Kandahar, 290
Kandolo, Damian, 119–20, 121, 129, 131
Kappes, Steve, 384
Karachi, 295, 352
Karzai, Hamid, 338, 399
Kasavubu, Joseph, 105, 106, 107, 119, 120
Kashmir, 311
Katanga, 98, 112, 113, 114, 116, 129, 130
Kaunda, Kenneth, 131
Kay, David, 380, 387, 388, 390
Keeler, Christine, 239
Kelly, David, 385
Kennedy, President John F., 128–9, 140, 147, 153, 157, 158–9, 172, 202, 223
Kennedy, Robert, 187
Kenneth Proud Translation Service, 11
KGB: in Vienna, 40, 41–4, 49; and Blake, 47–8, 143; and Baltic operations, 53, 54–5; and Young’s post – mortems on Iron Curtain operations, 62; runs émigré operations, 65; and Philby, 67, 73, 189, 242–3, 244–5, 246; recuritment of idealistic agents, 71; and Nasser, 80; Golitsyn defects from 86; in Africa, 114, 115; difficulties of operating on home ground of, 136; reservations about Penkovsky, 146; Penkovsky identifies officers of, 148; Park at Kalinin HQ of, 154–5; investigations into Penkovsky, 167, 172–3; Montgomery followed by, 168; Wynne taken to headquarters in the Lubyanka, 174; and Beneficiary, 180 Golitsyn works as officer at, 184–6; Goltisyn’s information about, 187, 192, 198, 199, 201, 208; Angleton’s views on, 189, 200; Golitsyn on target list of, 190; White’s views about, 200; Nosenko as officer at, 200–1; and Lee Harvey Oswald, 202; and Harold Wilson, 209; CIA fears penetration by, 209–10; suspicions about Golitsyn’s relationship with, 210; subversive operations against Britain, 219–42; Gordievsky as officer of, 248–58, 259–64, 267, 268, 269, 270–4, 287; Gordievsky passes information about, 261–2, 263; and Operation Ryan, 267–8; and Soviet fears, 269; Gordievsky unmasked as spy by, 274; surveillance of Gordievsky, 275; Gordievsky’s escape is humiliation for, 280; penetrates CIA, 211, 285–6; attempts to assassinate Hafizullah Amin, 291; and chauffeur of British Ambassador in Moscow, 317–18; meeting with MI5 officers, 318; Mitrokhin betrays details of operational history of, 318–19; brief references, 2, 6, 52, 137, 159, 165, 176, 183, 195, 281
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, 341, 347
Khan, A. Q., 311, 327, 356, 384, 385, 386
Khan, Mohammed Siddique, 346–7
Khost, 351
Khrushchev, Nikita, 49, 76, 98, 114, 147–8, 157, 158, 159, 169, 170, 186
Khyber Pass, 293
King, Andrew, 46–7, 76, 82, 206
Kipling, Rudyard, 33, 72, 73, 290, 323; Kim, 94–5
Kisevalter, George, 40, 135, 140–1, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148–9, 150, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162–3, 165, 166, 187, 200, 201, 202, 203
Kissinger, Henry, 210
Klose, Helmut, 51–2, 53, 55
Kollek, Ted, 64
Konstantin (chauffeur and spy), 317–18
Korda, Alexander, 14, 46
Korea, 47, 48; North, 359
Kroča, Miloslav see Freed
Kroger, Helen (Lona Cohen), 236–7
Kroger, Peter (Morris Cohen), 236
Kupi, Abas, 61
Kusa, Musa, 384, 385
Kuwait, 321
Labour Party, 221, 272, 382
Lander, Stephen, 265, 330, 331
Langley, 285, 309, 332, 354, 372, 375
Latvia, 53–4
Leeds, 148, 149
le Carré, John (David Cornwell), 1, 3–4, 5, 21–2, 92, 100, 142, 162, 189, 208, 214, 215, 243, 247, 323–4; A Perfect Spy, 21; The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, 58, 215; Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, 92, 184, 214
Leconfield House, 216, 265
Lenin, 252
Leningrad, 276, 277
Leopold II, King of Belgium, 104–5, 106
Leopoldville, 97, 105, 107, 110, 112, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128
Libya, 328, 331, 356, 359, 383–6
Lithuania, 53
Llandudno, 221
Lockerbie, 327
Logar, 302
