10 woody.
11 The passage is drawn from John x. 1-13.
12 traditional symbol of greed.
13 on the Euphrates; Seleucia, founded by one of Alexander’s generals, was on the Tigris.
14 a city of Eden (2 Kings xix. 12 and Isa. xxxvii. 12).
15 probably the Tigris (see ll. 210-12).
16 traditionally the Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, and Indus.
17 wandering.
18 elaborate flower gardens.
19 bountiful.
20 The Graces were Aglaia (Brilliance), Euphrosyne (Joy), and Thalia (Bloom); the Hours were the goddesses of the seasons.
21 See Vice-Chancellor, n. 16. Ceres was the mother of Proserpina.
22 The groves of Daphne on the Orontes in Syria were the site of a temple to Apollo; the spring on Mt. Parnassus inspired great poetry and foretold oracles.
23 Nysa, in what is now Tunis.
24 Ham, identified with Ammon.
25 Abyssinian.
26 the equator.
27 upraised.
28 undisciplined, luxuriant.
29 both “being under control” (ironically) and their “lying beneath.”
30 both “necessary for gentle undulation” and “demanding of gentle governing.” The hair image implies Eve’s potential vacillation and her need to be controlled.
31 unchaste.
32 Compare IV, 488-89, 689, 739; VIII, 510-11; IX, 385, 1037; XII, 648.
33 derived from a word meaning “dust,” “soil,” and thence “man.”
34 derived from a word meaning “live,” “be,” and thence “Mother of Mankind” (V, 388).
35 conversation.
36 with the added meaning “coiling”; his wile (“train”) is difficult to untangle (“Gordian”), because it is braided (“breaded”). The spelling implies the method used for his guile.
37 a swift course.
38 the Azores.
39 awaits.
40 undividable.
41 i.e., the sun on air.
42 in the farthest west.
43 direct look.
44 hand cultivation.
45 times of day.
46 song.
47 ironically indicating her lack of need of further accouterments such as those to which she later succumbs.
48 into the watches of l. 685.
49 adorned with flowers.
50 inlaid with precious gems.
51 marriage song.
52 nuptial.
53 literally, “all-gifted”; through curiosity, she allowed the world’s evils to fly from a magic box, only hope remaining behind. Her husband was Epimethus, brother of Prometheus, sons of Japetus, who was identified with Noah’s son Japheth.
54 that is, repaired the roof by bringing forth more roses.
55 the shadow of the earth, shaped like a cone, as the sun descends.
56 literally, “strength of God.”
57 left.
58 right.
59 literally, “discovery of God” and “searcher.”
60 Natural spirits imply liver, veins; vital spirits, heart, blood; animal spirits, brain, sense and motion.
61 advise.
62 guarder of boundaries.
63 anxious.
64 mountains in the Canary Islands and north Africa.
65 Libra, which in the Zodiac lies between Virgo and Scorpio; that is, between innocence and evil. In like manner Zeus weighed the fate of the Greeks and the Trojans (Iliad, VIII, 69-72) and of Achilles and Hector (Iliad, XXII, 209). At the same time Libra becomes Mercy set between Justice and the Truth of Man’s failing (compare Nativity Ode, 141-48), and the passage comments upon the beginning of Man’s fall since the Sun enters Libra at the autumnal equinox, proceeding through evil (Scorpio), wounding (Sagittarius), and lust (Capricorn) before movement toward rebirth (Aries) is begun.
BOOK V
THE ARGUMENT
Morning approach’t, Eve relates to Adam her troublesome dream; he likes it not, yet comforts her: They come forth to thir day labours: Thir Morning Hymn at the Door of thir Bower. God to render Man inexcusable sends Raphael to admonish him of his obedience, of his free estate, of his enemy near at hand; who he is, and why his enemy, and whatever else may avail Adam to know. Raphael comes down to Paradise, his appearance describ’d, his coming discern’d by Adam afar off sitting at the door of his Bower; he goes out to meet him, brings him to his lodge, entertains him with the choycest fruits of Paradise got together by Eve; thir discourse at Table: Raphael performs his message, minds Adam of his state and of his enemy; relates at Adams request who that enemy is, and how he came to be so, beginning from his first revolt in Heaven, and the occasion thereof; how he drew his Legions after him to the parts of the North, and there incited them to rebel with him, perswading all but only Abdiel a Seraph, who in Argument diswades and opposes him, then forsakes him.
