Neft Dashlari, Azerbaijan 21–2, 130
Neustadt, Germany 317–21
Nobel, Ludvig 23, 42–3, 63, 88, 96, 98, 99, 183, 253, 286
Norlen, Doug 172
Nussimbaum, Lev 28, 46, 52
Obama, Barack 91, 338
O’Brien, Mike 176
Öcalan, Abdullah 187, 190, 231
Odysseus 259
Ohnesorg, Benno 315, 316
Oil Crisis, 1973 319–20, 324, 326, 331
Omerov, Emil 34–5, 94
OMV 275, 291, 319
Open Society Institute 78–80, 81–2, 119–21, 172
Operation ATALANTA 252–3
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 113
Orjonikidze, Sergo 40, 44, 70, 94, 122–3, 127, 129, 137
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, (Shah of Iran) 275, 315
Palashkovski, S. S. 98
Paluzza, Italy 287–9
Pangani, Pikria 164–6
Pangani, Vardo 164–5
Pennzoil 17, 58
Petriashvili, Ana 132
Piebalgs, Andris 110
Pilgram, Kirsten 318–21, 331, 334
Piron, Marzia 273–4, 277, 282
Platform 5, 6, 104, 117, 125, 143, 150, 155, 190, 205–6, 212, 227, 337–8
Pollard, Wade 337–8
Portland, HMS 252–3
Posof, Turkey 182
Powell, Colin 73, 162
Prestige (tanker) 255
Production Sharing Agreement 15–7, 60
Qarabork, Azerbaijan 102–4, 105–6, 106–7, 144–5, 166, 215
Qobustan, Azerbaijan 95–6
Ramco 17, 20
Red Army 49, 53, 99, 119, 126–7, 129-30, 183, 333
Red Army Faction 315–17, 320
Red Baron (engineer) 206
Refahiye, Turkey 207–15
Rehimli, Azerbaijan 107–10
Remm, Rudi 312–13, 318, 323–7, 327–8, 329, 334
Remp, Steve 20
Rhodes, Greece 253–4
Richardson, Bill 143
Rieder, Ferdinand 299
Rijeka (Fiume), Croatia 9, 98, 265–7, 281, 285, 296, 333
Rising Tide 104, 203–4
Rockefeller, John 42, 43, 253–4
Rockolding, Germany 7–8
Roman Empire 9, 262, 292–4, 295, 309, 327
Rosenheim, Germany 300–1
Rothschilds, the 9, 43–4, 45, 49, 98–9, 102, 183, 253–4, 265-6, 275, 285, 286, 320, 332
Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) 170, 174, 226–8, 339, 340–1
Royal Navy 252–3, 297, 311
Ruskin, John 285
Rustavi, Georgia 127–8, 130–3, 148, 164, 173, 203, 204, 284, 312, 331
Saakashvili, Mikheil 91, 137, 139–42, 161, 162–3, 164, 165, 166, 243
Sadigzade, Ummugulsum 69–70, 71
Said, Kurban 27–8, 50, 87, 89
Samuel, Marcus 254, 257, 265, 311
San Dorligo Della Valle Dolina, Italy 277–81
Sangachal, Azerbaijan 21, 31, 67–8, 90–6, 97, 100, 101, 117, 126
Sant’Elia, Antonio 284
Saro-Wiwa, Ken 92
Saudi Arabia 275
Schedl, Dr Otto 313
Schrader, Bill 17, 66, 67, 114, 155
Sen, Eğitim 240
Shah Deniz 90–1, 110, 124, 340
Shaumian, Stepan 44, 49, 50, 54
Shell (incld Royal Dutch Shell) 9, 45, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 92, 96, 110, 122, 183, 206, 251, 253, 265, 291, 301, 311, 314
Shevardnadze, Eduard 138, 139, 140, 141–3, 159, 162, 165, 170, 171–2, 224, 288
Shoolbraid, Captain Colin 252
Shoshiashvili, Tamuna 153–5
Shvangiradze, Marina 128
Simon, David 18, 55
Sinan (fisherman) 241–2
Sistiana/Sesljan, Italy 282–3
Şixov Beach, Azerbaijan 88–90
Smith, Sebastian 100
Societa Italiana per l’Oleodotto Transalpino (SIOT) 274, 275, 277–81, 316–17
Some Common Concerns (Platform) 125–6
South Caucasus Gas Pipeline (SCP) 106, 108, 110, 115, 117, 128, 132, 143, 150, 152, 153, 182, 189, 192–3, 221, 326
South Ossetia 136, 139–40, 142
South Ossetian war (2008) 136, 139–40, 147, 150–7, 159–62, 163, 165
Soviet Union 19, 20, 21, 21–2, 29–30, 40–1, 49, 53–4, 54–5, 57, 75–6, 99, 122–3, 141–2, 223, 235, 274, 278
