137–140. His capture of Lemnos – previous history of the inhabitants
Book Seven
Polyhymnia
1. Preparations of Darius against Greece
2. His sons dispute the succession
3. Appointment of Xerxes
4. Death of Darius
5. Xerxes urged to attack Greece
6. Influence of Onomacritus
7. Reduction of Egypt
8. Xerxes assembles a council – his speech
9. Address of Mardonius
10. Speech of Artabanus
11. Reply of Xerxes
12–14. Xerxes’ vision
15–16. Colloquy with Artabanus
17–18. The vision appears to Artabanus
19. Preparations of Xerxes
20–21. Magnitude of the expedition
22–24. Canal of Athos – skill of the Phoenicians
25. Collection of stores
26. Xerxes’ march from Critalla
27–29. Story of Pythius the Lydian
30. Route of the army
31. Xerxes reaches Sardis
32. Heralds sent off
33–34. Bridge at Abydos
35. Xerxes lashes the Hellespont
36. Construction of the Bridge
37. The army leaves Sardis
38–39. Treatment of Pythius’ son
40–41. Order of the march
42. Route through Mysia
43. Xerxes at Troy
44–45. Xerxes views his armament
46–52. Dialogue with Artabanus
53. Xerxes’ address to the chief Persians
54. Libation and prayer of Xerxes
55–56. Passage of the Hellespont
57. Prodigies
58–59. March from Sestos to Doriscus
60. Numbering of the army
61. Nations enumerated – the Persians – their dress and armature
62. The Medes, Cissians, and Hyrcanians
63. The Assyrians and Chaldaeans
64. The Bactrians and Sacae
65. The Indians
66. The Arians, Parthians, etc.
67. The Caspians, Sarangians, etc.
68. The Utians, etc.
69. The Arabians and the Ethiopians of Libya
70. The Ethiopians of Asia
71. The Libyans
72–73. The Paphlagonians, Phrygians, and Armenians
74–75. The Lydians and Thracians
76–77. The Chalybians, Cabalians, etc.
78–79. The Moschians, Mares, Colchians, etc.
80. The Islanders
81–82. Officers and Commanders in chief
83. ‘Immortals’
84–88. Nations which furnished cavalry
89. Contingents to the fleet – Phoenicians – Egyptians
90. Contingents to the fleet – Cyprians
91. Contingents to the fleet – Cilicians – Pamphylians
92–93. Contingents to the fleet – Lycians – Dorians – Carians
94–95. Contingents to the fleet – Ionians – Aeolians – Hellespontians
96. Marines
97–98. Commanders of the naval force
99. Artemisia
100. Xerxes reviews his forces
101. Consults Demaratus
102. Speech of Demaratus
103. Reply of Xerxes
104. Demaratus’ opinion of the Spartans
105. Xerxes leaves Doriscus
106–107. Mascames and Boges
108. Xerxes’ march from Doriscus
109. Passage of the Nestus
110–112. Thracian tribes along the route
113. March through Paeonia
114. Passage of the Strymon
115–116. March to Acanthus
117. Death and funeral of Artachaees
118–119. Preparations for feeding the army
120. Witty remark of Megacreon
121. Order of the march
122. Passage through the Canal
124. Arrival in the Thermaic Gulf
125–126. The camels attacked by lions
127. Xerxes reaches Therma
128. Two entrances into Thessaly
129. Description of Thessaly – the Peneus and its tributaries
130. The way to submerge Thessaly
131. Stay of Xerxes in Pieria
132–133. Treatment of Persian heralds
134–137. Story of Sperthias and Bulis
138. Alarm of the Greeks
139. Patriotic conduct of the Athenians – the Athenians, the Saviours of Greece
140. Warning of the oracle
141–142. The second oracle
143. Themistocles
144. Proposal of Themistocles to build a fleet
145. The Greeks make up their quarrels
146–147. Xerxes’ treatment of the Greek spies
148. Greek embassy to Argos – reply of the Argive council
149. Sparta rejects their offer
150–152. Alliance between Persia and Argos
153. Greek embassy to Sicily – ancestry of Gelo
154. History of Gelo
155. Gelo becomes king of Gela
156. Makes Syracuse his capital
157. Speech of the Greek envoys
158. Gelo’s answer
159. Indignation of Syagrus
160. Gelo’s reply to him
161. Address of the Athenian envoy
162. Gelo’s final answer
163–164. Cadmus sent by Gelo to Delphi
165. Intention of Gelo to help the Greeks – Carthaginians invade Sicily
166–167. Defeat and disappearance of Hamilcar
168. Promises of the Corcyraeans – their actual conduct
169. Embassy to Crete
170. Mythic history of Minos – greatest known slaughter of Greeks
171. Misfortunes of Crete
172. Greeks occupy the defile of Tempe
173–4. Reason of their leaving the pass
175–177. Greeks resolve to defend Artemisium and Thermopylae – description of these places
178. Greeks advised to pray to the winds
