5 Kohlberg, J., & Nadeau, K. (2002). ADD-friendly ways to organize your life. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
6 Hallowell, E., & Ratey, J. (2005), op. cit.; Kohlberg, J., & Nadeau, K. (2002), op. cit.
7 Hallowell, E., & Ratey, J. (2005), op. cit., p. 308
8 Ibid.; Kohlberg, J., & Nadeau, K. (2002), op. cit.; Ratey, N. (2008), op. cit.; Sarkis, S. (2006), op. cit.
9 Kohlberg, J., & Nadeau, K. (2002), op. cit.
10 Ibid., p.11
11 Hallowell, E., & Ratey, J. (2005), op. cit.
12 Winnicott, D. W. (1953). Transitional objects and transitional phenonmena. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34, 89-97.
13 Hallowell, E., & Ratey, J. (2005), op. cit., p. 177-186.
17. NEITHER HERE NOR THERE:
PROCRASTINATION AND THE CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCE
1 Slocum, J. (2006, Nov. 29). “International Migration Trends” speech to MacArthur Foundation Initiative on Global Migration and Human Mobility. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from www.macfound.org.
2 Migration: Open up. (2008, Jan. 3). The Economist. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10286197.
3 Passel, J., & Cohn, D. (2008, Feb. 11). “Immigration to Play Lead Role in Future US Growth” Pew Research Center Publication. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from http://pewresearch.org.
4 Schramm, C. (2007, Dec. 26). Unleash the little guys. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from www.newsweek.com/id/82041/page/3.
5 Douglass, J., Roebken, H., & Thomson, G. (2007). The immigrant university: assessing the dynamics of race, major and socioeconomic characteristics at the University of California. Center for Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/docs/ROPS.mmigrantUniv.CSHE.19.07.pdf.
6 The immigrant experience. Improving education for immigrant students: A guide for K-12 educators in the Northwest and Alaska. (2001, July). Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from www.nwrel.org/cnorse/booklets/immigration/4.html.
7 Ostrove, J., & Long, S. (2007). Social class and belonging: Implications for college adjustment. The Review of Higher Education, 30(4), Summer, 363-389.
8 Chen, X. (2005). First-generation students in postsecondary education: A look at their college transcripts. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics; Engle, J. (2007). Postsecondary access and success for first-generation college students. American Academic, January; Engle, J., Bermeo, A., & O’Brien, C. (2006). Straight from the source: What works for first-generation college students. Washington, D.C.: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education. December; Higher Education Research Institute. (2007, May).
9 First in my family: A profile of first-generation college students at four-year institutions since 1971. (2007 May). UCLA Higher Education Research Institute. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/PDFs/pubs/briefs/FirstGenResearchBrief.pdf.
10 Chen, X. (2005). op. cit.
11 The immigrant experience, op. cit., p. 23.
12 Ibid.
13 Rendon, L. (1992). From the barrio to the academy: Revelations from a Mexican American “scholarship girl.” In L. Zwerling, & H. London (Eds.) (1992), First Generation College Students: Confronting the Cultural Issues. (p. 56-64). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 56.
14 Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit., p. 6.
15 Dweck, C. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine.
16 First in my family (2007), op. cit.; Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit.
17 Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit., p. 22.
18 Ostrove, J., & Long, S. (2007), op. cit.
19 Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit.
20 Ibid.
21 Tuckman, B., Abry, D., & Smith, D. (2002). Learning and motivation strategies: Your guide to success. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; Tuckman, B. (2007). Evaluating a program for enhancing the study skills and academic performance of urban high school students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
22 Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit.
23 Dweck, C. (2006), op. cit., p. 171-178.
24 Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself. New York: Viking.
25 First in my family (2007), op. cit.; Engle, J., et al. (2006), op. cit.; El-Ghoroury, N., Salvador, D., Manning, R., & Williamson, T. (1999). A survival guide for ethnic minority graduate students. APA Online. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from www.APA/org/apags/diversity.
18. LIVING AND WORKING WITH PROCRASTINATORS
1 Dweck, C. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine.
APPENDIX A: PROCRASTINATION: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF RESEARCH
1 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin. 133(1), 65-94.
2 Steel, P. Procrastination Central Home Page. Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Canada. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://procrastinus.com/research/theories.
3 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
4 Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8, 454-458.
6 Senecal, F., Koestner, R., & Vellerand, R. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination: An interactional model. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 607-619.
7 Ibid., p. 617.
8 Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247-259.
9 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
10 Strongman, K. T., & Burt, C. D. B. (2000). Taking breaks from work: An exploratory inquiry. Journal of Psychology, 134, 229-242.
11 Briody, R. (1980). An exploratory study of procrastination. (Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 590.
12 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
13 Micek, L. (1982). Some problems of self-autoregulation of volitional processes in university students from the point of view of their mental health. Sbornik Praci Filosoficke Fakulty Brnenske University, 31, 51-70. Cited in Steel (2007), op. cit.
14 Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 200-206; Smith, T. W., Snyder, C. R., & Handelsman, M. M. (1982). On the self-serving function of an academic wooden leg: Test anxiety as a self-handicapping strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 314-321.
15 Lay, C. H. (1990). Working to schedule on personal projects: An assessment of person-project characteristics and trait procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 91-103.
