10. Andy Barr, “Newt Gingrich Compares Mosque to Nazis,” Politico, August 16, 2010, retrieved September 6, 2010, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41112.html; “Harry Reid: Ground Zero Mosque ‘Should Be Built Some Place Else,’” CBS News, August 16, 2010, retrieved September 6, 2010, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20013773-503544.html.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary sources for this book include nearly one hundred interviews with former law enforcement, intelligence, and diplomatic officials in both the United States and Bosnia; American jihadists and their families; victims of jihadist violence; and other individuals directly involved in the events described in this book. Document sources include
• Thousands of pages of documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, including documents pertaining to the September 11 attacks, the Siege of Mecca, the war in Bosnia, the jihad against the Soviet Union, and Egyptian extremist groups.
• Thousands of pages of documents obtained from the National Archives pertaining to Anwar Awlaki and the activities of the September 11 hijackers in America.
• Court records from dozens of prosecutions of American jihadists, mostly obtained through PACER, as well as several thousand pages of exhibits pertaining to the Al Kifah Center in Boston, obtained from the U.S. Attorney’s office in Boston.
• Documents pertaining to al Qaeda and Ali Mohamed that were obtained during the making of the 2007 National Geographic Channel documentary Triple Cross: Bin Laden’s Spy in America.
• Several thousand pages of intelligence and al Qaeda documents pertaining to the war in Bosnia obtained during the making of the 2010 European television documentary Sarajevo Ricochet.
•Court transcripts from major terrorism trials, especially USA v. bin Laden et al. (2001) and USA v. Abdel Rahman et al. (1995).
•A wide number of books and newspaper reports were consulted during the research process for this book. Especially valuable were reports from the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the L.A. Times. Books to which the author is especially indebted include The Cell: Inside the 9/11 Plot and Why the FBI and CIA Failed to Stop It, by John Miller and Michael Stone with Chris Mitchell (Hyperion, 2003), and The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright (Knopf, 2006).
INDEX
Abdullah, Mohdar, 120–21
Abouhalima, Mahmud, 29, 48–49, 66–67, 97
Abousamra, Ahmad, 193–94, 197–98, 201
Abu Hamza Al Masri, 152
Abu Mansour Al Amriki (Bosnia), 86
Abu Mansour Al Amriki (Somalia), see Hammami, Omar
Afghanistan: jihad against the Soviets, vii, xi, xiii, 5–32, 35–38, 41–42, 45, 47–48, 53, 61–63, 80, 84–85, 87, 94–95, 118, 207; post–September 11, 129, 149, 151–52, 154, 156–58, 160–61, 163, 165, 169, 171, 183–87, 200, 203–4, 209–10, 214; post–Soviet era, 99–100, 102–3, 106–10, 113, 115–16
Ajaj, Ahmad, 47–49
Airman Flight School, 103, 131
Alamoudi, Abdurrahman, 56–57, 73, 152, 205–6
Alessa, Mahmood, 184–86,
Ali, lhab, 103, 107, 109–110, 113, 131
Ali, Isa Abdulla. See Holt, Klevin Ali, Siddig, 58–59, 65–71, 74–76, 106
Alkaisi, Bilal, 47
Almonte, Carlos Eduardo, 184–85
Alvarez, Victor, 68