London: Philby is recruited as spy in, 18; Philby and Smollet work in, 19; MI6 priorities are agreed in, 31; tapes from Vienna are processed in, 47; planning meeting for Albanian operation, 59; Philby navigates disputes between Washington and, 64–5; telegram about escape of Burgess and Maclean, 68–9; Philby summoned to, 69; Philby’s press conference in, 75; Cooper attends meeting in, 80–1; reactions to Hungarian uprising in, 83; confidence about Philby case in, 88; Wisner sent as CIA station chief in, 90; ideas about the Congo in, 121, 125; Soviet delegation including Penkovsky is invited to, 139; Wynne takes Penkovsky’s letter to, 140; Blake arrested in, 143; first round of
London–contd meetings between Penkovsky and officers of MI6 and CIA, 135, 140, 144–8, 152–4; Penkovsky’s second visit to, 157–8, 159–60;. Red List and Amber List, 164; Golitsyn travels to US via, 186–7; informed about Golitsyn’s defection, 189; Soviet subversive operations based in, 219–23, 225, 230–1, 232, 233, 234–7, 242, 261, 262, 263; Courtney speaks out in parliament about Soviet operations in, 224–5; defection of Lyalin and expulsion of Soviet diplomats, 241–2, 251–2; Gordievsky based in, 256–7, 258–64, 267, 269, 272, 285; Gorbachev visits, 272; Gordievsky’s arrival after escape from Moscow, 280; response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 291; discussions about Afghanistan between CIA and MI6 officers, 295–6; satellite phone communication between Afghanistan and, 298; decision to use advanced weaponry in Afghanistan reached in, 305; New Labour government comes to power in, 312; and radical Islam, 328; airspace closed and security tightened on 9/11, 331; and detainees held in Afghanistan, 339; resists CIA unilateral operations in UK, 343; terrorist attacks on, 346–7; and Iraq, 354, 356, 377, 379, 382, 384–5, 388; Russian dissidents in, 396; brief references, 6, 36, 62, 95, 134, 190, 205, 208, 209, 224, 283, 293, 319, 320, 340, 354, 355, 358
London Film Productions, 14, 46
London Underground, 241, 261
Lonsdale, Gordon (Konon Molody), 195, 232–3, 234–6, 237–8, 244, 246
Lubyanka, the, 174, 318
Lukasevics, Janis, 54–5, 261
Lumumba, Patrice, 96–7, 102, 105–6, 106–7, 112–14, 115, 116–17, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123–5, 127–30, 131
Lunn, Sir Arnold, 44
Lunn, Peter, 44–5, 86, 88–9, 90, 143, 194, 228
Lusaka, 131
Luton, 346
Lyalin, Oleg, 241–2, 252
Lyubimov, Mikhail, 219–23, 225, 239, 240–1, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255–6, 262, 274, 276, 280, 286–7; ‘Special Traits of the British National Character and their Use in Operational Work’, 241
McCargar, James, 57, 59, 64, 67, 74, 83
McColl, Colin, 178, 179, 182, 281, 304, 315–16, 321, 322–3, 324, 327, 402
McCone, John, 170, 215
McLean, Billy, 60
Maclean, Donald, 68, 69, 74, 88, 191, 226, 230, 244, 285
Macmillan, Harold, 75, 112, 115, 121, 125, 189, 237, 239
Major, John, 333
Malta, 59, 61, 62
Manning, David, 332, 354, 358, 362, 367, 383
Manningham-Buller, Dame Eliza, 237, 264, 265–6, 267, 321, 330, 331, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 386, 402
Manningham-Buller, Reginald, 237, 264
Marshall Plan, 39, 56, 58
Martin, Arthur, 70, 86, 90, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 205, 208, 217, 236, 266
Marx, Karl, 158
Mašek, Jan, 9–11
Mass Appeal, Operation, 357
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 296, 297–8, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 335 336, 338
Maugham, Somerset: ‘Mr Harrington’s Washing’, 276
Mediterranean, 115
Melk, 26
Menzies, Sir Stewart, 91
Mexico City, 202
Middle East, 76, 78–9, 81, 100, 114, 133, 254, 323, 329, 333, 355, 356, 358, 397 see also names of countries
MI5: Soviets evade surveillance of, 47–8; Philby critiques papers from, 66; and escape of Burgess and M
