Husseinis (family), 41
Ibn Gabirol, 53
Ibn Hazm, 79
Ibn Khaldun, 144
Ibn Yahya, Gedalia, Shalshelet ha-kabbalah, 200
ijmāʿ (consensus), 63–67, 69, 74, 213–14
Iraq, 156
Isaac, 145, 168
Ishmael, 145, 168
Ishmael, Rabbi, 214
Ishmaelites, 100, 101, 104, 105
Islam: and anti-Jewish polemic, 162; and Arabic, 211; as associated with Christianity vs. Judaism, 235–36; and Christianity, 50, 73–75, 120, 133, 150, 151, 157, 159, 165; Christianity’s close relationship to, 227; divisions within, 227–28; as enemy of Jews, 236; and essential sameness of all religions, 222, 224; five pillars of, 214, 227; and Hamas, 246; Jewish experience of justice and equality under, 53; and Jewish financial houses, 156; and Jewish wealth, 82; Jews and middle ages of, 63n91, 64, 66–67; Jews and notion of ijmāʿ in, 64, 66–67; Jews in Arab lands before, 143–44, 149, 150; Jews tolerated in, 8, 53, 115, 118–20, 121, 149–50, 151–54, 156, 157, 158, 159, 165; Jews under rule of, 53, 133, 149–50, 156; and Judaism, 50, 68, 71–76, 210–16, 221, 227; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 8, 43–44, 45, 63, 64, 68, 69, 92; and Last Day, 162; and N. Malul, 222, 224–25, 226–27; medieval, 64, 66–67, 72, 74; and Moyal, 199, 210–16; and polemic, 164; polemic against, 118; redemption in, 151–53; and religion vs. nationality, 138–39; and Salafis, 65; and Zionists, 8. See also Muslim Arabs; Muslims
Islamic-Jewish polemic, 43, 70
Islamic law, 63–69
Israel, 16, 245–47; proclamation of independence, 245n33; religious nationalist settler movement in, 246; ultra-Orthodox community of, 246
Israel, Leon (Lola), 182–83
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 2, 3, 6, 31, 37, 245–46
Israelites, 143–44; Jews vs., 51; judges of, 201; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 51, 52, 56, 69, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81; kingdoms of, 51; and link to Jerusalem, 168; Makaryus on, 173; and Moyal, 77, 78, 79, 80–82, 200, 201, 204–10, 212, 215–19; national renaissance of, 78, 79; in Palestine, 172; Petrie on, 169–70; as term for ethical individuals, 205–6; as term in Arabic journals, 137; and E. Zaydan, 132; and J. Zaydan, 142–43. See also Jews; Judaism
Istanbul, 21, 112, 123; central authority in, 17; Karaites in, 112; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 1, 41, 44, 67, 71, 87; and millet system, 19; Ottoman Parliament in, 1; shaykh al-islām in, 32, 44; Young Turk Revolution in, 96
Italy, 29, 82, 86, 87, 158, 183
Jacobson, Abigail, 97n8, 120n101, 126–27, 128, 130
Jaffa, 88, 131, 188; immigrants in, 33; Jewish expulsions from, 131; and Malul, 233; and Moyal, 77, 186, 189, 194; reporting on, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 109; Zionists’ Palestine Office in, 11
Jankowski, James, 220
Jephtah, 201
Jericho, 170–71
Jerusalem, 33, 49, 78, 112, 166–67, 170, 202; as administrative unit, 16–17; Bāb as-Silsila neighborhood of, 41; and Beirut and Cairo, 26–29; contexts of, 7, 15–38; and Damascus, 26; destruction of by Titus, 225, 229; and Europe, 29–31; and ha-Ḥerut, 97; and intercommunal difference, 23–25; and Islamic prayer, 236n2; Jewish connection to as limited, 171–72; Jewish immigration to, 33; Jews’ historical link to, 50; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 43; and Makaryus, 174; and Mecca, 168; and Moyal, 217; and mufti for Hanafi rite, 239; as mutasarriflik, 17; and Nahḍa, 26; and Ottoman Empire, 15–17, 18–19; and Palestine and Holy Land, 15–18; sanjak of, 17