SPC 2888 175–7
Speciality Polymer Coatings 175, 176
Stalin, Joseph 22, 29, 44–6, 69–71, 96, 122–4, 130–1, 136, 137, 168, 178, 183, 219, 223, 235, 266, 278
Standard Oil 52, 53, 98, 253–4, 265, 301, 311
Stanford University 78, 256–7, 258
State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) 17, 21, 22, 54–9, 78, 80, 89, 93, 94, 218
State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) 28–9, 34–5, 37, 72, 95
State Pipeline Security Force (Georgia) 138, 149, 179
State Special Protection Service (Azerbaijan) 115–16, 117, 145
Statoil 58, 68, 102
Steinhöring, Germany 301–3
Stell, Lance Corporal 51
Straits of Otranto 262–3
Stretch, Paul 175
Suez Canal 251, 253–4, 311, 331, 343
Sullivan, Rory 5, 65, 157, 341
Sumqayit, Azerbaijan 39–41, 44, 46, 75, 94, 96, 99, 123, 131, 334
Suram Pass, Georgia 98, 99, 160
Taghiyev, Haji Zeynalabin 25, 43, 44, 63, 64, 87, 94, 99, 286
Tankerska Plovidba 251, 255, 263
Tarkovsky, Andrei 40
Taylor, Matthew 152–3, 154, 211, 220
Tbilisi, Georgia 44, 50–1, 99, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 135–45, 152–6, 159, 164, 170, 200
Temur, Gazi 228–9
Teregulov, Ibragim 209
Thatcher, Margaret 18–19, 55–6, 57, 78, 100, 320, 343
Thompson, Major General William 52, 57, 126
Timau, Italy 289–90
Tomlinson, Ian 341
Torrey Canyon (tanker) 255
Total 102
Townshend, Michael 243
TPAO 58
Transalpine Pipeline 274–7, 282–3, 284, 286, 287–92, 295, 297–8, 299–300, 301–2, 307–9, 313, 314–15, 323, 328–30, 334
Transneft 101
Trans-Sahara Gas Pipeline 110
Tricarico, Antonio 227
Trieste, Italy 8, 98, 265, 273, 275–83, 285, 296, 301, 303, 307, 317, 319, 334
Tsikihisdvari, Georgia 177–9
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia 160
Türkgözü, Turkey 181–2
Turnkey Agreement 206–7, 217, 224, 227–8
Udine, Italy 284–6
Ülkü (translator) 196–7
UNICEF 161
United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention 124
United States of America, Caspian policy 99–101, 216–18, 235; Coordination Group on Caspian Energy 217; USAID 193 ; US military 72–3, 162–3, 165, 235, 252, 265, 297, 316
Unocal 17, 55, 58
Uslu, Mehmet Ali 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 193, 197–8, 199–201, 204, 212–15, 216, 218–19, 223–4, 231, 234, 235, 240, 241, 341
Vacheishvili, Merabi 131–2
Vallone di Muggia, Italy 273–7, 279–80
Venetian Republic 9, 23, 240–1, 249, 256, 263–4, 284–5, 287
Venice, Italy 284–6
Viashnau, James 43, 94
Vinois, Jean-Arnold 109–10, 217, 262
Vohburg, Bavaria 314–17, 319, 329
Whitehead, Eddie 20–1
Wilson, Dan 197
Wingate, John 226
Wolfensohn, Jim 172
Woodward, David 67
World Bank 37, 38, 100, 104, 169–73, 176, 194, 221, 227, 343
World War I 49–51, 53, 183, 198, 265, 283–4, 289–90, 297
World War II 22, 129–30, 130–1, 224, 235, 266–7
, 285, 301, 302–3, 316, 325, 327
WWF 104–6, 169, 172
Yalta Conference 278, 302
Yaylaci, Turkey 223–6, 227–8
Yerevan, Armenia 41, 129
Yeşilova, Turkey 229–31
Yildiz, Kerim 125, 185
Yumurtalik, Turkey 240–2, 249–50
Yurtbaşı, Turkey 212–14
Yussifzadeh, Khoshbakht 21–2
Zadar, Croatia 255, 263–4, 281
Zoroaster (tanker) 23, 43, 253
Zuzunna (teacher) 173–4
1 A. Kazimzade, ‘Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80’, Azerbaijan International 5: 3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 30–5.
