Monomam, see Mormons
Montezuma Castle, 143
Montgomery, Ross Gordon, 105, 194–95, 209, 210
Mooney, James, 133
Moreno, Antonio, 79
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 18
Morgan, T. J., 131
Mormons:
Hopi missions of, 128
modern farming techniques introduced by, 128
as Monomam, 128
Nagai-si, 148–49, 150–51, 152, 154
Naiyutchi, 21
Nambe Pueblo, 79, 80, 81
Namoki, Gibson, 95, 114
Namoki, Max, 114
Nampeyo (Tewa Village potter), 100, 164
Nanake, 21
Naranjo, José López, 191
Naranjo, Lucas, 81
Naranjo, Tessie, 183
Naranjo family, 60–61
Nash, Sylvan, 95, 114
National Park Service, 107, 108
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), 219
Native Americans:
activism of, 114–15
archaeological and historical heritage of, competing claims on, 12–14
destruction-and-rebirth myths of, 119
Navajo National Monument, 98
Navajo Partitioned Land (NPL), 221
Navajos, 29, 69, 81, 85, 92, 114, 172
Awat’ovi massacre survivors among, 188, 221, 247n
Blessingway of, 119
in competition with Hopis for land, 135
raids on Hopis by, 128, 213
Nequatewa, Edmund, 127, 144
Ne Suftanga Village, 90, 96
Neuvakwiotaka, Anderson Mesa, Ariz., 148, 154
New Age prophecies, 119, 120
New Mexico, 217
New Mexico Province, 48, 56
Spanish reconquest of, 66–67, 68–69, 71–73, 76–77, 191, 196, 213, 245n
U.S. conquest of, 127
New San Lazaro Pueblo (Santa Cruz de la Cañada; Tewige), 73, 235n–36n
Niman (Going Home) ceremonies, 135, 177, 207
Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, Halona, 196
Nuestra Señora de la Macana (Our Lady of the War Club), 65, 234n–35n
Nusbaum, Jesse, 108, 109
Nuvayoiyava, see Yava, Albert
Ogap’oge, 68
Old Spider Woman, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 158
Olsen, Stanley, 113–14
Oñate, Juan de, 46
One Horn (Kwakwanteu; Kwan) Society, 172, 173, 174, 177, 184, 189
Opchanacanough (Poawhatan leader), 60
Oraibi Day School, 132–33, 136
Oraibis, Oraibi Pueblo, 51–52, 64, 75, 125, 129, 169, 171, 178, 184, 190, 191–92, 195, 212, 221
in Awat’ovi massacre, 8–9, 11, 186–87, 192, 194, 216
Awat’ovi rivalry with, 218
Cushing at, 116–17
fissioning of, see Oraibi split
forced school enrollment of children of, 132, 137
as hostile to U.S. government presence, 128–29
imprisonment of leaders of, 132
killing of Franciscan missionaries at, 126–27
1906 crisis at, 42
population decline in, 141
prominence of, 127–28
Oraibi split, 176
BIA intervention in, 137–38
conflict over ceremonial duties in, 135–36, 139–40, 199–200
ejection of sukavungsinom from, 136–37
land allotment program and, 132–33
land rights as issue in, 133–34
new villages created from, 126
Pahaana prophecy and, 137, 139–40
schooling issue in, 130–31, 132–33, 137
Shungopovi Spider Clan in, 136
sorcery and, 140
white cultural influence as factor in, 139–40
Oraibi Wash, 134
Otermín, Antonio de, 77
Oyaping, Nelson, 175
Padilla, Juan de, 44, 45
Pahaana (Elder Brother), 117, 118, 119, 137, 196, 216
whites as, 115, 117–18, 124–26, 127, 128, 139
Pahaana prophecy, 214–15
Awat’ovi massacre and, 201, 216
catastrophic events seen as fulfillment of, 120, 140
Cushing and, 117–20, 127
droughts and, 134
Franciscans and, 124–26
Oraibi split and, 137, 139–40
pahos (prayer sticks), 50, 51, 81–82, 125, 144, 145, 146, 153, 159–60, 178, 210
Paiutes, 74
palakiki (government-approved houses), 131, 132
Palatkwapi, 143–47, 172, 198
destruction of, 143–47
evil and corruption in, 144