aclean, 69; and the investigation into Philby, 69, 70, 75, 90; relations with MI6, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; concerns about a tip-off to Philby, 89, 194–5; molehunts, 5, 190–7, 204–5, 206, 208, 212, 213, 214, 263–4, 265–7; A4 surveillance branch, 222, 230; struggles to contain espionage operation run out of Soviet Embassy, 222; surveillance of Vassall, 230; blackmail attempt by, 231; receives information about Houghton, 234; surveillance of Houghton, 235; surveillance of Lonsdale, 235, 236; officers confront Lyubimov, 240; Operation Foot, 241–2; information from Gordievsky leads to discovery of traitor in, 263–4, 265–7; Eliza Manningham-Buller joins, 264; old-fashioned approach of, 264–5; attitudes to women, 265; talk of merger between MI6 and, 316; delegation meets KGB in Moscow, 318; blocks visa for Russian intelligence officer, 319; helps to reorganise intelligence services in Eastern Europe, 320; avowed in 1989 321; and concerns about mistreatment of prisoners, 339, 340, 341; and terrorism, 343–4, 345, 346–50, 351; fictional portrayal in Spooks, 344–5; has fewer resources to deal with Russian spies, 396; brief references, 2, 18, 19, 20, 74, 78, 102, 148, 226, 239
Miliband, Ralph, 221
‘Military Thought’ (Soviet document), 159
Milmo, H.J., 70
Milošević Slobodan, 325
Ministry of Defence, 293, 295 Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS), 369, 370
Ministry of Information, 20
MI6: secrecy, 1–2; and morality, 3; fictional portrayal of, 3–4, 5, 215, 323–4 see also Fleming, Ian; Greene, Graham; le Carré, John; tension between covert action and intelligence gathering, 4, 6, 60, 133–4, 329; relationship with MI5, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; relationship with CIA, 5, 271; perceived as means of preserving British influence, 5; mystique surrounding, 6; during First World War, 27–8; during Second World War, 28–9; and Field Security Service, 9–10, 31–2; work in post-war Vienna, 10–11, 22–3, 23–4, 24–8, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 44–6, 47, 49; and Greene, 15–16, 20, 247; and Jewish refugees, 32–3; secrets betrayed by Blake, 48; Baltic operations, 51–5, 67; Albanian operations, 55–6, 57, 58, 59–63, 64, 66, 67; problems affecting, 66–7; attitudes to Philby in, 71, 75, 89–90; lax vetting and security, 71–2; Philby perceived as possible chief of, 74; aggressive covert operations, 76–9; and Suez Crisis, 79–81, 84; and assassination, 79–80, 303–4, 325–6; assessment of damage caused by
MI6–contd Philby’s betrayal, 91; new recruits shown film of Philby, 93; officer reports on situation in Africa, 98; active in the Congo, through work of Park, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; and women, 101–2, 133; Africa remains important for, 131–2; and Asia, 132–3; and use of businessmen, 138, 238; Penkovsky works for CIA and, 135, 140–1, 143–70, 176–7; arguments with CIA after arrest of Penkovsky, 174–5; growth of professionalism in, 4, 78, 141–2, 177; Blake is questioned, and confesses to treachery, 142–3; fails to provide advance warning about building of Berlin Wall, 162; and advent of satellite spying, 170–1; staff recruited by Shergy, 177–8; and Beneficiary (Kaczmarzyk), 178–80; and Freed (Kroča), 180 molehunts, 5, 185, 192–3, 196–7, 199, 204, 205–8, 211–12, 213, 215–16, 217–18; Golitsyn is permitted to see Penkovsky file of, 197; and Courtney, 223, 224; and blackmail, 232; sceptical about Gorbachev, 283–4; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295–300, 301–2, 33–4, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314; and bin Laden, 313–14; questions about role of, 6–7, 315–16; faces change, 315–17; and post-Soviet Russia, 318, 319; and Mitrokhin, 319; and Eastern Europe, 320; ceases to be secret, 321, 322–3; new office constructed at Vauxhall Cross, 321; placed on statutory footing, 322; staff not permitted to write memoirs, 324; Tomlinson writes book about his time in, 324–5; new agenda, 326–8; Dearlove becomes chief of, 328; and 9/11, 330–4; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 335 337, 339; and treatment of detainees, 339–40, 342; counter-terrorism work, 7, 348, 351–2, 395; and Iraq, 353, 354–5. 