26
AI: LeMay, Ferebee, Tibbets.
FISSION
1
AI: Matsuoka, Maruyama, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Shima.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Beser, Jeppson, Jernigan, Caron, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Slusky, Gackenbach, Grennan, Ferebee, van Kirk, King, Spitzer, Sweeney, Cheshire, LeMay, Brode, Strudwick, Perry, Downey.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
C: Alvarez.
D: Operations Order No. 35, 509th Group (unpublished); telecom message, LeMay to 509th, August 5, 1945 (unpublished); telegram, Doll to Oppenheimer, August 5, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
T: Ashworth.
3
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Shima, Matsuoka, Kosakai.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
PP: Oya, Maruyama.
4
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Imai, Downey, Spitzer, Sweeney, Grennan, King, Jernigan.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
M: “Time Out” (Downey’s prayer); Yank, September 7, 1945.
T: Ashworth.
5
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Sweeney, Spitzer, Gackenbach, Grennan, King, Brode, Imai.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
C: Alvarez.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); Parsons’s check list (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished); B-29 crew instruction manual.
PP: Spitzer’s diary, Lewis’s log.
T: Ash worth, Groves.
6
AI: Yokoyama.
7
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
9
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Shima, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Imoto, Endo, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Yanagita.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS interrogations of Oya, Hata, Fuchida.
PP: Imoto, Oya, Endo (notes made subsequent to events described).
10
AI: Grennan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
11
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Yanagita, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Shima, Kosakai, Yokoyama, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Kaizuka.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
12
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee, Lewis, van Kirk, Beser, Sweeney, Stiborik, Caron, Jeppson, Nelson, Duzenbury, Yasuzawa, Yokoyama, Kosakai, Shima, Maruyama, Oya, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Matsushige, Hatsuko.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
PP: Oya, Endo, Imoto, Perry, Matsuoka, Hiroto, Maruyama.
T: “Hot to Handle” (BBC-TV): Groves, Ashworth.
SHOCK WAVE
1
B: Hiroshima 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Caron, Lewis, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Jeppson, van Kirk, Ferebee, Beser.
3
AI: Yasuzawa.
4
AI: Tibbets, Nelson.
5
AI: Yasuzawa.
6
AI: Perry.
7
AI: Fuchida.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Nelson, Duzenbury, Beser, Ferebee, Jeppson, Stiborik, Caron.
AFTERMATH
1
AI: Miura, Endo, Imoto, Oya, Tibbets, Sweeney, Yanagita, Hatsuko, Arisue, Asada, Nizuma, Suzuki, Matsushige.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Japan Subdued (Feis); Hirohito (Mosley); Year of Decisions (Truman); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Hiroshima, 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS; Reports: CINCAFPAC to COMGEN Sixth Army, September 23, 1945 (unpublished); CG Sixth Army to CINCAFPAC, October 9, 1945 (unpublished); crew’s records (unpublished).
M: Time, August 9, 1971.
N: Los Angeles Times, August 8 and 9, 1945; Oakland Tribune, August 8, 1945.
PP: Asada, Hiroto, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Matsuoka.
EPILOGUE
1
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Beser, Jeppson, Stiborik, Nelson, Grennan, Caron, Duzenbury, Lewis, King, Hashimoto, Oya, Fuchida, Yasuzawa, Imai, LeMay, Genda.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); Burning Conscience (Anders); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
D: Reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948, in relation to Hata; news release, Confederate Air Force, October 1976.
N: Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1969; Japan Times, February 26, 1976; Washington Post, October 14, 1976; New York Times, May 17, 1965.
M: People magazine, August 11, 1975.
Special Thanks
AUTHORS’ INTERVIEWS
Arisue, Seizo
Asada, Tsunesaburo
Beser, Jacob
Biel, Raymond
Bock, Frederick
Brode, Robert
Caron, George
Casey, John
Cheshire, Leonard
Cole, Leon
Costa, Thomas
Costello, Edward
Downey, William
Duzenbury, Wyatt
Elsey, George
Endo, Shin
Ferebee, Tom
Fuchida, Kitaoka
Gackenbach, Russell
Genda, Minoru
Grennan, Thomas
Gruning, Wayne
Hashimoto, Mochitsura
Hatanaka, Kuniso
Hatsuko, Tominaga
Hiroto, Kanai
Imai, Kizo
Imoto, Kumao
Jeppson, Morris
Jernigan, Norris
Kaizuka, Yoshiro
King, John
Kosakai, Yoshiteru
LeMay, Curtis
Lewis, Robert
McKnight, Charles
Maruyama, Kazumasa
Matsuoka, Masaru
Matsushige, Yoshito
Matubara, Miyoko
Miura, Hiroshi
Moritaki, Ichiro
Nasu, Yoshio
Nelson, Richard
Nizuma, Seichi
Olivi, Frederick
Osa
ko, Ichiro
Oya, Kakuzo
Perry, Charles
Saito, Masatoshi
Sakai, Saburo
Shima, Kaoru
Slusky, Joseph
Spitzer, Abe
Stiborik, Joseph
Strudwick, James
Suzuki, Tatsusaburo
Sweeney, Charles
Takahashi, Akahiro
Takai, Sadao
Tibbets, Paul
van Kirk, Theodore
Yanagita, Hiroshi
Yasuzawa, Matsuo
Yokoyama, Tatsuo
and in correspondence
Alvarez, Luis
Lord, Edmund
Montgomery, J. B.
TRANSLATORS
We owe a special debt to our translators.
In Japan, John Silver achieved the impossible, always finding an acceptable way of putting our questions, which were sometimes extremely delicate. He was simply invaluable.
Shizuko Pritchard, a native of Hiroshima, has been exceedingly helpful in maintaining through correspondence certain of our contacts there. She has also translated many documents for us.