Palenque, Chiapas, 143
Palowahtiwa, 21
Paquimé, Chihuahua, 143
pavansinom (pro-acculturation Hopis), 132, 133, 135, 139
as outnumbered by sukavungsinom, 138
sukavungsinom ejected from pueblo by, 136–37, 138–39
see also Oraibi split
Payupkis, 184
Payupki Village, 77, 212
Peabody Awat’ovi Expedition, 1–2, 94–102, 106, 203, 215, 217, 222
BIA permission sought for, 90–91
Brew as director of, 92–98, 100–104, 106, 107, 110, 111–12, 113, 116, 204, 208
Brew’s research proposal for, 87–88, 90
camp of, 95–96, 95
ceramics found by, 98–100, 101, 103
European remains excavated by, 55–56, 105–9, 194–95, 196, 210–11, 245n
Hopi crew members of, 94–95, 97, 114
Hopi criticisms of, 114–15
Hopi politics and, 116, 141, 142
Hopi remains excavated by, 209–10, 211, 219–20
kiva murals discovered by, 101–3, 102, 115, 205
kivas excavated by, 54–55, 101–3, 102, 204–5
military barracks excavated by, 215–16
Mission San Bernardo excavation of, 102–7, 114, 115, 194
1975 reunion of, 112, 113
permit renewal denied to, 116
published reports of, 112
season permit sought for, 91–92
Sorcerer’s Kiva excavated by, 201–2, 208–9, 219
Stoner and, 106–8
Test 22 Kiva excavated by, 204–6, 208–9
Peabody Awat’ovi Expedition (continued)
underestimation of costs of, 90
Western Mound excavations of, 97–101, 97, 99, 205
Peabody Museum, 1, 87, 113
Awat’ovi remains held by, 219
Pecos Pueblo, 66, 67, 80
Christian village at, 57
Pehtowa (Wood, Stick, Spruce) Clan, 171–72
Peki (Yava’s stepfather), 172–73, 176
Pelotte, Donald, 221
Peñalosa, Diego Dionisio de, 59
Perry, Reuben, 137
Piño, Patricio (Palowahtiwa), 19
Piros people, 66
pit-houses, 54, 96
dog remains found in, 206, 207–8
human remains in, 34, 38, 207–8
Pitsinsivostiyo (Cotton Seed Boy), 148, 149, 151, 154
Pivanhokyapi village, 123, 155, 156, 157–58, 159–60
destruction of Ladder Dance kiva in, 158–60
destruction of, 163, 199
gambling at, 162–63
Ladder Dance of, 157–58, 162
Polacca, Kenneth, 114
Polacca day school, 173
Polacca Village, 83, 131
Polacca Wash, 166, 172
Poleviyum, Jacob, 95
Polingyouma, Eric, 10, 15, 217–18
Po’pay, 63, 64, 66–67
popwaqt (sorcerers, witches), 120, 140, 157, 161, 166–68, 170, 199, 214
dogs and coyotes associated with, 206–7, 208
killing of, 206
see also powaqa
Porras, Francisco de, 51, 52, 107, 109, 124
miracle performed by, 47, 124
poisoning of, 53
Posada, Alonso de, 57–59, 61
Pot Creek Pueblo, 239n–40n
powa (power to change), 159, 161–62, 199
powaqa (sorcery), 15, 28, 38, 123, 140, 157–58, 159, 166–68, 199
anthropological study of, 16
Awat’ovi massacre as response to, 42, 185, 189, 197
as cause of misfortune, 11, 16, 27, 41–42
efficacy of, 33, 41–42
etymology of, 161–62
trials and punishment of, 41–42
at Zuni Pueblo, 39, 40, 41–42
Powell, John Wesley, 18
Prada, Juan de, 54
prayer sticks (pahos), 50, 51, 81–82, 125, 144, 145, 146, 153, 159–60, 178, 210
Protestant missionaries, 199
Puebloan peoples:
courtship and marriage practices among, 154, 155, 172, 242n
matrilineal descent among, 172
seen as “classless” and “peace-loving,” 27–28
worldview of, 5, 24
Puebloan peoples, pre-Columbian, 22, 242n
and arrival of katsinam, 120–21, 239n–40n
Basketmaker culture of, 90, 96–97
cannibalism suggested among, 29–30, 34
ceramics of, 98–100, 101, 103, 155
classic period of, 96
cotton-growing by, 153, 154
migrations of, 6, 24, 147–48, 198
Pueblo I culture of, 96–97
Pueblo II culture of, 97