357, 358–9, 360, 362–8, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377–8, 380–1, 382, 387–8, 388–9, 389–93; and Libya, 383–4; Scarlett as chief of, 393–5; and post-Soviet Russia, 395, 396; Sawers as chief of, 397; Afghanistan becomes a dominant focus for, 398; and authorisations, 399; continues to aspire to global reach, 400; see also names of officers
Mitchell, Graham, 195, 196–7, 204, 210, 218
Mitrokhin, Vasili, 318–19
MKULTRA programme, 123
MNC (National Congolese Movement), 97
Mobutu, 113, 120, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130–1
Mohammed, Binyam, 342, 344
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 341, 347
molehunts, 5–6, 184–218, 263–4, 265–7
Molody, Konon see Lonsdale, Gordon
Montgomery, Hugh, 168, 169, 171, 172
Morocco, 342
Moscow: and Philby, 18, 66, 89, 242–7, 291; Courtney in, 52; Park stationed in, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; establishes university named after Lumumba, 130; Penkovsky tries to make contact with westerners in, 136, 137, 138; CIA has no operational presence in, 137; Compass in, 137; Penkovsky meets Wynne in, 139–40; Penkovsky’s scheme to plant bombs in, 149–50; plans for passing secrets in, 154, 155, 164, 165; Penkovsky based in, 155–6, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169; Montgomery in, 168, 169, 171; Jacob’s assignment in, 171–2; surveillance and arrest on Penkovsky in, 172–3; Wynne taken to, 174; trial of Wynne and Penkovsky in, 175–6; Freed (Miloslav Kroča) in, 180 Nosenko’s work for KGB in, 200–1, 202; operations against the British in, 224, 227, 228–9; Lyubimov works on KGB’s British desk in, 240–1; Gordievsky returns from Denmark to, 255–6; Scarlett in, 258–9, 267; Gordievsky tells western intelligence about policies and concerns in, 261, 262, 268, 269; Gordievsky returns for holiday to, 264; fears about US intentions in, 268–9; discussions about London residency, 272; Gordievsky’s appointment as resident-designate, 272–3; Gordievsky in danger in, 248–9, 273–4; Gordievsky’s escape from, 6, 274–80; response to news about Gordievsky, 283; recall of agents working for CIA, 284; and war in Afghanistan, 308–9; British Ambassador’s chauffeur works as spy in, 317; meeting of MI5 officers and KGB in, 318; Scarlett expelled from, 319–20; Blake lives in, 396; brief references, 41, 190, 195, 197, 285, 288, 302
Moscow Institute for International Relations, 219, 251
‘Moscow Men’, 6, 329
Moscow Rules, 136, 256, 258, 398
Mossad, 33, 81
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 78–9
Mountbatten, Lord, 61, 153, 209, 239
Mount Royal Hotel, London, 135, 140
mujahedeen, 6, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299–300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307
Mukhabarat, 372
Munich, 373
Murmansk, 52
Musharraf, President Pervez, 337, 386
Musketeers, the, 59, 60, 67
Muslims, 349–50 see also Islam
Nagy, Imre, 83
Nairobi, 258
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 79, 80, 81, 115, 126, 326
National Congolese Movement (MNC), 97
National Intelligence Estimate (US), 371
National Security Council (US), 122
