definition of
multiplexed
psychological formulation
quantum, 13.1, 13.2
transmission capacity of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2
writing as, 2.1, 2.2
see also bandwidth
chaos theory, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1, 14.2
Chappe, Claude, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
Chappe, Ignace, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Chappe, Pierre
Chappe, René
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 4.1, 4.2
Cherry, Colin
chess-playing machines, 8.1, 8.2
China, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
Chomsky, Noam
chromosomes, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
Churchill, Winston, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1
circularity
in defining words, 3.1, 3.2
Gödel’s critique of Principia Mathematica, 6.1
in paradoxes
Clark, Josiah Latimer
Clarke, Roger T.
classification, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 3.2
Clausius, Rudolf, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Clauson-Thue, William, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Clement, Joseph, 4.1, 4.2
clocks, synchronization of, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
cloud, information, 14.1, 14.2
clustering
Clytemnestra
code
attempts to reduce cost of telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2
Babbage’s interest in
cipher and compression systems for telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Enigma, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
genetic, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10
in Jacquard loom operations
Morse, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 11.1
as noise
for printing telegraph
Shannon’s interest in, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1
telegraphy before Morse code, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
see also cryptography
coding theory, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.1
cognitive science, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Colebrooke, Henry
collective consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3, epl.4, epl.5
Colossus computing machine
Columbus, Christopher
combinatorial analysis, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2
communication
by algorithm
with alien life-form, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5
Babbage’s mechanical notation for describing, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
constrained channels of, 2.1, 2.2
disruptive effects of new technologies in, 15.1, 15.2
emergence of global consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3
evolution of electrical technologies for, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
fundamental problem of, prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
human evolution and, prl.1, prl.2
implications of technological evolution of, 15.1, 15.2
information overload and, epl.1, epl.2
knowledge needs for, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
in origins of governance
Shannon’s diagram of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
as stochastic process
symbolic logic to describe systems of
system elements, 7.1, 7.2
in Twitter, epl.1, epl.2
see also talking drums; telegraphy; telephony; transmission of information
compact disc, prl.1, 8.1, epl.1
complexity, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9
compression of information; see data compression
“Computable Numbers, On” (Turing), 7.1, 7.2, 12.1
computation
in Babylonian mathematics, 2.1, 2.2
computable and uncomputable numbers, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
of differential equations, 4.1, 4.2
in evolution of complex structures
human computers, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
thermodynamics of, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Turing machine for, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
see also calculators; computers
computer(s)
analog and digital, 8.1, 8.2
chess-playing, 8.1, 8.2
comparison to humans, 8.1, 8.2
cost of memory storage
cost of work of, 13.1, 13.2
early mechanical, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 8.1
growth of memory and processing speed of, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
inductive learning in
perception of thinking by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
public awareness of
quantum-based, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Shannon’s information theory in, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
significance of information theory in development of
spread of memes through
Turing’s conceptualization of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
universe as, 14.1, 14.2
see also calculators; computation; programming
Conference on Cybernetics, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12
Connolly, Sean J.
consciousness, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 8.2, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3
continuous signal systems, 6.1, 7.1
Cooke, William, 5.1, 5.2
Cooper, Pat
Coote, Edmund
Coy, George W.