OTHERS
In Tokyo, Sen Matsuda and Ko Shioya, editor in chief and deputy editor, respectively, at the Reader’s Digest, provided expert help and advice whenever we asked; they never attempted to impress upon us their personal views on the war and the bomb. We also much appreciated the help of two of their staff, Miss Katsuko Konno and Mr. Sekiya Hashimoto.
In Hiroshima, reporters Kawamoto and Kaneguchi from the Chugoku Shimbun were particularly cooperative; Yoshiteru Kosakai, chief, Historical Division, Hiroshima Library, supplied a wealth of important background information; Hideo Sasaki, director, Hiroshima Peace Culture Center, generously provided us with one of the last remaining complete sets of Hiroshima Genbaku Sensai Shi, a five-volume reference work of fundamental importance.
In Washington, D.C., as with our previous books, we benefited from the specialist guidance and information received from John Taylor at the National Archives; from Sheila McGouch at the Carnegie Institution; from Dr. D. C. Allard at the Naval Historical Center; and from air force archivist Gail Guido.
In New York, Bill Maxwell gave us unquestioned help at times when it was most needed.
In Dublin, as in the past, Bill Moloney aided us on the technical aspects of bombing.
And in London, as always, Michael Weigall was there to give us his own special kind of assistance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A-Bomb Survivors’ Relief Organization, Hiroshima (K. Shimuza).
Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center, Maxwell, Alabama (Gloria Atkinson and Allen Striepe).
American Embassy, London.
American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C. (George Elsey, Mac Slee).
Atomic Bomb Hospital, Hiroshima (I. Sadama).
Atomic Energy Commission, Historical Office, Washington, D.C.
British Embassy, Washington, D.C. (Peter Bond).
British Library, Reference Division, London; Newspaper Library, Colindale.
Chugoku Shimbun, Hiroshima (Akira Matsuura).
Hiroshima Peace Culture Center (K. Kiyama).
Imperial Army Officers’ Club, Tokyo (Mr. Senno).
Japanese Defense Agency, Historical Division, Tokyo.
National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Modern Military Section (John Taylor); Historical Office, State Department, Bureau of Public Affairs; General Archives Division (Janet Hargett).
National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. (D. C. Allard).
Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California (A. B. Christman).
New York Public Library.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (W. R. Emerson).
Town Hall, Hiroshima (A. Takahashi).
Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri (P. H. Lagerquist).
Bibliography
BOOKS
These books, like other published material related to the subject, should be consulted with caution; Hiroshima has proved fertile ground for propagandists.
For readers interested in the aftereffects of the bomb in human terms, we recommend the documentary novel Black Rain by Masuji Ibuse (San Francisco: Kodansha, 1969).
Alperovitz, Gar. Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965.
Amrine, Michael. The Great Decision. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1959.
Anders, Gunther, with Eatherly, Claude. Burning Conscience. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1962.
Arisue, Seizo. Memoirs. Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo, 1974.
Arnold, Henry H. Global Mission. 1949. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
Asahi Shimbun. A-Bomb. Hiroshima Peace Culture Center, 1972.
Asahi Shimbun. Foreword to The Pacific Rivals, by E. O. Reischauer. New York: Weatherhill/Asahi, 1972.
Asbell, Bernard. When F.D.R. Died. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961.
Baldwin, Hanson W. Great Mistakes of the War. New York: Harper & Bros., 1950.
Batchelder, Robert C. The Irreversible Decision. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
Bateson, Charles. The War with Japan. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1968.
Bishop, Jim. FDR’s Last Year. New York: William Morrow, 1974; Pocket Books, 1975.
Blackett, P. M. S. Fear, War and the Bomb. Folcroft: Folcroft Library Editions, 1948.
Boyle, Andrew. No Passing Glory. London: Collins, 1955.
Braddon, Russell. Cheshire V.C. London: Evans Bros., 1965.
Bush, Vannevar. Pieces of the Action. New York: William Morrow, 1970.
Butow, Robert J. C. Japan’s Decision to Surrender. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1954.
Butow, Robert J. C. Tojo and the Coming of the War. Princeton. Princeton University Press, 1961.
Byrnes, James F. Speaking Frankly. 1947. Reprint. New York: Greenwood Press, 1974.
Campbell, J. W. The Atomic Story. New York: Henry Holt, 1947.
Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War. (Esp. vol. 6.) New York: Time, 1959; Bantam Books, 1962.
Clark, R. W. The Birth of the Bomb. New York: Horizon Press, 1961.
Coffey, Thomas M. Imperial Tragedy. New York: World Publishing, 1970.
Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Craig, William. The Fall of Japan. New York: Dial Press, 1967.
Craigie, Sir Robert. Behind the Japanese Mask. London: Hutchinson, 1946.
Craven, W. F., and Cate, J. L., eds. The Army Air Forces in World War Two. (Esp. vol. 5.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
Crowl, Philip A. U.S. Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific, Campaign in the Marianas. Washington: Department of the Amry, 1960.
Feis, Herbert. The Road to Pearl Harbor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950.
Feis, Herbert. Between War and Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960.
Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Feis, Herbert. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War Two. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Fuchida, Mitsuo, and Okumiya, Masatake. Midway, the Battle That Doomed Japan. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1955.
Gigon, Fernand. Formula for Death. Translated by Constantine FitzGibbon. New York: Roy Publishers, 1959.
Giovannitti, Len, and Freed, Fred. The Decision to Drop the Bomb. New York: Coward-McCann, 1965.
Gowing, Margaret. Britain and Atomic Energy 1939–1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964.
Grew, Joseph C. Ten Years in Japan. 1944. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.
Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told. 1962. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975.