Now Morn her rosie steps in th’ Eastern Clime
Advancing, sow’d the Earth with Orient Pearl,
When Adam wak’t, so customd, for his sleep
Was Aerie light, from pure digestion bred,
5
And temperat vapors1 bland, which th’ only sound
Of leaves and fuming rills, Aurora’s fan,
Lightly dispers’d, and the shrill Matin Song
Of Birds on every bough; so much the more
His wonder was to find unwak’nd Eve
10
With Tresses discompos’d, and glowing Cheek,
As through unquiet rest: he on his side
Leaning half-rais’d, with looks of cordial Love
Hung over her enamour’d, and beheld
Beautie, which whether waking or asleep,
15
Shot forth peculiar Graces; then with voice
Mild, as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes,
Her hand soft touching, whisperd thus. Awake
My fairest, my espous’d, my latest found,
Heav’ns last best gift, my ever new delight,
20
Calls us, we lose the prime, to mark how spring
Our tended Plants, how blows the Citron Grove,
What drops the Myrrh, and what the balmie Reed,2
How Nature paints her colours, how the Bee
25
Sits on the Bloom extracting liquid sweet.
Such whispering wak’d her, but with startl’d eye
On Adam, whom imbracing, thus she spake.
O Sole in whom my thoughts find all repose,
My Glorie, my Perfection, glad I see
30
Thy face, and Morn return’d, for I this Night,
Such night till this I never pass’d, have dream’d,
If dream’d, not as I oft am wont, of thee,
Works of day pass’t, or morrows next designe,
But of offence and trouble, which my mind
35
Knew never till this irksom night; methought
Close at mine ear one call’d me forth to walk
With gentle voice, I thought it thine; it said,
Why sleepst thou Eve? now is the pleasant time,
The cool, the silent, save where silence yields
40
To the night-warbling Bird, that now awake
Tunes sweetest his love-labor’d song; now reignes
Full Orb’d the Moon, and with more pleasing light
Shadowie sets off the face of things; in vain,
If none regard; Heav’n wakes with all his eyes,
45
Whom to behold but thee, Natures desire,
In whose sight all things joy, with ravishment
Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.
I rose as at thy call, but found thee not;
To find thee I directed then my walk;
50
And on, methought, alone I pass’d through ways
That brought me on a sudden
to the Tree
Of interdicted Knowledge: fair it seem’d,
Much fairer to my Fancie3 then by day:
And as I wondring lookt, beside it stood
55
One shap’d and wing’d like one of those from Heav’n
By us oft seen; his dewie locks distill’d
Ambrosia; on that Tree he also gaz’d;
And O fair Plant, said he, with fruit surcharg’d,
Deigns none to ease thy load and taste thy sweet,
60
Nor God, nor Man; is Knowledge so despis’d?
Or envie, or what reserve forbids to taste?
Forbid who will, none shall from me withhold
Longer thy offerd good, why else set here?
This said he paus’d not, but with ventrous Arm
65
He pluckt, he tasted; mee damp horror chil’d
At such bold words voucht with a deed so bold:
But he thus overjoy’d, O Fruit Divine,
Sweet of thy self, but much more sweet thus cropt,
Forbidd’n here, it seems, as onely fit
70
For Gods, yet able to make Gods of Men:
And why not Gods of Men, since good, the more
Communicated, more abundant grows,
The Author not impair’d, but honourd more?
Here, happie Creature, fair Angelic Eve,
75
Partake thou also; happie though thou art,
Happier thou mayst be, worthier canst not be:
Taste this, and be henceforth among the Gods
Thy self a Goddess, not to Earth confind,
But sometimes in the Air, as wee, somtimes
80
Ascend to Heav’n, by merit thine, and see
What life the Gods live there, and such live thou.
So saying, he drew nigh, and to me held,
Evn to my mouth of that same fruit held part
Which he had pluckt; the pleasant savourie smell
85
So quick’nd appetite, that I, methought,
Could not but taste. Forthwith up to the Clouds
With him I flew, and underneath beheld
The Earth outstretcht immense, a prospect wide
And various: wondring at my flight and change
90
To this high exaltation; suddenly
My Guide was gon, and I, me thought, sunk down,
And fell asleep; but O how glad I wak’d
To find this but a dream! Thus Eve her Night
Related, and thus Adam answerd sad.
95
Best Image of my self and dearer half,
The trouble of thy thoughts this night in sleep
Affects me equally; nor can I like
This uncouth dream, of evil sprung I fear;
Yet evil whence? in thee can harbour none,
100
Created pure. But know that in the Soul
Are many lesser Faculties that serve
Reason as chief; among these Fansie next
Her office holds; of all external things,
Which the five watchful Senses represent,
105
She forms Imaginations, Aerie shapes,
Which Reason joyning or disjoyning, frames
All what we affirm or what deny, and call
Our knowledge or opinion; then retires
Into her private Cell when Nature rests.
110
Oft in her absence mimic Fansie wakes
To imitate her; but misjoyning shapes,
Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams,
Ill matching words and deeds long past or late.
Som such resemblances methinks I find
115
Of our last Eevnings talk, in this thy dream,
But with addition strange: yet be not sad.