Jesus, 152; and Christian missionaries, 117; and economic antisemitism, 88n167; historic existence of as questioned, 115–16; and Israelite as term for ethical individual, 206; Jewish sermons in support of, 118; Jews as killers of, 83–84; and Mendelssohn, 57; and Moyal, 206–8; in Qurʾan, 73–74. See also Christianity
Jeunes Turcs, 87n163
Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), 176n141, 231–32
Jewish Diaspora, 53, 155, 174, 175, 225, 226, 229, 230
Jewish Encyclopedia, 11, 185; article on Mendelssohn, 59–60n74; “Ascama,” 67; “Costume,” 83n152; “Islam,” 47, 62n89; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 46–47, 48, 50, 51; and Nassar, 90; “Zionism,” 11, 40–42, 43, 46–47, 48, 51–52, 53, 62, 71, 76, 77, 86n162, 90, 91, 106, 185, 186, 190, 231
Jewish history: books in Arabic about, 198; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 8, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51–54, 69, 70, 80–81, 92, 168; Makaryus on, 173–74; and N. Malul, 225–26, 228; and Moyal, 199, 208–10, 217–21; in Palestine, 226; and toleration vs. persecution of Jews, 159; translated into Arabic, 69; and wealth, 155; and E. Zaydan, 132, 179
Jewish law, 201. See also haskamah/haskamot
Jewish Legion, 123
Jewish medieval literature, 60
Jewish nationalism, 15; birth of modern, 3; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 8, 40, 61; and Yusuf Diyaʾal-Khalidi, 89; and Mendelssohn’s theory, 54–56; and Moyal, 199; non-Palestinocentric, 89; rabinnic consensus about, 60–64, 66, 91; and Reform movement, 229. See also Zionism
Jewish nationality, 63, 64
Jewish National Library in Jerusalem, 46n26
Jewish Oral Law, 199, 203, 213–14, 216, 219
Jewish philosophy, 150
Jewish Reform movement, 59–60n74, 90–91
Jewish state, in antiquity, 168
Jewish territorialism, 89, 90, 91
Jews: antique national past of, 40, 199; Arab fear of, 184; in Arabian Peninsula, 156; in Arab lands before Islam, 149, 150; Arab-like, 114; in Arab medieval culture, 143; Arab potential proved by, 146–49; and Arab rule, 149–50, 158; Arabs as racially linked to, 6, 133, 143–50, 240; Arab toleration of, 158; as Arab tribe, 145; assimilation by western, 86–87; and biblical Israelites, 51; destitution of, 151, 162; Eastern European, 91; Eastern vs. western European, 86–89; and economy, 71; emancipation of, 58–59; envy of, 230, 231; and fellahin, 124–26; and fertility, 80, 85, 162; and First vs. Second Aliyah, 34; gentiles as exploited by, 84; and Greeks, 209; and happiness in Zion, 75, 80; homelessness of, 173–75, 182; and Karaites, 113; and Yusuf Diyaʾal-Khalidi, 89; Landfresser (landgrabber) myth of, 88n166; land purchases by, 24, 165, 167; laws on occupations of, 81–82; and loyalty to states, 58, 59, 228–29; and manufacture, 82, 146, 223, 230; and messiah, 59, 163; Middle Eastern-born, 10, 114, 188–89, 200; as monotheists, 119, 121, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227; as mustaʿribūn, 36; as nation, 66, 89, 91, 138–39; as nondiscriminatory against non-Jews, 204–5; and old vs. new yishuv, 33–34; and prophecy, 77–80; as race, 31, 138, 139–43; racial solidarity and religious bond of, 153, 154; as religion, 66, 89, 91, 138–39, 142, 155; and religious government, 165; return from Babylonian exile, 54; and ritual murder, 159–61, 201–3; in science and politics, 156; and sciences and arts, 146, 230; self-love of, 153–54, 156; and shame, 151, 162; and usury, 166; in Western countries, 183; workers for, 84; of Yathrib, 231; and Young Turk Revolution, 165; and J. Zaydan, 143–44. See also antisemitism; Arabic readers/speakers; Arab Jews; Ashkenazim; Christianity; Christians; Egypt; Islam; Israelites; Judaism; al-Khalidi, Muhammad Ruhi; Muslims; Ottoman Empire; Palestine; rabbis; Russia; Sephardim; Spain; Talmud; Torah; Zionism