179. Advance of the Persian fleet
180–182. First encounter
183. Stele placed on the ‘Ant’
184–185. Estimate of the Persian forces
186. Number of the host altogether
187. Rivers insufficient for the supply
188–189. First storm – loss to the Persian fleet
190. Enrichment of Ameinocles
191. The storm ceases
192. Thanksgiving to Poseidon ‘the Saviour’
193. Persians advance to Aphetae
194. Greeks take fifteen ships
195. Fate of Aridolis
196. Xerxes’ advance through Thessaly
197. Temple of Laphystian Zeus
198. Description of Malis
199–200. Pass of Thermopylae
201. Position of the two armies
202–203. Enumeration of the Greek troops
204. Descent of Leonidas
205. The three hundred
206. Spartans keep the Carneia
207. Panic
208. Mounted spy sent by Xerxes
209. Xerxes questions Demaratus
210. First attack by the Medes
211. Second attack by the �
�Immortals’
212. Alarm of Xerxes
213–214. Ephialtes tells of the mountain-path
215. Hydarnes sent with Ephialtes
216. The path described
217–218. Passage of the Persians
219. Leonidas dismisses the allies
220–221. Reasons for Leonidas remaining
222. Conduct of the Thespians and Thebans
223–224. Last conflict – death of Leonidas
225. Struggle over his body
226. Remark of Dieneces
227. Alpheus and Maro
228. Inscriptions
229–231. Story of Aristodemus
232. Another survivor of the Battle
233. Conduct and fate of the Thebans
234–235. Xerxes’ colloquy with Demaratus
236. Objection of Achaemenes
237. Reply of Xerxes
238. His treatment of Leonidas’ body
239. Gorgo and the waxed tablet
Book Eight
Urania
1. The Greek Fleet at Artemisium
2–3. The commander, Eurybiades
4–5. Proceedings of Themistocles
6. Approach of the Persians
7. Ships sent round Euboea
8. Story of Scyllias the Diver
9. Council of the Greek Captains
10–11. First battle at Artemisium
12–13. Terrible storm
14. Second engagement
15–18. Third engagement
19–22. Stratagem of Themistocles – Oracle of Bacis
23. Advance of the Persian fleet
24–25. Persian sailors visit Thermopylae
26. Deserters from Arcadia
27–31. Persians invade Phocis – wars of Phocians and Thessalians
32. Flight of the Phocians
33. Their towns burnt
34. Division of the Persian forces
35–39. Attack on Delphi – discomfiture of the Persians
40. The Grecian fleet anchors at Salamis
41. The Athenians quit Attica
42–48. Nations composing the Grecian fleet
49. Proposed withdrawal to the Isthmus
50–51. The Persians reach Athens
52–3. Attack on the Acropolis
54. Message to Artabanus
55. Prodigy of the sacred olive
56. Greeks resolve to sail to the Isthmus
57. Suggestion of Mnesiphilus
58–60. Themistocles applies to Eurybiades
61–62. Adeimantus and Themistocles
63–64. Determination of Eurybiades
65. Omen of the cloud of dust
66. Persian fleet at Phalerum
67. Xerxes consults his captains
68. Speech of Artemisia
69. Satisfaction of the king at it
70–71. Advance of the Persians
72. Greeks at the Isthmus
73. Inhabitants of the Peloponnese
74. Proceedings at Salamis
75. Stratagem of Themistocles
76. Persians occupy Psyttaleia
77. Truth of prophecies
78. Contention of the Greek captains
79. Arrival of Aristides
80–81. His conference with Themistocles
82–83. Preparations for the fight
84–89. Battle of Salamis
90. Position of Xerxes’ Seat
91. Rout of the Persians
92. Exploits of Polycritus
93. Conduct of Ameinias
94. Story of Adeimantus’ flight
95. Exploit of Aristides
96. Preparations to renew the fight
97. Messenger sent to Persia
98. Persian messengers
99. Effect of the tidings
100. Mardonius’ advice to Xerxes
101. Xerxes consults with Artemisia
102. Artemisia’s answer
103–104. Proceedings of Xerxes
105–106. Story of Hermotimus
107. Persians sail to the Hellespont
108. Proposed pursuit
109. Themistocles’ advice
110. His message to the king
111. Siege of Andros
112. Themistocles gathers contributions
113. Line of Persian retreat
114. Satisfaction for the death of Leonidas
115. Xerxes’ march to the Hellespont – sufferings of the army
116. Story of a Thracian king
117. Passage to Abydos
118–120. False account of Xerxes’ return
121–122. Grecian offerings to the gods
123. Prize of valour
124. Honours paid to Themistocles
125. Envy of Timodemus
126–127. Artabazus lays siege to Potidaea
128. Affair of Timoxenus
129. Siege raised
130. Persian fleet at Samos
131. Grecian fleet at Aegina
132. Embassy of Herodotus the Chian
133–135. Mys consults the oracles
