchestra Will Tour China This Year,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 23, 1973. Note “ ‘Liaison’ for U.S. and China,” New York Times, February 25, 1973. John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), ch. 9.
40. “Orchestra heads for a Tour ‘Bigger Than Music,’ ” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 9, 1973; and “Yin Spoke Only Chinese, Ormandy Only English,” New York Times, October 14, 1973.
41. “Peking Opens Door to Philadelphians,” New York Times, September 13, 1973.
42. On musicians’ interactions: “Ormandy, Unexpectedly, Leads Peking Orchestra,” New York Times, September 16, 1973. On acupuncture: “Eight Musicians Undergo Acupuncture,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 19, 1973.
43. On repertoire, see New York Times articles: “U.S. Group Plays for Mao’s Wife,” September 17, 1973; “China Denounces Respighi’s Music,” February 15, 1974.
44. Quotations from “ ‘The Greatest Tour Ever,’ ” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 22, 1973; “Philadelphians End China Visit,” New York Times, September 23, 1973.
45. National press coverage in September 1973 included, among others: the Baltimore Sun, the Boston Globe, the Chicago Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post.
46. “Boston Symphony Off on China Tour Today,” New York Times, March 12, 1979.
47. “Making Musical Diplomacy,” Newsweek (April 2, 1979): 68. “BSO Comes Home to Laurel Wreaths,” Boston Globe, March 21, 1979. Note “The Political Beat of BSO in China,” Boston Globe, April 27, 1979.
48. “18,000 Hear Bostonians’ Finale in Peking,” New York Times, March 20, 1979.
49. “An international overture,” Boston Globe, March 21, 1979. Note “Playing Catch Up with Ozawa,” Time (March 26, 1979): 73; “On a Wing and a Scissors,” Time (April 2, 1979): 92; “Sweet Harmonies in China,” Life (May 1979): 102–7. There was widespread national newspaper coverage.
50. “18,000 Hear Bostonians’ Finale in Peking,” New York Times, March 20, 1979.
51. Note the superb study by Danielle Fosler-Lussier, Music in America’s Cold War Diplomacy (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015).
52. Unlike classical music, jazz or rock ’n roll might have had a more potent political impact on foreign listeners. Note Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 166–221; Penny Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
53. “Philharmonic Gets a Taste of Pyongyang Diplomacy,” New York Times, December 12, 2007. Newspapers around the country covered the trip, as did the television networks. Note two stories in the New York Times: “New York Philharmonic Might Play in North Korea,” October 5, 2007; “Orchestra Considers Invitation to Korea,” October 13, 2007.
54. “Philharmonic Agrees to Play in North Korea,” New York Times, December 10, 2007. For more on the trip, see website.
CREDITS
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Page 5: Margarete Ober. Herman Mishkin / Metropolitan Opera Archives.
Page 9: Walter Damrosch. Pach Brothers.
Page 36: Stock and Steindel. Rosenthal Archives, Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
Page 46: Ernst Kunwald. Apeda Studios.
Page 60: Karl Muck. Photographer unknown, courtesy BSO Archives.
Page 101: Johanna Gadski. Aimé Dupont / Metropolitan Opera Archives.
Page 133: Arturo Toscanini. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
Page 146: Wilhelm Furtwängler. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
Page 196: Serge Koussevitzky. Photograph by Egone, Ego Corrado Joseph (Egone Camera Artist / Egone Photo), courtesy BSO Archives.
Page 235: Walter Gieseking. Photograph by Lucas-Kanarian, courtesy BSO Archives.
Page 245: Kirsten Flagstad. Courtesy of Metropolitan Opera Archives.
Page 255
: Rudolf Bing. Courtesy of Metropolitan Opera Archives.
Page 260: Herbert von Karajan. Courtesy of Metropolitan Opera Archives.
Page 291: Dmitri Shostakovich. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
Page 298: Aaron Copland. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
Page 336: Van Cliburn. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
Page 345: Leonard Bernstein. New York Philharmonic Leon Levy Digital Archives.
TEXT CREDITS
Excerpts from Leonard Bernstein: American Original by Burton Bernstein and Barbara B. Haws. Copyright © 2006 by Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York, Inc., Burton Bernstein, Barbara B. Haws. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.
