New Caledonian crow, 128, 130, 136, 191n14
Ngeneo, Bernard, 87
nuclear DNA. See under DNA
nucleus (cellular), 44, 46, 91
okapi, 80
Old English, 59–60, 65
Oldowan (stone tool culture), 86
Olduvai Gorge, 86, 107
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,” 36
Opabinia, 66
orang pendek, 80
Oreopithecus, 123
Origin of Species. See under Darwin, Charles
Orrorin tugenensis, 94, 96
Orwell, George: Animal Farm, 156
“out-of-Africa” model, 91–93
Oviraptor, 53
oviraptorosaurs, 53
Palaeospondylus, 71
Paranthropus (genus), 141
Paranthropus boisei, 86, 133
Paranthropus robustus, 83, 86
parasitism, 47–50, 65–66
Paraves (“near-birds”), 52–53
pattern recognition, 97–98
Peking Man. See Sinanthropus
penguins, 51
penis: spines of, 55
personality, animal; 164–65
Philip II of Macedon, 148–49
phorusrhacids, 52
pidgin, 147–48
“Piltdown committee,” 82–85, 87, 92–93, 184n24
Piltdown Man, 82, 84–85, 92, 122
Pinker, Steven: The Language Instinct, 149
Pithecanthropus, 81–82, 84
“planning depth,” 107–8, 129–30, 133
plants: association with mycorrhizae, 45–46; colonization of land by, 45
Pongidae, 175n25
“primate archaeology,” 128
primates, ix, 17
progress, 12–13, 17
proteobacteria, 44
punctuated equilibrium, 39
ratites, 51
retroviruses, 49
reverse transcriptase, 49–50
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 49–50
running. See locomotion, human
Sacculina, 47–48, 50
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 95–96
saola (Vu Quang ox, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), 79–80
sasquatch, 80
satellite viruses, 49
scansoriopterygids, 54
Schiaparelli, 99–100
science: definition of, xiii
self-nonself recognition, 166
sentience, 109–10, 157–67
Sepkoski, J. John “Jack,” 68, 71
sexual selection, 116–19; and bipedality, 117–18, 120–21; maladaptive features of, 121
Shaffer, Peter; Amadeus, 153
Shipman, Pat: The Animal Connection, 110; The Wisdom of Bones, 131
sickle-cell anemia, 24–25, 27; inheritance of, 25; relationship with malaria, 25
Signor-Lipps Effect; 181n30
Sinanthropus, 84
SINEs (short interspersed elements), 50
Sinornithosaurus, 53
Sinosauropteryx, x, 54
skylarks, 151
Smith-Woodward, Arthur, 85, 184n27
social facilitation of eating, 191n3
Spearman, Charles, 144
Spencer, Herbert, 38
Stanley, Henry Morton, 80
Sterkfontein, 83, 87
Stringer, Chris, 77, 92
stromatolites, 44, 127–29
Sundanthropus florianus. See Homo floresiensis
Swartkrans, 83
symbiosis. See endosymbiosis
“tangled bank” metaphor. See under Darwin, Charles
Taung, 82, 83
technology, 107–8, 124–28, 132; antiquity of, 127, 139; definition of, 124–27, 129. See also “planning depth,” toolmaking
teenagers, 159
tetrapods, limb loss in, 55
“theory of mind,” 157–58, 161
therianthropes, 110–11
theropods, 52
Tiktaalik, x
Tolkien, J. R. R., 6, 153
toolmaking: antiquity of, 87, 113, 139; in animals, 9, 107–8, 113, 127–29, 136; in Homo floresiensis, 9; in Homo erectus, 89; in Homo habilis, 86, 89, 107, 139
transformation. See under evolution.
tuatara, 8
Turkana, Lake, 87, 89–90
2001: A Space Odyssey, 139
Typhloesus wellsi, 68
Ukhaa Tolgod, 64
Usher’s syndrome, 1–2
vaccination, 26
variation: genetic, 33; as hedge against developmental error, 27; heritable, 22–23, 27; human, 74; maintenance of, 23; relationship with genes, 24
Velociraptor, 52–54
virophages, 49
viruses, 48–50
vision, 162–63
von Baer, Karl Ernst, 36
Walker, Alan: The Wisdom of Bones, 131
walking. See locomotion, human
Welles, Orson, 99
Wells, H. G.: The War Of The Worlds, 99, 145
western scrub jay, 158, 163–64
Wilde, Oscar, 154
Wilson, Allan C., 91
Wood, Bernard, 87
writing, 155
Xiaotingia, 54
yeti, 80
Young, John Zachary, 110; The Life of Vertebrates, 37–38
Zallinger, Rudolph F.: The Age Of Reptiles, 100; The March Of Progress, 100
Zhoukoudian, 84
Zinjanthropus boisei. See Paranthropus boisei