jihād, 153, 214, 246
Johnson, Mark, 95
Jonah, 216
Jordan Valley, 88
Josephus, 171, 219
Joshua ben Perahiah, 207, 208
Judah ha-Nasi, 213
Judaism: and afterlife, 71–73, 75–76, 88–89, 162, 204, 205, 227, 235; in Arabian Peninsula, 144; in Arabic intellectual journals, 9; books in Arabic about, 198; and Christianity, 50, 75, 205–10, 215–16, 221, 226, 227, 235–36; and construction of Palestinian Arab national identity, 235; defense of against defamation, 159–61; and disentanglement from Jewish nationality, 55–56; and divine judgment, 71–73, 75–76; divisions within, 227–28; and essential sameness of all religions, 222, 224; Hellenized, 208–10; and human sacrifice, 201, 202, 223, 224; and Islam, 68, 71–76, 210–16, 221, 227; and Islam and Christianity, 50, 75, 235–36; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 8, 50, 54, 69, 162, 235; and Last Day, 162; and N. Malul, 222–33; and Moyal, 77–78, 79, 80–82, 198–221; as
nondiscriminatory against non-Jews, 204–5; oral tradition in, 213; as outsider religion, 50; and polygyny, 214–15; rabbinic, 149; and reward and punishment, 72; as source of law and foundation of true religions, 160, 161
Judas, 88n167
Jund Filasṭīn, 15
Kabbalah, 216
Kahn, Zadoc, 50, 54
Kamil, Mustafa, 220
Karaites, 112–13, 225
al-Karmil, 90, 106, 129, 185, 190, 192, 196, 231, 232
Kaufman, Asher, 159n85
Keane, Augustus Henry, 28n49; The World’s Peoples, 142, 143
Kennaway, John, 117
kevuẓot (collective settlements), 33
Kfar Saba, 88
al-Khalidi, Muhammad Ruhi, 1, 12, 24, 41, 45; and afterlife, 227, 235; and antisemitism, 43, 70, 82–85, 92, 153; and Arab journals, 136; audience of, 48–50; on Bāb as-Silsila Street, 53; and Ben-Yehuda, 1, 10, 15, 19; and Ben-Zvi, 123; and Bible, 43, 46, 51–52, 71, 75, 76n129, 77–80, 84, 161–62, 235; and École des Hautes Études of Sorbonne, 44; education of, 43–45, 64, 72, 92; and Europe, 29; and Gottheil, 11, 40–41, 42, 43, 46–47, 48, 51–52, 53, 62, 71, 76, 77, 86n162, 90, 91, 185; and Islam, 8, 43–44, 45, 63, 64, 68, 69, 92; in Istanbul, 44; and Jewish history, 8, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51–54, 69, 70, 80–81, 92, 168; and Jewish scholars, 47–48; and Jews, 12, 39, 162; and Jews’ historical link to Palestine, 50–54; and Judaism, 8, 50, 54, 69, 162, 235; al-Kīmiyāʾ ʿind al-ʿarab, 41; and Mendelssohn’s theory, 54–64, 66, 87, 91, 139; and Moyal, 11, 43, 77, 78, 79, 80–82, 186, 198; al-Muqaddima fī al-masʾala ash-sharqiy ya, 42; and Nahḍa, 26, 29; as orientalist scholar, 44, 47, 72; as Ottoman consul general in Bordeaux, 62; and Ottoman Parliament, 4n4, 19, 41, 42n13, 92; in Paris, 44; and polemic, 43, 162; and pseudonym “al-Maqdisī,” “the Jerusalemite,” 136; and rabbis, 60–63; and religion, 8, 45, 80; and religious toleration, 153; as representative of Arab (or Muslim) communities, 4; “as-Sayūnīzm ay al-masʾala aṣṣahyūniyya,” 7–8, 42–43, 45–92; “Statistics from the Islamic World,” 44, 47; and Talmud, 46, 52; Tārīkh ʾilm al-adab ʿind al-ifranj wa-lʿarab wa-Fīktūr Hūgū, 41–42; and Western education, 44; and E. Zaydan, 132; and Zionism, 7–8, 12, 42, 43, 45–92, 162, 166
Khalidi, Rashid, 35, 65n97, 159n85, 194n38, 239
Khalidi, Walid, 45, 46
al-Khalidi, Yasin, 43
al-Khalidi, Yusuf Diyaʾ, 50–51, 54, 89, 91
Khalidi Library, 45, 46, 65n97, 76, 136