violence and community conflict among, 16, 27, 29, 32, 34–39, 183, 230n
violent iconography of, 38
Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, 31, 32, 33, 33
Pueblo I culture, 96–97
Pueblo II culture, 97
Pueblo Revolt (1680), 44, 56, 60–61, 63–64, 69–71, 73, 103, 107, 125–26, 190–91, 193, 195, 196, 209, 210, 218, 234n–35n
murder of Franciscans and destruction of missions in, 64, 66, 103–5, 184, 195, 209, 212
return to old ways promoted by, 66, 104
Pueblo Revolt (1696), 180
Püvyüñobi (Sorcerer’s Kiva), see Sorcerer’s Kiva
Qöötsaptuvela village, 165
in destruction of Sikyatki, 169, 199
Quetzalcoatl, 147
Cortés as, 119
Rabbit Clan, 187, 221
Reed Clan, 110, 186
Requiem for a Nun (Faulkner), xiii
Rio Chiquito Valley, 78, 80
Rio Grande River, 46, 62, 167, 212
Rio Grande Valley, 67, 70, 164, 172, 178, 182, 191, 213, 219
arrival of katsinam in, 121, 239n–40n
1696 famine in, 77–78
Rio Santa Cruz, 73
Rito Sarco Valley, 78
Roosevelt administration, BIA reforms of, 92
Sacred Clown Society, 121
Sacred Mountain Trading Post, 247n
Saint Joseph Indian Mission, 108–9
Salem Witch Trials, 16, 27
Sáliko, 221
Awat’ovi massacre story told by, 11, 17, 25
Salinas Pueblos, 217
San Bernardo Polychrome ceramics, 3, 3
San Cristóbal (Tsaewari) Pueblo, post-1692, 70, 73, 78, 82, 83
Walpis at, 78
Sand Clan, 221
Sandia Pueblo, 77, 212
San Felipe Pueblo, 67, 80
San Francisco Peaks, 123, 146, 157, 163, 177
San Gabriel del Yunque, 46
Sangre de Cristo Mountain, 70, 73
San Ildefonso Pueblo, 79
San José Valley, 164
San Lazaro Pueblo, 70
San Marcos Pueblo, 70
Santa Ana Pueblo, 67, 80, 82
Santa Clara Pueblo, 60–61
Santa Cruz de la Cañada (New San Lazaro; Tewige), 73, 235n–36n
Santa Fe, 61, 62–63, 68, 72, 80, 192, 213
siege of (1680), 65, 69, 71
Vargas’s recapture of, 69, 71–72
Santa María, Augustín de, 64, 126–27
Santo Domingo Pueblo, 80
Santo Niño de Cíbu (statue), 196
School of American Archaeology, 91
Scott, Donald, 87, 90
Scott, Virginia, 177
Second Mesa, 77, 95, 110, 114, 136, 164, 174, 212
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 120
sherds, 3
Shipley, David L., 130–31
Shungopovis, Shungopovi Village, 10, 59, 61, 64, 131
in Awat’ovi massacre, 187
forced school enrollment of children from, 136
Sikyaatayo (Red Fox Boy), 150–51, 152, 153, 154
Sikyatki Polychrome ceramics, 3, 100, 101, 163, 164, 165, 199
Sikyatki Pueblo, 168, 178
destruction of, 163, 166, 169, 199
Smithsonian excavation of, 164
Si’mo, Walpi chief, 25, 131
sipapu, 144, 203, 205, 206, 209
as gateway between Third and Fourth Worlds, 206–7, 208
sipapuni, 144
Sitaiema (Yava’s father), 171–72
Sitgreaves Expedition, 127
Situqui, see Hopi Mesas
Siwiyistiwa, 144–46, 147
slave traders, 74
Sleeping Ute Mountain, 34
Smith, Joseph, 128
Smith, Watson, 102, 103, 109, 114, 203, 205
Smithsonian Institution, 18, 116, 164
Snake Clan, 79, 81, 110, 178, 188, 212
Snake Dance, 129–30, 135
Snake-Dance of the Moquis of Arizona, The (Bourke), 129
sorcerers, sorcery, see popwaqt; powaqa
Sorcerer’s Kiva, 11
absence of murals in, 203, 208–9
age of, 202
evidence of fire at, 204
Fewkes’s excavation of, 15, 26–27, 201, 208, 219, 221
human remains found in, 27, 204, 208
Peabody excavation of, 201–2, 204, 208–9, 219
Sorcerer’s Kiva (continued)
sipapu in, 203, 206, 209
Tests 22 and 31, as probable sorcerer’s kivas, 201–9
unusual features of, 202–3, 206, 208–9
Southwest, pre-Columbian ruins in, 22
Soyal ceremony, 146