American Islamic Group, 85–86, 96, 157
American Muslim Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs Council, 73
American Muslim Council, 56, 73, 152, 205
American World Wide Relief, 85
Al Ansar Web forum, 179
Arnaout, Enaam, 95, 152
Atef, Mohammed, 99, 105–6, 156
Awadallah, Osama, 121
Awlaki, Anwar: connections to September 11 hijackers, 119–21, 124–26; influence, 159, 178–81, 184, 189, 191–3, 208, 210–11, 213; post–September 11, 128, 133–41, 142–50; pre-September 11, 115–26
Ayyad, Nidal, 47–49
Azzam, Abdullah: American jihadists recruited, 11, 14, 17, 20, 22, 28, 36, 103; death, 40–42; ideology of, viii, 9–12, 80, 197; role during Soviet jihad, 7–11; role post–Soviet jihad, 17–23, 25–28, 36–38
Azzam the American, see Gadahn, Adam
Azzam.com, 179
Bakarbashat, Omar, 120–21
Bayazid, Mohamed Loay, 17-9, 21, 38, 95, 105, 113, 127, 224n
Bayoumi, Omar Al, 119–21, 124–25
Benevolence International Foundation, 84, 95–97, 105, 151–2
Bin Laden, Osama, viii, 5, 7, 17–21, 23, 26, 32, 41–42, 45, 55–56, 59–61, 70, 84, 94–96, 100–112, 118–19, 121, 129, 149–50, 182, 206
Bosnia, viii, xiii, 51, 53–69, 71–77, 79–80, 83–86, 88-97, 100, 109, 116, 118, 130, 151–52, 154, 163, 169, 185, 200, 203, 206–7, 210, 215, 218
Boston, Massachusetts, 8, 16, 58, 79–85, 96–97, 152, 192–94, 196–98
Boyd, Daniel, 21–22
Brooklyn, New York, viii, 8, 12–13, 16, 20, 27–29, 34–37, 42–49, 58, 62, 65–75, 79, 85, 99, 105–6, 108, 118, 182, 210
CARE International, 79–85, 96–97, 152 Cartoons of Mohammed, 167, 174–75
Catovic, Saffet, 65, 74
Cengic, Hasan, 59–60, 65, 68
Central Intelligence Agency, 2, 14, 23, 36, 38, 40, 72, 96, 101, 109, 149
Chakravarty, Aloke, 84–85
Charitable Society for Social Welfare, 118–19
Chechnya, viii, 35, 80, 84–86, 95–97, 100, 109, 116, 151–52, 162
Chesser, Zachary, aka Abu Talha Al Amriki, 187–90, 199, 201, 207, 212, 214
Choudhary, Roshonara, 139
Corrigan, Tom, 36, 47–48, 64–65, 67, 69, 71, 108, 217
Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), 130, 205
Dahab, Khalid Abu El, 24, 103–4, 106, 113
Damra, Fawaz, 37, 45–46
Danish cartoon controversy, see cartoons of Mohammed
Dar Al Hijrah mosque, 122–25, 128, 135–36
Diab, Hisham, 85, 153
Deek, Khalil, 153–54
East African embassy bombings, 104, 111–13
Ebrahim, Zak, 29–30, 43
Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 19, 22–24, 27, 32, 38, 42, 55, 225n
Encyclopedia of Jihad, 27–28
Fadl, Jamal Al, 20–21, 107–8
Faisal, Abdullah Al, 159, 178, 181
Fitzgerald, Patrick, 62, 108
Fort Bragg, 22, 24–28, 44, 101
Fort Dix Six, 139
Al Fuqra, 35–36, 207
Gadahn, Adam aka Azzam the American, 152–56, 211
Gilani, Daood Syed aka David Headley, 164–68
Gilani, Mubarek Ali, 35
Gingrich, Newt, 215
Hage, Wadih El: assisting bin Laden, 102–3; FBI investigation and arrest, 108–10, 112–13; joined Al Qaeda, 19–20; role in Mustafa Shalabi murder, 46–47; role in Rashad Khalifa murder, 34-5; training in U.S., 29Hamas, xii, 19, 71, 96, 122, 152, 206 Hanafi siege of Washington, D.C., 3
Hasan, Nidal Malik, 123, 141–47, 182, 192, 208, 211
Hassoun, Adham, 97–99, 157
Hazmi, Nawaf Al, 120–21, 124–25, 134
Headley, David Coleman. See Gilani, Daood Syed
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 84
Hezbollah, xii, 23, 87–88, 104, 152
Holt, Klevin (Isa Abdullah Ali), 86–90, 207