Excerpts from Copland by Aaron Copland. Reprinted by permission of The Joy Harris Literary Agency, Inc.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Aachen, 259, 263
Abramson, Harry, 157
Acheson, Dean, 285, 301
Ago’n, Phadrig, 108
Ainsworth, Ed, 194–95
Air Force, US, bands of, 310
Aldrich, Richard, 114, 115
Allegro, 307
All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS), 186, 189
Alpers, Benjamin, 434n
American Broadcasting Station, 206
American Committee for Cultural Freedom, 261
American Communist Party, 193, 289, 292
American Defense Society, 104
American Federation of Labor, 147
American Federation of Musicians, 147, 265, 437n
Local 802 of, 261, 262, 307
American Hebrew, 152–53
Americanism, 310
American Jewish Congress, 224, 243
American Legion, 92, 102–3, 109, 111, 253, 285, 293
Illinois, 301
Manhattan Naval Post of, 108
American Mercury, 200
American National Exhibition, 347
American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), 327–28, 330, 346
Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 287, 291
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, 327
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 323
American Veterans Committee, 236, 238, 247
“Anchors Aweigh,” 214
Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 303
Ann Arbor, Mich., 268
Ansermet, Ernest, 168
anti-Americanism, 17, 35, 79, 95
anti-communism, 236, 266, 285, 287–89, 306, 307, 310, 345, 350
anti-German sentiment, 4–6, 7, 11–20, 25–29, 32–33, 39, 42–43, 45, 57–59, 69–80, 85, 87–88, 102–13, 156, 175, 178, 187
anti-immigrant sentiment, 178
anti-Japanese sentiment, 172, 178
anti-Semitism, xvii, 129, 130–32, 140, 143–44, 150, 152, 156, 157, 182, 228, 243
Arkansas, 312
Army, US, 4, 23, 28, 214
102nd Infantry Division chorus, 211–12
Arnold, Benedict, 251
art, 67, 117, 175, 197, 199, 212, 281
link between politics and, xxii, 132, 159, 166, 171–72, 209, 234, 241, 271, 305, 351
national rivalries transcended by, xxiii, 123, 218
sanctity of, 233
universality of, 180, 213
Associated Transport, 371
Atkins, Charles D., 68
Atlanta, Ga., 87
Atlantic Ocean, 4, 6, 13, 89, 123, 131, 169, 175, 220, 330, 367
Auschwitz concentration camp, 229
Austin, Elizabeth, xvi
Austria, 212, 221, 264
Austrian Army, 41, 47, 49, 92, 93, 134
Austro-German Musicians’ Relief Fund, 122
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 6, 20, 25, 55, 58, 90, 93, 94
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 21, 27, 28, 69, 88, 173
St. Matthew Passion, 76
Badoglio, Pietro, 201
“Ballad for Boston, A,” 81–82
Baltimore, Md., 65, 116, 120, 122
Baltimore Sun, 144, 158, 159, 166, 315, 337–38, 343
Baptist Church, xii
Barber, Samuel, 330
Adagio for Strings, 267, 335
Barbirolli, John, 174
Barenboim, Daniel, xxv
Barnum, P. T., xvii–xviii
Barrett, William, 306
Bartók, Béla, 138, 243, 307, 360
Bayreuth Festival, 122, 131, 132, 134, 139–44, 163, 164, 177
Bechstein pianos, 123
Beethoven, Ludwig van, xvi, xix, xx, 19, 21, 23, 27, 28, 33, 58, 59, 81, 152, 365–66, 379
First Piano Concerto, 362, 365, 367, 368
Third Symphony “Eroica,” 44, 61, 69, 89, 103–4, 173, 207, 208, 224, 331
Fifth Symphony, 88–89, 90, 201, 214, 265, 352
Sixth Symphony, 16, 374
Seventh Symphony, 169, 335, 349, 350–51
Ninth Symphony, 24, 40, 69, 163–64, 165, 193
Fidelio, 254
Leonore Overture, 269
Violin Concerto, 92–93, 227
Beethoven Festival Orchestra, 40
Beijing, 374, 375
Beijing Central Philharmonic Orchestra, 374
Belgium, 13, 32, 55, 81
Berkshire Music Center, 344