16 McCown, W. (1986). Behaviour of chronic college-student procrastinators: An experimental study. Social Science and Behavioural Documents, 17, 133.
17 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit., p. 77.
18 Ibid.
19 Haycock, L. A. (1993). The cognitive mediation of procrastination: An investigation of the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 2261.
20 Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: A critical analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewittt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 33-62). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association; Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002). A programmatic approach to measuring perfectionism: The
Almost Perfect Scales. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: theory, research, and treatment (pp. 63-88). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
21 Borenstein, S. (2007, January 12). Study is a put off: Scientists research why procrastination is getting worse. USAtoday.com. Retrieved April 17, 2007, from www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-01-12-procrastination-study_x.htm.
22 Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002), op. cit.
23 Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. L., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119-128.
24 Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2007). An efficient method for classifying perfectionists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 72-85.
25 Ibid.
26 Kachgal, M. M, Hansen, L. S., & Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention: Journal of Developmental Education, 25, 14-24.
27 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid., p. 75.
31 Ibid.
32 Hitti, M. (2004). It’s never too late to stop procrastinating. Retrieved March 5, 2008, from www.webmd.com/balance/guide/its-never-too-late-to-stop-procrastinating.
33 Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997), op. cit.
34 Sirois, F. M. (2007). I’ll look after my health, later: A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 15-26.
35 Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887-919.
36 Cynkar, A. (2007). A towering figure. Monitor on Psychology, 38(4). Retrieved June 9, 2007 from www.apa.org/monitor/apr07/towering.html.
37 Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision and risk. Econometrica, XLVII, 263-291.
38 Mazur, J. E. (1998). Procrastination by pigeons with fixed interval response requirements. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 69, 185-197.
39 National Institute of Mental Health Science News Online (2004). Brain’s reward circuitry revealed in procrastinating primates. August 10. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2004/brains-reward-circuitry-revealed-in-procrastinating-primates.shtml. Referring to Liu, Z., Richmond, B. J., Saunders, R. C., Steenrod, S., Stubblefield, B. K., Montague, D. M., & Ginns, E. I. (2004). DNA targeting of rhinal cortex D2 receptor protein reversibility blocks learning of cues that predict reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(33), 12336-12341.
40 Schouwenburg, H. C., & Groenewould, J. T. (2001). Study motivation under social temptation; Effects of trait procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 229-240.
41 Akerlof, G. A. (1991). Procrastination and obedience. American Economic Review, 81(2), 1-19.
42 Ibid.
43 O’Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (1999). Doing it now or later. American Economic Review, 89(1), 103-124.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Brafman, O., & Brafman, R. (2008). Sway: The irresistible pull of irrational behavior. New York: Doubleday.
48 Schouwenburg, H., Lay, C., Pychyl, T., & Ferrari, J. (2004). Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
49 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
50 Ainslie, G. (1992). Picoeconomics: The strategic interaction of successive motivational states within the person. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51 Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman
52 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
53 Eisenberger, R. (1992). Learned industriousness. Psychological Review, 99, 248-267.
54 Dweck, C. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine.
55 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
56 Silver, M. (1974). Procrastination. Centerpoint, 1, 49-54.
57 Bargh, J. A., & Barndollar, K. (1996). Automaticity in action: The unconscious as repository of chronic goals and motives. In P. M. Gollwitzer, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 457-481). New York: Guilford Press; Karoly, P. (1993). Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 23-52.
58 Kuhl, J., & Goschke, T. (1994). A theory of action control: Mental subsystems, modes of control, and volitional conflict-resolution strategies. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 93-124). Gottingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
59 Steel, P. (2007), op. cit.
Index
ADD. See Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
ADHD
See also Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
Akerlof, George(app)
Alienation, sense of
Anxiety disorders
Aristotle
Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
differences among procrastinators
importance of details
need for habitual structures, routines
and point of performance/avoidance help
problems with self-control
and self-regulation(app)
and time perceptions
Attitude breathing
Atwood, Margaret
Auditory reminders in environment
Autonomy, need to prove
of children
in controlling families
and fear of independence
and motivation related to self-regulation(app)
by resisting control of others
and task aversiveness(app)
See also Control exerted through procrastination; Rebellion, of procrastinators
Barkley, Russell
BDNF. See Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Beery, Richard
Behavioral goals(app)(app)
described
experimenting with one goal
using sacred pause
planning time for achievement of
using un-schedule
See also Goals
Benson, Herbert
Benson’s relaxation response
Biologically-based conditions, states
mind-body techniques
temperaments
See also Neuroscience and procrastination
Biorhythms
Bipolar disorder
Blank slate, as procrastinator
Blanke, Gail
The Blind Assassin (Atwood)
Brain functions
benefits of challenges
benefits of exercise
benefits of therapy
Brain functions (continued)
effects of stress on
and individual procrastinators
and language learning
See also Neuroscience and procrastination
Brain lock
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Breathing, as stress-reducer
Burns, David
Capitulation
Categories of procrastination
Change, stages of
Characteristics of procrastinators
conscientiousness, low(app)
depression(app)
distractibility(app)
fear of failure(app)
impulsiveness(app)
intention-action gap(app)