7 H. J. Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser: Being the Revelations of the Inner Life of Low London Lodging Houses, (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1886), 73-4
8 The Bitter Cry of Outcast London was probably authored by the Rev William Carnall Preston, a former newspaper editor. Mearns was the researcher and was helped in this by another clergyman, the Rev James Munro.
9 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London
10 H. Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1898), 138
11 S. B. Saul, The Myth of the Great Depression 1873-1896, (London: Macmillan, 1972)
12 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London
13 G. Darley, `Octavia Hill (1838-1912), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/09)
14 Darley, `Octavia Hill', 2
15 Quoted in W. Thomson Hill, Octavia Hill. Pioneer of the National Trust and Housing Reformer, (London: Hutchinson, 1956), 59
16 O. Hill, Homes of the London Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1883), 21-2
17 Stephen Inwood, City of Cities: The Birth of Modern London, (London: Macmillan) 2005), 40
18 PP 1884-85 [C.4402] [C.4402-I] [C.4402-II] First report of Her Majesty's commissioners for inquiring into the housing of the working classes, 4
19 Alan Palmer, The East End: Four Centuries of London Life, (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 81; G. Steadman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Realationship between Classes in Victorian Society, (london: Oxford University Press) 1971), 188
20 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 205; A. Yelling, Slums and Slum Clearance in Victorian London, (London: Routledge, 1986), 28
21 PP 1884-85, 12
22 PP 1884-85, 163
23 A. Davin, Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London 1870-1914, (London: Rivers Oram Press) 1996)
24 J. White, Rothschild Buildings. Life in an East End Tenement Block 1887-1920, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 62
25 Yelling, Slums, 34
26 A. S. Wohl, The Eternal Slum, (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 22-3
27 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 23
28 PP 1884-85, 21
29 Yelling, Slums, 28
30 White, Rothschild Buildings, 131
31 S. Merrett, State Housing in Britain, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 30
32 The Times (2/3/1861)
33 Gus Elen song quoted in E. Hopkins, A Social History of the English Working Classes, 1815-1945, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), 116-17
34 PP 1884-85
35 J. White, `Jewish Landlords, Jewish Tenants: An Aspect of Class Struggle Within the Jewish East End, in A. Newman (ed.), The Jewish East End, 1840-1939, (London: Jewish Historical Society of England, 1981), 207
36 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London
37 Stedman Jones, Outcast London
38 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 26
39 Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London, A. S. Wohl (ed.), 34
40 Charles Booth, quoted in Davin, Growing Up Poor, 31
41 Lyrics by Collins and F.W. Leigh
42 The Times (22/2/1884)
43 Davin, Growing Up Poor, 46 - see tables 3.1 and 3.2
44 White, Rothschild Buildings
45 White, Rothschild Buildings, 51
46 R. Samuel, East End Underworld. Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding, (London: History Workshop Series, 1981)
47 In December 2008 the Conservative leader, David Cameron, declared that: `the biggest challenge facing Britain today is mending our broken society, Daily Telegraph (16/12/2008)
48 White, Rothschild Buildings
49 White, Rothschild Buildings
50 P. Malpass, `Continuity and change in philanthropic housing organisations: The Octavia Hill Housing Trust and the Guinness Trust, London Journal, 24:1 (1999), 45
51 Quoted in John N. Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas between 1840 and 1914, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973),22
52 Richard Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain 1780-1914, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1989), 45
53 Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy, 18
54 S. Martin Gaskell, Model Housing. From the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain, (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), 30
55 Gaskell, Model Housing, 30
56 Gaskell, Model Housing, 32
57 Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy, 46
58 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 160
59 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 144
60 M. J. Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City: Working-Class Housing 1850-1914, (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), 192
61 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 155
62 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 146
63 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 164
64 Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City, 192, 194
65 J. London, The People of the Abyss, (London: Macmillan, 1903), 128
66 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser
67 Inwood, City of Cities, 42
68 London, People of the Abyss, 129
69 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 28; London, People of the Abyss, 129
70 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 10
71 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 27-8
72 For the history of the Poor Law and the workhouse see (among others) S. Webb and B. Webb, English Poor Law History (London: Longmans, 1927-29); J. R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969); M. E. Rose, English Poor Law, 1780-1930 (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971); Elizabeth T. Hurren, Protesting about Pauperism: Poverty, Politics and Poor Relief in Late-Victorian England, 1870-1900, (London: Royal Historical Society, 2007)
73 NA MEPO 2 correspondence 82559 (letter dated 16 November 1887)
74 M. Brodie, Artisans and dossers: the 1886 West End riots and the East End casual poor', London Journal, 24:2 (1999), 34
75 Jerry White, London in the Nineteenth Century: A Human Awful Wonder of God', (London: Vintage, 2008), 3 74-6
76 PP 1886 Report of a Committee to Inquire and Report as to the Origin and Character of the Disturbances which took place in the Metropolis on Monday, the 8th of February and as to the conduct of the Police Authorities in relation therein
77 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, v
78 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, 64-5
79 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)
80 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)
81 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)
82 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)
83 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 374
84 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 343; E. Hobsbawm, `The Aristocracy of Labour Reconsidered', in Worlds of Labour: Further Studies in the History of Labour, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984), 244