Evil into the mind of God4 or Man
May come and go, so unapprov’d, and leave
No spot or blame behind: Which gives me hope
120
That what in sleep thou didst abhorr to dream,
Waking thou never wilt consent to do.
Be not disheart’nd then, nor cloud those looks
That wont to be more chearful and serene
Then when fair Morning first smiles on the World,
125
And let us to our fresh imployments rise
Among the Groves, the Fountains, and the Flowrs
That open now thir choicest bosom’d smells
Reserv’d from night, and kept for thee in store.
So cheard he his fair Spouse, and she was cheard,
130
But silently a gentle tear let fall
From either eye, and wip’d them with her hair;
Two other precious drops that ready stood,
Each in thir chrystal sluce, hee ere they fell
Kiss’d as the gracious signs of sweet remorse
135
And pious awe, that feard to have offended.
So all was cleard, and to the Field they haste.
But first from under shadie arborous roof,
Soon as they forth were come to open sight
Of day-spring, and the Sun, who scarce up ris’n
140
With wheels yet hov’ring o’re the Ocean brim,
Shot paralel to th’ earth his dewie ray,
Discovering in wide Lantskip all the East
Of Paradise and Edens happie Plains,
Lowly they bow’d adoring, and began
145
Thir Orisons, each Morning duly paid
In various style, for neither various style
Nor holy rapture wanted they to praise
Thir Maker, in fit strains pronounc’t or sung
Unmeditated, such prompt eloquence
150
Flowd from thir lips, in Prose or numerous5 Verse,
More tuneable then needed Lute or Harp
To add more sweetness, and they thus began.
These are thy glorious works, Parent of good,
Almightie, thine this universal Frame,
155
Thus wondrous fair; thy self how wondrous then!
Unspeakable, who sitst above these Heav’ns
To us invisible or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works, yet these declare
Thy goodness beyond thought, and Power Divine:
160
Speak yee who best can tell, ye Sons of light,
Angels, for yee behold him, and with songs
And choral symphonies, Day without Night,
Circle his Throne rejoycing, yee in Heav’n,
On Earth joyn all ye Creatures to extoll
165
Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.
Fairest of Starrs,6 last in the train of Night,
If better thou belong not to the dawn,
Sure pledge of day, that crownst the smiling Morn
With thy bright Circlet, praise him in thy Sphear
170
While day arises, that sweet hour of Prime.
Thou Sun, of this great World both Eye and Soul,
Acknowledge him thy Greater, sound his praise
In thy eternal course, both when thou climb’st,
And when high Noon hast gaind, and when thou fallst.
175
Moon, that now meetst the orient Sun, now fli’st
With the fixt Starrs, fixt in thir Orb that flies,7
And yee five other wandring Fires that move
In mystic Dance not without Song, resound
His praise, who out of Darkness call’d up Light.
180
Air, and ye Elements the eldest birth
Of Natures Womb, that in quaternion8 run
Perpetual Circle, multiform; and mix
And nourish all things, let your ceasless change
Varie to our great Maker still new praise.
185
Ye Mists and Exhalations that now rise
From Hill or steaming Lake, duskie or grey,
Till the Sun paint your fleecie skirts with Gold,
In honour to the Worlds great Author rise,
Whether to deck with Clouds th’ uncolourd9 skie,
190
Or wet the thirstie Earth with falling showers,
Rising or falling still advance his praise.
His praise ye Winds, that from four Quarters blow,
Breath soft or loud; and wave your tops, ye Pines,
With every Plant, in sign of Worship wave.
195
Fountains and yee, that warble, as ye flow,
Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise.
Joyn voices all ye living Souls, ye Birds,
That singing up to Heaven Gate ascend,
Bear on your wings and in your notes his praise;
200
Yee that in Waters glide, and yee that walk
The Earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep;
Witness if I be silent, Morn or Eev’n,
To Hill, or Valley, Fountain, or fresh shade
Made vocal by my Song, and taught his praise.
205
Hail universal Lord, be bounteous still
To give us onely good; and if the night
Have gather’d aught of evil or conceald,
Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark.
So pray’d they innocent, and to thir thoughts
210
Firm peace recoverd soon and wonted calm.
On to thir mornings rural work they haste
Among sweet dews and flowrs; where any row
Of Fruit-trees overwoodie reach’d too farr
Thir pamperd boughs, and needed hands to check
215
Fruitless imbraces: or they led the Vine
To wed her Elm; she spous’d about10 him twines
Her mariageable arms, and with her brings
Her dowr th’ adopted Clusters, to adorn
His barren leaves. Them thus imploid beheld
220
With pittie Heav’ns high King, and to him call’d
Raphael,11 the sociable Spirit, that deign’d
To travel with Tobias, and secur’d