Al Hussam newsletter, 80–83, 86, 177, 198
Ibrahim, Khaled, 22, 29–30
Inspire magazine, 192, 198, 211
Iran, 4–5, 55, 57, 86
Islamic Awakening Web forum, 180–81, 187, 193, 198
Islamic Courts Union (Somalia), 168, 171, 195
Islamic Group (Gamaat Islamiyya), 38–40, 55, 79, 85, 96, 200
Islamic Information Center of the Americas, 85
Islamic Thinkers Society, 181, 185–86, 190, 192
Izetbegovic, Alija, 54–55, 58–59, 68
Jayyousi, Kifah, 96–97, 157 jihad: Abdullah Azzam on jihad, 9–11, 41; concep
t and definition, viii; defensive jihad, viii, 9, 11, 207; Omar Abdel Rahman on jihad, 43
jihadist, defined, ix–xi
Jihad Jane, see Larose, Colleen
Jihad Recollections magazine, 192, 198
Jyllands Posten newspaper, 167
Kahane, Meir, 46–47
Kashmir, 35, 109, 130–31, 162–63, 165–68
Khaalis, Hamaas Abdul, 3
Khaleel, Ziyad, 119
Khalifa, Mohammed Jamal, 70
Khalifa, Rashid, 33–36, 46–47, 110
Khan, Samir, 190–92, 198, 201, 211
Khattab, Yousef Al, 182–83, 185, 187, 190, 192, 201
Al Kifah Center, 8, 13–14, 16, 20, 27–28, 34, 36–37, 42, 45–47, 58, 64, 79, 85, 99, 106, 108, 127
Lackawanna Six, 152
LaRose, Colleen, aka Jihad Jane, 174–75
Lashkar-E-Tayyiba, 161–68, 194
Lindh, John Walker, 129–30
Malcolm X, 2–3, 91, 129, 141
Maldonado, Daniel, 171, 174, 193–97, 208
Masjid As-Salaam, 22, 28–29
Maqdisi, Muhammad Al, 193
McCarthy, Andrew, 48, 106–7
Mehanna, Tarek, 193–94, 196–99, 201, 207
Mehsud, Hakimullah, 160
Mihdhar, Khalid Al, 120–21, 124–25
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 139, 169–70, 172
Mohamed, Ali Abdelsaoud: background, 22–23; falling out with Al Qaeda, 106; infiltration of CIA, 23; infiltration of FBI, 101-2; infiltration of U.S. Army, 24–7; investigation and arrest, 106, 110–13; operations in California, 103–5; possible connections to September 11, 103, 131; possible involvement with World Trade Center bombing, 48; Somalia and East African embassy bombings, 104; terrorist training activities, 27–28, 44, 46, 103
Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh, 55, 156–58
Mostafa, Jehad, 170
Muhammad, Younus Abdullah, 182–84, 187, 191
Mumbai, 166–68
Muntasser, Emad, 79, 85
Muslim Brotherhood, ix, 2, 4, 26, 51, 118, 122
Muslim Military Members, 60, 72
Muslim Students Association, 3, 7, 96
Muslim World League: influence on American Muslim organizations, 2–4, 153; role in Afghanistan jihad, 7–8, 20, 70, 103; journal, 56, 116, 205
Mutallab, Omar Farouq, 139, 146–47
Nosair, El Sayyid, 28-30, 37, 43–45, 47–48, 67, 74–75, 107
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, xii
Padilla, Jose, 98–100, 156–57, 207
Pakistan, 5, 8, 14, 18, 20, 22, 35, 37, 40, 46–49, 94–95, 99, 103, 129–30, 149, 154–60, 162–68, 186–87, 193, 200, 204, 214
Paul, Christopher, 94–95
Paulin-Ramirez, Jamie, 175
Philips, Bilal. 51–53, 59, 61–63, 65, 68–70, 72–73, 86, 217
Phillips, Benjamin, 35
Portland Seven, 152
Al Qaeda: in Bosnia, 55, 59, 93–96; early U.S. intelligence, 101–2; first American members, 17–32; founding, 17–19; organization, xii-xiii, 11, 99–100, 101–13, 118–126, 151–58, 186–87, 211–13; role in World Trade Center bombing, 47–49;
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 146–50, 192, 210
Al Qimmah Web forum, 179, 187
Rababah, Eyad Al, 124