Berkshire Music Center Orchestra, 192–93
Berlin, 4, 7, 12, 57, 59, 69, 97, 118, 123, 132, 139, 145, 151, 211, 217, 218, 220, 227, 274, 307
Titania Palast, 219
see also East Berlin; West Berlin
Berlin, Irving, “God Bless America,” 208
Berlin Denazification Board for Creative Artists, 218
Berliner Morgenpost, 361
Berlin Festival, 362
Berlin Philharmonic, 46, 145, 150, 151, 210, 217, 219, 224, 227, 229, 259–70, 360
Berlin Senate, 265
Berlin State Opera, 115–16, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 259
Berlin Wall, 357
Berlioz, Hector, 90, 191, 375
Berman, Morton M., 224
Bernstein, Felicia, 350–51
Bernstein, Leonard, xxiii, 281, 337, 344–55, 345
conducting style of, 361
cultural diplomacy of, 355, 361–62, 368–69
lecturing of, 347–48, 352–53, 360, 363–67
left-wing causes of, 344–45
as New York Philharmonic conductor, 320–21, 344–53, 360–70
Russians and Americans compared by, 348–49
on Soviet regime, 457n
Bernstorff, Count von, 26
Berv, Harry, 134
Beverly Hills, Calif., 243
Biancolli, Louis, 191, 265
Bing, Rudolf, 254–59, 255
“Bird Song, The,” xvii
Blair, Floyd, 327
Blech, Leo, 116
Blight, Reynold E., 40
Blitzstein, Marc, 206, 281
Bloomingdale’s, 217
Boas, Franz, 152
Bodanzky, Artur, 4, 16, 114, 139
Bohemia, 7
Bohn, Frank, 148
Bologna, 136, 137, 138, 139
Bolsheviks, 138, 196, 197
Bookstein, Stanley R., 263
Bosch, Albert, 324–25
Boston, Mass., xvii, 59, 61, 70, 93, 116, 197, 198, 246–47
Esplanade Concerts, 208
Symphony Hall, 60, 75, 79, 120, 213, 246, 268
Boston Globe, 81, 120, 213, 246, 268, 330–31, 332, 375
Boston Herald, 80, 194, 213
Boston Latin School, 344
Boston Opera House, 116
Boston Post, 79, 95, 97
Boston Symphony, xx, 11, 21, 30, 45, 59–66, 72–75, 79–83, 93–94, 138, 173, 192, 194, 197, 198, 206–7, 213, 280, 327, 328, 344
Friends of the Symphony support group of, 332
overseas tours of, 329–33, 355, 357, 375
Boulanger, Nadia, 297
Boyes, Shibley, 359
Brahms, Johannes, 19, 21, 23, 27, 33, 37, 48, 60, 69, 244, 247, 263, 357, 365
First Symphony, 264
Third Symphony, 74
Fourth Symphony, 152
Academic Festival Overture, 44
B Flat Piano Concerto, 169
Brailowsky, Alexander, 225
Braun, Eva, 211
British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 206
Brit Trumpeldor of America, 244, 266, 269
Bronson, Arthur, 200
Brooklyn, N.Y., 64, 69, 75, 287, 297, 313
Brooklyn Academy of Music, 71, 73, 74
Brooklyn Eagle, 114, 148, 159
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 68, 75
Brown, Perry, 285–86
Brussels, 89
Bucharest, 334
Buchenwald concentration camp, 243, 272
Buchwald, Art, 347
Budapest, 149
Buenos Aires, 220
Buffalo Philharmonic, 318
Bülow, Hans von, 223
Busbey, Fred, 308, 309–10, 317
Busch, Adolf, 131, 168, 236
Busch, Fritz, 127, 130–31, 168, 236
Cabot, Henry, 327, 333
Cadmon, Charles, 19
Cairo, 154, 161, 186
Calderon, Joseph, 278
Cambridge, Mass., 61, 231, 283
Canada, 17, 243
capitalism, 346, 347, 356
Carter, Edward, 189
Caruso, Enrico, 86
Casals, Pablo, 168, 318
Cassidy, Claudia, 221–22, 247, 267–68, 271–72
Catholicism, 132
Catholic War Veterans, 278, 293
CBS-TV, 348–49, 352–55, 362
Central Intelligence Agency, 262, 307
Central Peking Philharmonic, 375
Chaplin, Charlie, 250
Charles River, 197, 208
Charlottesville, Va., 310
Cheyenne, Wyo., xviii
Chicago, Ill., xix, xx, 2, 26, 32–37, 120–22, 177, 179, 210, 213, 220–24, 284, 301
Anshe Emet Synagogue, 223
Orchestra Hall, 43, 99, 224
Soldier Field, 208
Chicago Council of Pioneer Women, 224
Chicago Daily News, 210, 228, 230, 233
Chicago Federation of Musicians, 34