2 N. Ascherson, Black Sea, Hill & Wang, 1996.
1 Each section is titled with the location of the places through which we journey. The numbers describe the accumulated distance travelled in kilometres, and in most cases also the kilometre point (KP) of the specific pipeline we are following. These digits exactly describe the passage of this infrastructure in its own numerical language.
2 ‘North Sea Style Development Eyed for Pair of Oil Fields off Azerbaijan’, Oil & Gas Journal 92: 9 (1994).
3 H. Campbell, ‘Shipshape in the Caspian’, BP Magazine 1 (2009), pp. 11–17; and H. Campbell, ‘Scale of the Century’, Horizon Magazine 1 (2009), pp. 38–9.
4 K. Choi, M. Jackson, G. Hampson, A. Jones and A. Reynolds, Predicting the Impact of Sedimentological Heterogeneity on Gas-Oil and Water-Oil Displacements: Fluvio-Deltaic Pereriv Suite Reservoir, Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli Oilfield, South Caspian Basin, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, 2011.
5 T. Bergin, Spills and Spin: The Inside Story of BP, Random House, 2011, p. 131.
6 H. Campbell, ‘Shipshape in the Caspian’, BP Magazine 1 (2009), p. 14.
7 AIOC is the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, of which BP is the dominant shareholder.
8 J. Browne, Beyond Business, Wiedenfeld & Nicholson, 2010, p. 151.
9 ‘The Andrew Davidson Interview – John Browne’, Management Today, December 1999, p. 60.
10 S. Levine, The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea, Random House, 2007.
11 Browne, Beyond Business.
12 Levine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 159.
13 L. Kleveman, The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia, Atlantic Books, 2004, pp. 19–21.
14 S. Pirani, ed., Russian and CIS Gas Markets and Their Impact on Europe, OUP, 2009, p. 205.
16 Although the reform that freed serfs was passed in Russia in 1861, it was only enacted in Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1870–73.
17 Many Azeri speakers came from either side of the Russian–Persian border. T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community, CUP, 1985.
18 Quoted in T. Reiss, The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and a Dangerous Life, Random House, 2006, p. 12.
19 J. D. Henry, Baku: An Eventful History, Constable, 1905, pp. 104–5.
20 T. de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004, p. 99.
1 K. Said, transl. Jenia Graman, Ali and Nino, Robin Clark, 1990 [1937].
2 Kurban Said was a pseudonym, and the identity of the author continues to be hotly debated. Tom Reiss’s biography, The Orientalist (Random House, 2006), makes a case that Kurban Said was Lev Nussimbaum, who fled from Baku with his father during the Bolshevik Revolution. However, some have questioned Reiss’s scholarship, and more recently a long research project concluded that the primary author was in fact Yusif Vәzir Çәmәnzәminli. Whatever the truth, the mystery around the novel adds to its romance.
3 Annual Report 2008, State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2008.
4 K. Aslanli, ‘Oil and Gas Revenues Management in Azerbaijan’, Caucasus Analytical Digest 16 (2010).
5 S. Asfaha, National Revenue Funds, IISD, 2007.
6 In the 1930s it was titled the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute, but was later renamed.
7 Ascherson, Black Sea, p. 188.
8 Heydar Aliyev and the National Security Agencies, Ministry of National Security (Azerbaijan), 2009.
9 Quoted in Levine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 176.
10 B. Keller, ‘Upheaval in the East: A Former KGB Chief Champions Azerbaijanis’, New York Times, 26 January 1990.
11 J. Hemming, The Implications of the Revival of the Oil Industry in Azerbaijan, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (Durham), 1998.
12 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report: Republic of Azerbaijan – 15 October 2003, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, November 2003; The Azerbaijan ‘Elections’ – October 15th 2003, Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe, Baku, October 2003.
13 A. Abdullayeva, N. Jafarova, S. Gojamanli and S. Bananyarli, Report on Monitoring During the Protest Rally Held by Opposition Parties on May 21, 2005, Monitoring Group of Human Rights Organizations, 2005.
14 ‘Police Breaks up Opposition Rally’, AssA-Irada, 21 May 2005.
15 ‘Giant Caspian Oil Pipeline Opens’, BBC News, 25 May 2005.
16 ‘Amnesty Condemns Jailing of Azerbaijan Social Media Activist on “Bogus Drug Charges”’, Associated Press, 6 May 2011.