85 Brodie, 'Artisans and dossers, 47-8
86 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 213
87 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, x
88 `The unemployed and the police, Moonshine (29/10/1887)
89 J. Harris,Bosanquet,Helen (1860-1925), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/2009)
90 J. Davis, `Webb, Beatrice (1858-1943), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/2009), 1
91 J. Fido, `The Charity Organisation Society and Social Casework in London 1869-1900', in A. P. Donajgrodski (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain, (London: Crook Helm, 1977), 207
92 G. R. Searle, A New England? Peace and War 1886-1918, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 194
93 B. Potter, A lady's view of unemployment in the east, Pall Mall Gazette (18/2/86)
94 Davis, `Webb, Beatrice', 6
95 A. M. McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles. The Bosanquets versus the Webbs: A Study in British Social Policy, 1890-1929, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)
96 McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles, 372
97 H. Dendy, `The Industrial Residuum, in B. Bosanquet (ed.), Aspects of the Social Problem, by various writers, (London: Macmillan, 1895), 102
98 J. Lewis, Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England, (California: Stanford University Press, 1991), 155
99 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London, 26
100 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830-1990, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 157
101 Helen Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1898), 119
102 Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, 138
103 Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, 102
104 Lewis, Women and Social Action, 180
105 `The real starver of the poor.-John Bull vainly endeavours to relieve the distress, Fun (9/11/1887)
106 Harris, `Bosanquet, Helen, 1
107 McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles, 118
108 Kathleen Callanan Martin, Hard and Unreal Advice: Mothers, Social Science and the Victorian Poverty Experts, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008)
109 C. S. Loch, `Manufacturing a new pauperism', The Nineteenth Century, 37:218 (April 1895), 698-9
110 Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social, 171
111 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 377
112 Quoted in W. F. Lee, `Demonstrations of Militant Reconstructionists in Metropolitan London, 1880-1914', unpublished PhD (University of New Mexico: 1976), 87
113 V. Bailey, `The Metropolitan Police, the Home Office and the Threat of Outcast London, in V. Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth-Century Britain, (London: Groom Helm, 1981)
114 Reynolds's Newspaper (13/11/1887)
115 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 378
116 `Remember Trafalgar Square!, words by Frederick Halliwell, music by Russell Lewis, (London, British Library)
117 Pall Mall Gazette (14/11/1887)
118 Daily Chronicle, Daily Telegraph, The Times, Standard (all 14/11/1887)
119 Linnell's death calls to mind the death of Mr Tomlinson following a possible assault by a policeman controlling the crowds at the G20 demonstration, April 2009
120 Lee, `Demonstrations, 97-8
121 Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare, 114
122 Lee, `Demonstrations; 149
123 W. Churchill, Liberalism and the Social Problem, (London: Hodder & Stoughton) 1909),363
Notes to Chapter 6: City of Dreadful Delights: Vice, Prostitution and Victorian Society
1 Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid Nineteenth Century England, (New York: Basic) 1964)
2 Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians: What We Know About Them and Why We're Wrong, (New York: St Martin's, 2001)
3 E. M. Sigsworth and T. J. Wyke, A Study of Victorian Prostitution and Venereal Disease, in Martha Vicinus, Suffer and be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) 1972)
4 Sigsworth and Wyke, A Study of Victorian Prostitution, 87
5 Christopher Frayling, `The House that Jack Built, in Alexandra Warwick & Martin Willis (eds), Jack the Ripper: Media, Culture, History, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), 16
6 Seth Koven, Slumming. Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004), 4
7 Henry Mayhew, London, Labour and the London Poor, (London: Charles Griffin) 1861)
8 Mayhew, London, Labour and the London Poor, 32
9 Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor: Volume Four, Those that will not Work, (London: 1861), published as London's Underworld in the Victorian Period, (New York: Dover Publications, 2005), 7
10 Mayhew, London Underworld in the Victorian Period, 24
11 Mayhew, London Underworld in the Victorian Period, 24
12 Paula Bartley, Prostitution. Prevention and Reform in England, 1860-1914, (London: Routledge, 2000), 10
13 Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900, (London: Longman, 1997), 154
14 Tony Henderson, Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Its Control in the Metropolis, 1730-1830, (London: Longman, 1999); Drew D. Gray, Crime, Prosecution and Social Relations, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
15 Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800, (London: Longman, 1981) (2nd edition), 85
16 Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), 65
17 Mort, Dangerous Sexualities, 67
18 Mayhew, London Underworld in the Victorian Period, 26
19 F. Smith, `The Contagious Diseases Acts reconsidered', in Social History of Medicine 3:2 (1990), 197
20 Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 86
21 Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists, (New York: The New Press, 1995), 98
22 Mort, Dangerous Sexualities, 87
23 Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 87
24 Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 90
25 The registers are held by the LMA, in the series PS/TH/A/01/001-472; the register for most of 1888 is no. 12
26 PS/TH/A/01/012, 9/8/1888 and 9/10/1888
27 Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 89
28 Pall Mall Gazette (4/7/1885)
29 Pall Mall Gazette (6/7/1885)
30 Alfred S. Dyer, The European Slave Trade in English Girls. A Narrative of Facts, (London: Dyer Brothers, 1880)
31 Deborah Gorham, `The "Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon" re-examined: child prostitution and the idea of childhood in late-Victorian England, Victorian Studies, 21:3 (Spring 1978), 359
32 Alison Plowden, The Case of Eliza Armstrong, A Child of 13 bought for £5', (London: BBC publications, 1974)
33 Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (16/8/1885)
34 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18851019-1031, case of Rebecca Jarrett, William Thomas Stead, Sampson Jacques, William Bramwell Booth, Elizabeth Combe, 19 October 1885)