Crick, Francis, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
Crow, James F. n
cryptography
assessment of system security
Babbage’s work in, 5.1, 5.2
early strategies, 5.1, 5.2
Enigma system of, 7.1, 7.2
information theory and
mathematics of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2
mental skill for
pattern recognition in, 7.1, 7.2
perfect cipher system
popular interest in, 5.1, 5.2
quantum, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
RSA encryption
Shannon’s work on, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
Turing’s work on, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
voice encryption, 7.1, 7.2
writing and, 5.1, 5.2
see also code
crystals, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
culture
communication technology and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
communicative capacity of drums, 1.1, 1.2
function of meme
perceptions changed by telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2
replication and transmission of
thought processes biased by, 2.1, 2.2
see also oral culture
Cummings, E. E., 6.1, 8.1
cuneiform, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7
Cunningham, Michael
cybernetics, prl.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 12.1, 12.2
Cybernetics (Wiener), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
cyberspace, 13.1, epl.1
capacity for transmitting information, 3.1, 3.2
concepts of literacy and orality in
connectivity in, epl.1, epl.2
naming issues, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
online version of Oxford English Dictionary, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
paradox of distance in
see also Internet
Daguerre, Louis
Dancoff, Sidney
Darwin, Charles, 4.1, 10.1
data compression, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Davy, Edward, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
Dawkins, Richard, prl.1, prl.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7
de Back, James
decision problem, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
definitions of words
interlocking and circular nature of, 3.1, 3.2
in perfect language
scientific progress and, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1, 3.2
see also dictionaries
Delbrück, Max, 10.1, 10.2
Deletionpedia, 14.1, 14.2
Democritus
De Morgan, Augustus, 4.1, 5.1, 15.1
Dennett, Daniel, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 15.1, 15.2
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), prl.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7
diamond code, 10.1, 10.2
Dibdin, Charles
Dickens, Charles, 4.1n, 14.1
dictionaries, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13; see also Oxford English Dictionary
Dictionarium (Thomas)
Diderot, Denis, 14.1, epl.1
Difference Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 6.1
Differential Analyzer, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 8.1
Differential and Integral Calculus (Lacroix)
differential equations, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
“Digital Computers Called Brains, Of” (McCulloch)
digital technology, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1
Diringer, David
discrete information, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1
D’Israeli, Isaac
Disreali, Benjamin
distortion of signal; see noise
DNA; see deoxyribonucleic acid
“Does One Sometimes Know Too Much?,” 15.1
domain names, 14.1, 14.2
Donne, John
Doob, Joseph L.
Dowd, Maureen
Doyle, Arthur Conan
Dretske, Fred, 11.1, epl.1, ind.1
drums; see talking drums
Dupuy, Jean-Pierre, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3
Dyer, Harrison Gray
echo
Eckart, Carl
Eckert, W. H.
economics
Babbage’s research on, 4.1, 4.2
business of telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
commercial interest in telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2
commercial interest in telephony, 6.1, 6.2
cost of computation, 13.1, 13.2
costs of computer memory
in information cloud
as information science
of number table production, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
origins of mathematics and
Edison, Thomas A., 5.1, 12.1
Edwards, Mary
Egypt, 3.1, 3.2
Einstein, Albert, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
electrical circuits
development of telegraphy, 1.1, 1.2
noise in, 6.1, 7.1
symbolic logic and, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
transmission capacity of, 6.1, 6.2
electricity
amplitude modulation, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
biological analogies for
evolution of scientific understanding of, 5.1, 5.2
in measurement of communication
public response to new technologies of
recognition of communication potential of, 5.1, 5.2
source of noise in
technical demands of telephony, 6.1, 6.2
see also electrical circuits; telegraphy
Electric Telegraph Company, 5.1, 5.2
Elements of Electro-Biology (Smee)
Elias, Peter, 8.1, 8.2
Eliot, T. S., 3.1, 15.1
Elyot, Thomas
e-mail, 2.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 7.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, epl.1
encyclopedias, prl.1, epl.1, epl.2; see also specific encyclopedia
Encyclopédie, 14.1
Enderton, Herbert
energy
in concept of entropy, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
cost of information processing, 13.1, 13.2
information and, prl.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 13.1
Maxwell’s demon, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, epl.1
perpetual motion machine, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
in physics of black holes
see also thermodynamics
England, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.1, 8.2; see also English language
English Expositour, An (Bullokar)
English language
earliest dictionaries, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11
evolution of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