radicalization, 139, 153, 155, 175, 179, 184, 199, 204–8, 211–12, 214–16
Rahman, Omar Abdel, 7, 9, 37–40, 43–9, 55–6, 58, 60, 64–67, 73–75, 79, 85, 90, 96–97, 99, 106, 153, 191, 200, 205–6
Rashid, Abdullah: in Afghanistan, 13–16; alleged link to Al Fuqra, 36
arrest, 71-72; background, 12–13; Day of Terror plot, 64-71, 90; post-Afghanistan, 27, 29; Project Bosnia, 62–69, 74; in Philippines, 70–71; on September 11, 128–29
Rashid, Alia, 12–13, 16, 71–72
Revolution Muslim, 181–85, 187, 189-92, 198, 212
Ar-Ribat Mosque, 116–21, 125
Ridi, Essam Al, 103
Royer, Ismail (Randy), 90–94, 130–31, 162–64, 207
Royer, Ray (father of Randy), 90, 92
Salameh, Mohammed, 29, 47–49
San Diego, California, 14, 85–86, 97, 116–21, 124–26, 137, 153, 170
Saudi Arabia, 2–6, 34, 51–53, 55–56, 63, 101–2, 119, 124–25, 152
September 11, day of attack, 127–31; detention of American Muslims, 151-2; role of Anwar Awlaki, 120–6, 133–35, 140; support network, 30, 55, 103, 131 Al Shabab, 140–41, 168–74, 179, 184, 187, 189–90, 195, 214
Shahzad, Faisal, 158–61
Shalabi, Mustafa: head of Al Kifah Center, 16, 20, 27, 34, 36–37; murder of, 42–47
Shukrijumah, Adnan, 99–100, 130, 156–58, 211
siege of Mecca, vii-viii, 4–6
Somalia, viii, xiii, 6–62, 96–97, 104, 109–110, 130, 140–41, 168–74, 184, 188–89, 194–96, 204, 208–9, 214
Soviet Union, viii, 5–11, 14–22, 28, 31–32, 35–37, 80
Sphinx Trading, 30
Sudan, 40, 61, 94, 101–8, 110, 113
Tahir, 53, 60–65, 69, 72, 94
terrorism, defined ix-x
terrorist training: in Afghanistan, 19–22, 27, 47–48, 99–104, 116, 129, 151–52, 156–58, 162, 184, 199–200, 210, 214; elsewhere, 35, 53, 56, 59–60, 80, 87–88, 94, 104, 110, 113, 116, 130, 139, 145–46, 150, 160, 162–66, 169, 186, 194–95, 210, 214; on U.S. soil, 6, 28–31, 36–37, 44, 63–71, 73–74, 76–77, 94, 139, 152
Third World Relief Agency, 59–60, 68, 71, 73
Timimi, Ali Al, 130–31, 163–64
Ujaama, James, 152
Uqdah, Qaseem, 60–61, 63, 72–73
U.S. Armed Forces, infiltration of, 24–28, 51–54, 59–63, 72–73; jihadists who served in, 12, 29, 53, 59–61, 86, 123
Vinas, Bryant, 185–87, 201
Voss, Christopher, 68, 76, 217
Wilson, Garrett, 64
Wisner, Ambassador Frank, 40
World Anti-Communist League, 7
World Trade Center bombing (1993), xii, 29, 47–49, 66–68, 71, 79, 97, 106
Yahya, Abu Ubaidah, 64, 66, 69
Yemen, vii-viii, 4, 16, 18, 61, 99, 102, 115–16, 118, 121, 125–26, 129, 137, 139–40, 143, 146, 152, 180, 192, 194, 196, 204, 209, 214
Yousef, Ramzi, 47–49, 67, 70, 111, 127
Zaki, Mohammed, 14–15, 85–86
Zawahiri, Ayman Al, xiii, 7, 19, 22–24, 26-7, 38, 42, 46, 75, 105, 155
Zazi, Najibullah, 157–58
Zent, John, 101
Zindani, Abdel Majid, 118, 129, 139
Zindani, Abdul Wali, 118
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
J. M. Berger has been a journalist for more than twenty years. His writing has appeared in the Boston Globe and the San Francisco Examiner, and he has produced programming on terrorism and national security for National Public Radio, Public Radio International, and the National Geographic Channel. His recent work includes Sarajevo Ricochet, a 2010 European television documentary about the mujahideen in Bosnia. Berger is the founder and the editor of the terrorism news and research website Intelwire.com, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.