Kohler, Kaufmann, 47, 47n31, 62n89
Kremer, Mendel, 100n25, 104–6, 118, 120; “The Enemies of Judah,” 114
Ladino, 118, 189
Lakoff, George, 95
Land of Israel, as term, 15, 17, 29. See also Palestine
Lang, Yoseph, 104n37
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 183
Late Ottoman Palestine, as term, 16
Latin Catholics, 33
Laurent, Achille, 202
Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava, 212
League of Nations, 238; and Mandate for Palestine, 45, 241–45, 245n33
Lebanon, 32
Levy, Lisa Lital, 200n60
Lewis, Bernard, 19n14
Lewis, Edwin, 26–27
Likhovski, Assaf, 238–39
Lockman, Zachary, 35–36n76, 45n20
London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, 29–30
Lott, Tommy, 27
Ludvipol, Abraham, 195–97
Luzzatti, Luigi, 183
Macalister, R. A. Stewart, 170
Maccabees, 218–19
MacDonald, Ramsay, 244
Maimonides, Moses, 66, 200, 204, 213n103
Makaryus, Shahin, 134, 135, 148; and al-Muqtaṭaf, 178; “The Origin and Lineage of the Jews,” 139–40; Rida on, 177–78; and Suares, 146, 176–77; Tārīkh al-isrā ʾīliyyīn (History of the Israelites), 11, 139–40, 144–45, 173–78; and Zionism, 175–78, 179
Makdisi, Ussama, 22, 30n58
Malul, Moshe (Musa) Hayyim, 189–90
Malul, Nissim, 192, 194; on Arab culture as minor, 197–98; “The Arabic Press,” 231; articles for Arabic press, 196; background of, 189–91; and Christianity, 222, 224, 226, 227; and creation of Arabic newspaper, 195, 197; and Islam, 222, 224–25, 226–27; and Jewish history, 225–26, 228; and Judaism, 222–33; Kitāb asrār al-yahūd (The Book of the Secrets of the Jews), 10, 11, 12, 221–32; and Ludvipol, 196; and religion, 10, 222, 224–28, 233–34; and Zionism, 222, 229, 231, 233
al-Manār (The Beacon), 133, 134–35, 157, 158, 159, 184; challenge to Judaism in, 161–62; as Islamic journal, 136n19; and pro- vs. anti-Jewish views, 136–37; and Qurʾan, 151, 154, 161, 162; race in, 9; and racial link between Jews and Arabs, 148–49; religious toleration in, 151–54; and Rida, 11. See also Rida, Muhammad Rashid
Mandate for Palestine, 12n16, 16, 45, 66, 236, 237–45
Mandel, Neville, 24n32, 90, 186n3, 193n37
al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn ’Alī, 144
Margoliouth, David Samuel, Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus, 171–72
Maronites, 33
Marx, Karl, 183
Mary, 73, 74
Mashbek, Eftim Effendi, 136
Masie, Aaron Meir, 104
Masterman, E.W.G., 179
Mecca, 168
Mekteb-i Mülkiye (School of Civil Service), 44
Mendelssohn, Moses: Jerusalem, 56, 58; and Jewish religion vs. nationhood, 56–59; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 54–64, 66, 87, 91, 139; and Michaelis, 58–59
Mendes, Dr., 173
messiah, 52, 59, 69–70, 74, 163
Michaelis, Johann David, 58–59
Midrash Abravanel, 46n26
military service. See Ottoman Empire
millet system. See Ottoman Empire
mishnah, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 213
missionaries. See Christian missionaries
mizraḥim, 36
money, 166, 167; and al-Hilāl, 155–57, 175; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 76, 80–82, 84, 87–89; and Malul, 228, 230, 231; and Rida, 162, 163, 166. See also finance
Mongols, 15, 124
Moses, 78, 79n141, 152, 161, 163, 164, 239; authorship of, 170; and Jewish Oral Law, 203, 213–14; and Moyal, 199
moshavot (agricultural colonies), 33, 76
Moskovskie vedomosti, 110, 111
Mount Lebanon, 22
Mount of Olives, 170
Moyal, Shimon, 187, 191, 194–95; at-Talmūd, 10, 11, 12, 43, 77–78, 79, 80–82, 186, 198–221, 226; background of, 189; and creation of Arabic newspaper, 195–97; and Jewish ritual murder, 201–3; and jihād, 214