NATO, 115, 190, 269
Naval Intelligence, 52, 53, 223
Naval Mission in Moscow, 52
Nazis/Nazism, 12, 14, 21, 32, 33, 34, 37, 73
Nendaka, Victor, 122, 128, 129
New College, Oxford, 192, 212
New Scotland Yard, 230
New Statesman, 46
New York, 63, 187, 205, 330, 380
New York Times, 84
Niger, 376, 380, 386–7
Nkrumah, Kwame, 96, 98, 114
NKVD, 249–50
Northern Alliance, 312, 314, 335 336, 337–8, 339
Northern Ireland, 340
North Korea, 359
Northrop, Tony, 62
North Vietnam, 132
Norway, 190, 255, 280
Nosenko, Yuri, 200–4, 230
NSA, 270
NTS (Russian émigré grouping), 42
Nuremberg, 34
Observer,
76
Office of Policy Co-ordination (OPC), 57
Oldfield, Maurice, 24, 132, 159, 188–9, 190, 199, 206, 211, 213, 214–15, 217, 247
Omand, Sir David, 361, 365, 377, 387, 391
Omar, Mullah, 337
OPC (Office of Policy Co-ordination), 57
Operation Barracuda, 127
Operation Claptrap, 44
Operation Embarrass, 33
Operation Foot, 241
Operation Gladio, 49
Operation Mass Appeal, 357
Operation Proba, 226
Operation Ryan, 267–8
Ordzhonikidze (cruiser), 76
Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty-Four, 250
Oslo, 280
OSS, 307
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 202
Oxford, 204, 206, 213, 258, 264; New College, 192, 212; St Peter’s College, 132; Somerville, 133
Pakistan, 160, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310–11, 312, 327, 337, 339, 342, 345, 346, 348, 351–2, 356 see also ISI
Palestine, 32, 33
Palestinian hijackings, 327
pan-African nationalism, 96, 98, 99
Panjshir Valley, 296–7, 298, 299, 301, 312, 313, 335
Paris, 210, 283, 324; Penkovsky in, 160–6
Park, Daphne: childhood, 94–5; early career, 33, 34, 35, 36, 95; in Moscow, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; in the Congo, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; subsequent career, 132, 133; memorial service, 402–3; brief references, 3, 4, 73, 141, 324
Park, David, 95
Park, Doreen, 94, 95
Park, Jack, 94
Park Hotel, Vienna, 32
Pasechnik, Vladimir, 284
Pashtuns, 294 336, 337, 338
Passport Office, 301
Penkovsky, Oleg, 4, 6, 135–6, 137–8, 139–40, 143, 144–70, 171, 172, 173, 174–7, 181 182, 187, 197–8, 199, 224, 256, 259, 286
Pentagon, 56, 115–16
Pershing missiles, 268
Peshawar, 290, 294, 295, 297, 302, 303, 312, 338, 399
Peshawar seven, 294, 310, 311
Philby, Aileen, 19, 84
Philby (formerly Brewer), Eleanor, 84–5, 86, 88–9, 243, 244
Philby, Kim: in Vienna, 16–17; commitment to Communism, 16–17, 66, 73, 75, 243, 247; marries Litzi, 17; returns to London, 18; recruited as spy, 18; and Smollet, 19; recruited to MI6, 19, 72; end of relationship with Litzi, 19–20; marries Aileen, 19; and Greene, 20, 245–7; holds position of British liaison to American intelligence, 63–5; as head of Section IX, 66; betrayal of Albanian operations, 66; and visit of Burgess, 68; and escape of Burgess and Maclean, 69; questioned in London, 69–70; investigation into, 70, 71; nickname, 72–3; not always trusted by KGB mentors, 73; perceives himself as a ‘Soviet intelligence officer’, 73–4; perceived as possible candidate to become chief of MI6, 74; suspected of being ‘third man’, 74–5; faces further questioning, 75; press conference, 75; in Beirut, 76, 84–8; death of second wife, 84; marries Eleanor, 84–5; confronted by Elliott, 86–8; confesses, 88; disappearance from Beirut, 88–9; escapes to Moscow, 89; impact of betrayal, 65–6, 67–8, 89–93, 189; possibility of a tip – off to, 194–5; in Moscow, 242–7, 291; marries Rufina, 244; memoir, My Silent War, 245; compared with Gordievsky, 286–7; brief references, 4, 7, 24, 95, 153, 177, 182, 188, 191, 206, 210, 215, 216, 223, 226, 228, 236, 239, 252, 266, 267, 271, 273, 285, 288, 328