136–139. Mission of Alexander, son of Amyntas, to Athens – legend of Perdiccas
140. Speech of Alexander
141–142. Counter speech of Spartan ambassadors
143. Answer of the Athenians to Alexander
144. Answer to the Spartan envoys
Book Nine
Calliope
1. Mardonius marches against Athens
2. Advice of the Thebans
3. Mardonius enters Athens
4–5. Mission of Murychides
6. Athenian embassy to Sparta
7. Address of the Athenian envoys
8. Delay of the Ephors
9–10. Expedition sent out
11. Answer to the envoys
12–13. Mardonius, warned by the Argives, retreats
14. Furthest point reached by Persians
15. Mardonius encamps on the Asopus
16. Story related by Thersander
17–18. Danger of the Phocians
19. March of Peloponnesians from the Isthmus
20–23. First engagement – Masistius slain
24. Persian lamentations
25. Greeks move towards Plataea
26–27. Marshalling of the nations – rival claims of the Tegeans and the Athenians
28–29. Left wing according to the Athenians – array and numbers of the other troops
30. Amount of Greek army
31–32. Persians marshalled by Mardonius
33–36. Grecian soothsayer Tisamenus – his history
37. Mardonius’ soothsayer, Hegesistratus
38–40. Persians cut off the Greek convoys
41–42. Persians hold a council of war
43. Oracle of Bacis
44–45. Greeks warned by Alexander of Macedon
46–47. The Spartans and Athenians change places
48. Mardonius insults the Spartans
49. Persians choke the fountain of Gargaphia
50–52. Movement to Oëroë
53–55. Obstinacy of Amompharetus
56–57. Retreat of Pausanias
58. Mardonius’ speech thereupon
59. Persians pursue the Greeks
60–65. Battle of Plataea – death of Mardonius
66. Conduct of Artabazus
67. Boeotians’ struggle with Athenians
68. General flight
69–70. Second battle at the entrenched camp
71. Prowess of the contending parties
72. Conduct of Callicrates
73–75. Athenian most distinguished, Sophanes – his conduct and fate
76. A lady’s appeal to Pausanias
77. Arrival of Mantineans and Eleans
78–79. Evil counsel of Lampon
80. Disposal of the booty
81. Portions set apart for the gods – distribution of the remainder
82. A Persian and a Spartan supper
83. Wonders of the battle-field
84. Clandestine burial of Mardonius
85. Graves of the slain
86–88. Siege of Thebes
89. Flight of Artabazus
90–91. Leotychides invited by the Samians
92–95. Deiphonus and Evenius
96. Greeks proceed to Samos – Persian army at Mycale
97–103. Battle of Mycale
104. Fate of the Persians
105. The palm of bravery assigned to the Athenians
106. Greeks sail to the Hellespont
107. Persians retreat to Sardis
108–113. Intrigues of Xerxes – fate of Masistes
114–120. Athenians lay siege to Sestos – fate of Oeobazus – punishment of Artaÿctes
121. Athenians return, bringing with them the shore-cables of Xerxes’ bridges
122. Artembares and Cyrus
Histories
Book One
These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, [1] which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the Barbarians from losing their due need of glory; and withal to put on record what were their grounds of feud.
1. According to the Persians best informed in history, the Phoenicians began the quarrel. This people, who had formerly dwelt on the shores of the Erythraean Sea, [2] having migrated to the Mediterranean and settled in the parts which they now inhabit, began at once, they say, to adventure on long voyages, freighting their vessels with the wares of Egypt and Assyria. They landed at many places on the coast, and among the rest at Argos, which was then pre-eminent above all the states included now under the common name of Hellas. [3] Here they exposed their merchandise, and traded with the natives for five or six days; at the end of which time, when almost everything was sold, there came down to the beach a number of women, and among them the daughter of the king, who was, they say, agreeing in this with the Greeks, Io, the child of Inachus. The women were standing by the stern of the ship intent upon their purchases, when the Phoenicians, with a general shout, rushed upon them. The greater part made their escape, but some were seized and carried off. Io herself was among the captives. The Phoenicians put the women on board their vessel, and set sail for Egypt. Thus did Io pass into Egypt, according to the Persian story, [4] which differs widely from the Phoenician: and thus commenced, according to their authors, the series of outrages.