al-Muʾayyad, 223
muftis, 32
Muhammad, 65, 78, 152, 163, 164, 168, 227
Muhammad Ali, 18
mukhtār, 32
al-Muqaṭṭam, 190, 194
al-Muqtaṭaf (The Digest), 133, 134–35, 136n19, 184; Bible in, 169–72; “The Colonization of Palestine,” 178; “The Country of Palestine,” 179; and Darwinism, 26–28; defense of Judaism against defamation in, 159–60; “The Excavation of the Antiquities of Palestine,” 170; “The Exodus and Number of the Children of Israel,” 169–70; Felix Suares in, 146, 148; “The History of the Torah,” 170; and Jewish return to Palestine, 173; “The Jews of France,” 137, 147–48, 157–58; Jew vs. Israelite in, 137–38; and Lewis Affair, 27; and Makaryus, 11, 139, 178; “New York: Capital of the Nations,” 138; “Philosophy among the Jews,” 149; and Protestantism, 159; and pro- vs. anti-Jewish views, 136–37; race in, 9; and racial link between Jews and Arabs, 146–48; and Zionism, 178–79
Muslim Arabic-speakers, 32, 35, 210–15
Muslim Arabs, 8, 124; and Balfour Declaration vs. Mandate for Palestine, 241; in ha-Ḥerut, 106–7; as Jews, 94; and positive attitude toward Jews, 114, 115; tolerance of, 115, 158; in ha-Ẓevi, 108; Zionist views of, 94. See also Arabs; Islam; Muslims
Muslim-Christian Associations, 235–37
Muslim-Christian polemics, 73–74
Muslim-Jewish polemics, 72–73
Muslims,
8, 9, 235; and British Mandate period, 239; and Capitulations, 22; Christian persecution of, 230–31; and Christians, 94; as enemies of Christians, 109–11; and fellahin, 124–25; in ha-Ḥerut, 100; and isnād tradition for ḥadīth literature, 213; Jews as evicting, 167, 169; Jews as excluding from workforce, 167; Jews as racially linked to, 106, 107, 114; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 50; and millet system, 20; as monotheists, 119, 121, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227; and Moyal, 215–16, 221; and Ottoman military draft, 22–23, 107–8; population of, 32; pro- vs. anti-Jewish views of, 136–37; shared religious-communal existence with Christians, 236; Sunni, 1, 22, 25, 32, 63, 64, 213; and Tanzimat, 20; and taxes levied on non-Muslims, 230; tolerance of, 8; in ha-Ẓevi (ha-Or; Hashkafah), 100–1; Zionist category of, 95; Zionist views of, 94. See also Islam; Muslim Arabs
al-Mutallah, 176
Nabi Musa pilgrimage, 239
Nablus, 16, 17, 43
Nadolski, Glidewell, 21n20
an-Nafīr, 192–93
Nahḍa (Arab renaissance), 26, 29, 135, 145–46
Napoleon I, 62
naqīb/nuqabā al-ashrāf, 32
Nashashibis (family), 41
Nasrallah, Yusuf, al-Kanz al-marṣūd fī qawāʿid at-talmūd, 202, 203, 208
Nassar, Najib, 196; as anti-Zionist, 190; aṣ-Ṣahyūniyya, 11, 52n47, 52n52, 90–91, 185, 186; and Great Danger, 106; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 50; and N. Malul, 231–32; “Zionism,” 50
nationalism, 8n13; and ʿAbboud, 238; and Arabs, 35; birth of modern Arab, 3; in British Mandate period, 237–38, 240; as category of interpretation, 3–7, 13; Hebrew, 197; and Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 245–46; and Moyal, 199, 217–21; and old vs. new yishuv, 34–35; and race, 6–7, 13, 237; and religion, 6–7, 13, 95. See also Palestinian Arab nationalism; Zionism
nationality: and British Mandate period, 239; and Paris system, 243; and religion, 138–39
National Party. See al-Ḥizb al-waṭanī (National Party)
Nazism, 246, 247
Nebuchadnezzar, 180
Nehemia, 78, 217
Nile Valley, 88
Nimr, Faris, 134
1948 war, 245
Nongbri, Brent, Before Religion, 5n6
Nordau, Max, Zionism, 59–60n74
ha-Or. See ha-Ẓevi (ha-Or; Hashkafah)
original sin, 74
Orthodox Church, 212
Orthodox Jews, 66