17 2007 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights: Azerbaijan, International Trade Union Confederation, 2007.
18 O. Bayulgen, ‘Foreign Investment, Oil Curse, and Democratization: A Comparison of Azerbaijan and Russia’, Business and Politics 7 (2005).
19 D. Hoffman, ‘Azerbaijan: The Politicization of Oil’, in R. Ebel and R. Menon, Energy and Conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
20 Bayulgen, ‘Foreign Investment, Oil Curse, and Democratization’.
21 Aslanli, ‘Oil and Gas Revenues Management in Azerbaijan’.
22 ‘The Oil Satrap’, Economist, 31 October 2005.
23 See also M. Gahramanli, V. Rajabov and A. Kazakhov, Report on Corruption in Azerbaijan Oil Industry Prepared for EBRD and IFC Investigation Arms, Bankwatch and Committee of Oil Industry Workers’ Rights Protection, 2003.
24 Enterprise Surveys, World Bank, 2009, at enterprisesurveys.org.
25 Quoted in S. Levine, The Oil and the Glory, Random House, 2007, p. 164.
26 September 1992: $90 million; July 1993: $70 million; September 1994: $230 million. Total: $390 million.
27 Levine, The Oil and the Glory, pp. 183–5.
28 Other actors focusing on corruption without a structural assessment of power include the IMF and the European Union.
1 N. Hikmet, transl. R. Blasing and M. Konuk, Poems of Nazim Hikmet, Persea Books, 1994.
2 D. Biello, ‘World’s Top 10 Most Polluted Places’, Scientific American 17 (2007), p. 6.
3 K. Ismayilova, ‘With More Jobs, More Smog’, Eurasianet, November 2007.
4 T. de Waal, Black Garden, NYU Press, 2004, p. 32.
5 de Waal, Black Garden, p. 37.
6 S. Huseynova, ‘Azerbaijan: Sumgayit Becomes One of the World’s Most-Polluted Cities’, RFE/RL, September 2007.
7 M. Mir-Babayev, ‘Azerbaijan’s Oil History – A Chronology Leading up to the Soviet Era’, Azerbaijan International 10: 2 (2002), pp. 34–40.
8 I. Zonn, A. Kosarev, M. Glantz and A. Kostianoy, The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia, Springer, 2010.
9 C. Marvin, The Region of the Eternal Fire: An Account of a Journey to the Petroleum Region of the Caspian in 1883, W. H. Allen & Co, 1884.
10 J. Henry, Baku: An Eventful History, A. Constable, 1905.
11 Letter from Ludvig Nobel, quoted in B. Asbrink, ‘The Dream of a Small Paradise . . .’, branobelhistory.com; R. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers, Hoover Press, 1982.
12 Equivalent to £6 million at the time, and between £600 million and £3 billion today.
13 A. L. Marriott, Persian Journal, unpublished manuscript, 1901.
&
nbsp; 14 I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, OUP, 1967, p. 39.
15 Stalin was by no means the central activist in the Caucasus during this period. But he is the best documented, given his later rise to power, his personality cult, and the purges. Formal records of many others were lost or destroyed. These include the independent labour movement in Baku, the ‘Balakhany and Bibi-Eibat Workers Organisation’, founded in 1904 by Lev and Ilya Shchendrikov, which focused on the economic grievances of the local proletariat. T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920, CUP, 1985.
16 J. Stalin, ‘The December Strike and the December Agreement’, in Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954.
17 Deutscher, Stalin, p. 85.
18 T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920, CUP, 1985, pp. 40–4; R. Suny, Revenge of the Past, Stanford University Press, 1993, p. 168.
19 Ohanian, quoted in Reiss, Orientalist, p. 14.
20 Deutscher, Stalin, p. 108.
21 E. Bey, Blood and Oil in the Orient, Simon & Schuster, 1932, p. 4. Essad Bey is a pseudonym, and the author is understood to be Lev Nussimbaum.
22 Azerbaijan: IDPs Still Trapped in Poverty and Dependence, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (Geneva), 2008.
23 Aslanli, ‘Oil and Gas Revenues Management’.
24 A. Balayev, ‘Oil Producing Villages: Ethnography, History and Sociology’, in L. Alieva, The Baku Oil and Local Communities: A History, CNIS (Baku), 2009, p. 203.
25 ‘Residents of Binagadi Staged Protest Action in Front of the Presidential Administration, azerireport.com, 30 August 2010.