growth of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
number of speakers of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Oxford English Dictionary of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11
phonemes of, 1.1, 1.2
redundancy in, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
spelling of words in, 3.1, 3.2
statistical analysis, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
use of tonality in
vocabulary size
English Schoolemaister, The (Coote)
ENIAC
Enigma code, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
entanglement, prl.1, 1.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5
entelechy
entropy, prl.1, 8.1
concept of mind and
definition of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
as disorder
dissipation of energy in, 9.1, 9.2
information as, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2
information to reduce, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7
of language
mathematical complexity and
Maxwell’s demon, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, epl.1
measurement of
as measure of uncertainty, 9.1, 9.2
movement of universe toward, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
orderliness of biological life and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
randomness and
in thermodynamics of computation
Entscheidungsproblem, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
enzymes, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2
Ephrussi, Boris
Epimenides’ paradox
epistemology
erasure of information, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1
error correction
applications of Shannon’s theories
in artillery targeting
in early telegraphic code systems, 5.1, 5.2
in genetic code
to overcome noise, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
redundancy for, 7.1, 7.2
in talking drum language
in telegraphy
errors, in logarithmic tables, 4.1, 4.2
Erya, 3.1
evolution
as computational process
emergence of global consciousness as
gene interactions and, 10.1, 10.2
of genes, 10.1, 10.2
of ideas
information processing in
evolutionary biology, 10.1, 11.1
Ex-Prodigy (Wiener)
Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series (Wiener, Bigelow)
factoring algorithm, 13.1, 13.2
Fano, Robert, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1
Faraday, Michael, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
feedback, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Feynman, Richard, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
file storage technology
fire beacons
fire-control; see antiaircraft guns and artillery
FitzRoy, Robert, 5.1, 5.2
Ford, Joseph, 12.1, 12.2
Formal Logic (De Morgan)
Foundations of the Theory of Probability (Kolmogorov)
Four Great Books of Song, epl.1
France, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8
Frank, Lawrence K., 8.1, 8.2
Franklin, Benjamin
Freeman, Thomas, 15.1, 15.2
Freud, Sigmund, 8.1, 9.1
Frost, Robert
Fry, Thornton C., 6.1, 6.2
Fuchs, Christopher, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Fuchs, Ulrich
Gabor, Dennis
Galileo, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
galvanometer, 5.1, 5.2
games, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
game theory
Gamow, George, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
Gauss, Carl Friedrich
General Electric
genetics
altruistic behavior and, 10.1, 10.2
aperiodic crystal model of, 9.1, 10.1
coding system, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10
development of scientific concepts of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
discovery of DNA, 10.1, 10.2
gene structure and function, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14
genome mapping
as information science, prl.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7
information storage in, 7.1, 7.2
memetics and
Schrödinger’s formulation of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
selfish gene concept, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1
symbolic logic to describe, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Gerard, Ralph, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Gibbs, Willard
Gibson, William
Gilgamesh
Gilliver, Peter, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Glossographia: or a Dictionary (Blount), 3.1, 3.2
Gödel, Kurt, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, epl.1
Gödel’s Proof (Nagel, Newman)
Godfather (film)
“Gold Bug, The” (Poe)
Gongsun Long
Google, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2
Gould, Glenn, 12.1, 12.2
Gould, Stephen Jay
gravity, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1
Gray, Elisha
Great Exhibition of 1851 (London)
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 12.1
Greece, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
Grover, Lov
Guare, John, epl.1, epl.2
Gutenberg Galaxy (McLuhan)
Guyot, Jules
Hamilton, W. D., 11.1, 11.2
Hammurabi
Hardy, G. H.
Hardy-Ramanujan number
Hart, Sarah
Hartley, Ralph, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
Harvard University, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Hatto, Joyce
Havelock, Eric, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Hawking, Stephen, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
heat, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also thermodynamics
Hein, Jon
Heisenberg, Werner, 7.1, 12.1, 13.1
Hennig, Richard
Henry, Joseph
Herschel, John, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
hieroglyphics, 2.1, 8.1
Hilbert, David, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Hobbes, Thomas, prl.1, 2.1
Hofstadter, Douglas R., 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Holland, Owen
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
holography
Homeric epics, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 11.1
Huffman, David
Huffman coding
Humphrey, Nicholas
Husbands, Philip
Husson, M.
I Am a Mathematician (Wiener)