Spanish conquistadors, 29, 119
in first encounter with Awat’ovi Pueblo, 2, 44–45
in reconquest of New Mexico, 66–67, 68–69, 71–73, 76–77, 191, 196, 213, 245n
in 1701 expedition against Hopis, 127, 237n
Spanish Inquisition, 27, 48
Spider Clan, 136
Stanley, Elizabeth, 136, 138
Awat’ovi massacre story transcribed by, 11, 17, 25
Stevens, Alden, 94
Stoner, Victor Rose, 44
and Antelope Mesa excavations, 106–8
Strap Clan, 127
sukavungsinom (anti-acculturation Hopis), 132, 133, 135
ejection from Oraibi pueblo of, 136–37, 138–39
imprisonment of, 138
pavansinom outnumbered by, 138
see also Oraibi split
Sunset Crater, Ariz., 147
suyanisqatsi (harmony, balance), 14, 122, 176, 200
Swallow Boy, 166–68
Swallow Clan, 166–69, 199
Taiyomana (Yava’s second wife), 177
Tallahogan (The Singing House), 9, 59–60, 67, 190, 222
see also Awat’ovi Pueblo
Tano people, see Tewa (Tano) peoples
Tansy Mustard Clan, 187, 221
Taos Pueblo, 22
Ta’polo (Chief of Awat’ovi), 1
in Awat’ovi massacre, 1, 11, 122, 185–86, 187–88, 189, 201, 216, 244n–45n
Tataukyam Society, 188
Tawaquaptewa, Oraibi chief, 136, 141
as pavansinom leader, 137, 139
Tawayistiwa, Palatkwapi chief, 144, 145, 147
Taylor, Wayne, 221
Tenochtitlán, Mex
ico, 54
Teotihuacán, Valley of Mexico, 143
Terre Haute, Ind., 131
Test 22 Kiva:
absence of murals in, 205, 208–9
dog skeleton found in, 205, 206
evidence of fire in, 205
human remains found in, 205
Peabody excavation of, 204–6, 208–9
sipapu as absent from, 205, 206
unusual features of, 205, 206, 208–9
Test 31 Kiva, see Sorcerer’s Kiva
Tesuque Pueblo, 63, 80
Tewa language, 180
Hopis and, 84–86
Tewa (Tano) peoples, 60–61, 66, 70, 73, 172
in battle with Utes, 179–80
enmity toward Spanish of, 71–72
Franciscans and, 70–71, 73
Hopi intermarriage with, 85, 164, 171–72
Hopi relations with, 84–86, 176, 181
in migration to Hopi Mesas, 82–83, 86, 177, 180–81, 198, 212, 213, 215–16
military skill of, 69–70, 71, 83, 85
mountain refuges of, 78, 80–81
as possible participants in Awat’ovi massacre, 237n
in Pueblo Revolt, 69–71, 80
resettlement of, 72–73
1696 uprising of, 79–81
Walpi recruitment of, 78–79, 81–82, 178, 212, 213
Walpis’ broken promises to, 83–84, 178–79
Tewa Village, 85, 85, 86, 164, 172, 181, 212
schooling of children from, 173–75
Tewige (New San Lazaro; Santa Cruz de la Cañada), 73, 235n–36n
Third Mesa, 123, 126, 132, 155, 164, 174
Third World, 147, 185
collapse of, 144
sipapu as gateway from, 206–7
Thompson, Lyndon, 94, 95
Tiikuywuuti (Child Sticking Out Woman), 159, 160, 198–99
Tiwa peoples, 62, 66, 212, 239n–40n
Tlaloc (Aztec rain spirit), 147
Tobacco Clan, 187–88, 221, 244n
Toltecs, 54
Tompiros people, 66
totolospi (game of chance), 163, 199
Tovar, Don Pedro de, 44–45
Towa people, 67
Troy, 5, 217
Trujillo, José de, 64
Tsaewari (new San Cristóbal), 73, 178, 180, 198
Tuba City, Ariz., 128
Tucson, Archdiocese of, 106, 107, 108
Tucson Daily Citizen, 106
Tupats’ovi village, 148, 150, 152–53, 155, 198
Tupatú, Luis, 63, 66
Tusayán, see Hopi Mesas
Tusayán Trading Post, 10
Tuuvi, 128
Two Horn Society, 187, 188, 218
Union Pacific Railroad, 129
Upper Moencopi village, 126
Urrutia, Joseph de, 72
Utah, 128
Utes, 74, 85
in battle with Tanos, 179–80
raids on Hopis by, 74, 83, 178, 213
Valverde, Antonio de, 80
Valverde, José Narváez, 60, 193
Vargas, Diego de, 78, 191, 196, 212
in reconquest of New Mexico, 66, 68–69, 71–73
and 1696 Tano-Tewa uprising, 80–81