35 Pall Mall Gazette (11/11/1885)
36 Pall Mall Gazette (11/11/1885)
38 Trevor Fisher, Prostitution and the Victorians, (Stroud: Sutton, 1997), 134-5
39 Gorham, `The "Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon" re-examined, 355
40 Mayhew, London Underworld in the Victorian Period, 104
41 Mayhew, London Underworld in the Victorian Period, 107
42 Judith R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 21.
43 Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society, 19
44 William Acton, Prostitution Considered in Its Moral, Social and Sanitary Aspects: in London and Other Large Cities, (London, 1870)
45 Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society, 14
46 Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society, 14
47 Bartley, Prostitution, 10
48 Neal Stubbings Shelden, The Victims of Jack the Ripper, (Chestertown: Inklings Press, 2007)
49 Sheldon, The Victims of Jack the Ripper, 43
50 Walter Dew, I Caught Crippen, (London: Blackie & Son, 1938), 86
51 Sheldon, The Victims of Jack the Ripper
52 Sheldon, The Victims of Jack the Ripper
Notes to Chapter 7: Crime and the Criminal Class in Late Victorian London
1 Martin J. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal. Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830-1914, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 228
2 Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor: Volume Four, Those that will not Work, (London: 1861), published as London's Underworld in the Victorian Period, (New York: Dover Publications, 2005), 109
3 Henry Maudsley, Body and Mind, (London: Macmillan, 1873), quoted in Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal, 230
4 Andrew Barrett and Christopher Harrison (eds), Crime and punishment in England: a sourcebook, (London: UCL, 1999)
5 James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, (London: Stanley Rivers, 1869), 92
6 Greenwood, Seven Curses of London, 57
7 Quoted in Wiener, Recons
tructing the Criminal, 233
8 Cesare Lombroso, The Criminal Man, translated by Mary Gibson and Nicole Hahn Rafter, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006)
9 Gibson and Hahn Rafter, Introduction, in Lombroso, The Criminal Man, 8
10 Lombroso, Criminal Man, 53
11 J. Redding Ware, Before the Bench. Sketches of Police Court Life, (London: c. 1890), 25
12 Pall Mall Gazette (25/10/1881)
13 Glasgow Herald (5/7/1884)
14 Pall Mall Gazette (10/10/1887)
15 Pall Mall Gazette (11/9/1889)
16 Havelock Ellis, The Criminal, (London: 1890)
17 `Whitechapel, 1888, Punch (13/10/1888)
18 David Garland, Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory, (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1991), 146
19 See Jennifer Davis, A poor man's system of justice'
20 The Graphic (27/8/1887)
21 These are held by the LMA under the catalogue prefix PS/TH/A and are open to general consultation.
22 J. Davis, `Prosecutions and Their Context. The Use of the Criminal Law in Later Nineteenth-Century London, in D. Hay and F. Snyder, Policing and Prosectution in Britain 1750-1850, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), 403
23 Pall Mall Gazette (13/8/1887)
24 The Graphic (27/8/1887)
25 Redding Ware, Before the Bench, 29
26 Redding Ware, Before the Bench, 29
27 Redding Ware, Before the Bench, 29
28 The Illustrated Police News (7/5/1887)
29 The Illustrated Police News (28/5/1887)
30 The Illustrated Police News (29/1/1887)
31 Refer to Peter King, `Summary justice and social relations in eighteenth-century England, Past and Present, (May 2004); Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton, `The magistrate, the community and the maintenance of an orderly society in eighteenth-century England, Historical Research, 76:191 (2003); Drew D. Gray, Crime, Prosecution and Social Relations: The Summary Courts of the City of London in the Late Eighteenth Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 2009); Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c.1660-1725, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 1991); Bruce Smith, `Circumventing the Jury: Petty Crime and Summary Jurisdiction in London and New York City, 1790-1855' (PhD diss.) Yale University, 1996)
32 The Illustrated Police News (1/1/1887)
33 V. A. C. Gatrell, `The Decline of Theft and Violence in Victorian and Edwardian England', in V. A. C. Gatrell et al., Crime and the Law. The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500, (London: Europa, 1980), 285