66 a “vain term”: Ibid., 26.
66 “everything can be explained”: Ibid., 28.
66 the brain was divided: Davies, Phrenology, 3–12.
66 “This doctrine concerning the head”: Van Wyhe, “The Authority of Human Nature,” 25.
67 “There is always unending applause”: Ibid., 29.
67 Spurzheim claimed: Davies, Phrenology, 7.
67 nearly half the mental patients: Steinach, “Etiology of General Paresis,” 877.
67 whose eyes were weak: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 101.
68 “masturbatory insanity”: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 103.
68 “Pathological anatomy”: Kraepelin, Lectures, 27.
69 “Deus creavit”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 184.
70 “cut nature at its joints”: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 105.
70 His method was straightforward: Ibid.
71 dementia praecox: Kraepelin, Lectures, 25.
71 involution psychosis: Ibid., 15.
72 “All the insane are dangerous”: Ibid., 2–3.
72 to prevent the marriage of the insane: Ibid., 3.
72 “the growing degeneration”: Ibid., 4. See also Zilboorg and Henry, A History of Medical Psychology, 453–54.
73 “In the course of years”: Quoted in Jackson, Melancholia, 190.
73 “psychomotor excitement”: Kraepelin and Diefendorf, Clinical Psychiatry, 381.
74 Gentlemen, the patient: Kraepelin, Lectures, 12.
75 Here is a case: Ibid., 14–15.
75 “numberless…cases of maniacal-depressive insanity”: Ibid., 19.
76 The mildest form: Kraepelin and Diefendorf, Clinical Psychiatry, 400–401.
76 Georges Dreyfus: Dreyfus, Die Melancholie. I have not been able to find an English version of this monograph. For a discussion of its particulars, see Hoch and MacCurdy, “The Prognosis of Involution Melancholia,” and Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 356.
77 It includes all the morbidly anxious states: Kraepelin and Diefendorf, Clinical Psychiatry, 348–49.
78 “one of the most frequent forms”: Hoch and MacCurdy, “The Prognosis of Involution Melancholia,” 1.
78 “zeal outran his judgment”: Ibid., 2–3.
78 Variations of the emotional status: Ibid., 3.
78 “individual taste”: Ibid., 16.
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82 “She had been one of the sanest”: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 22–23. Also, Meyer, “Presidential Address,” 21.
82 he had wanted to stay on in Forel’s lab: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 21–22.
83 an “old humbug”: Ibid., 24.
83 His office was upstairs: Ibid., 43–46.
84 “hopelessly sunk into routine”: Ibid., 47.
84 their reasoning for diagnosis: Ibid., 48.
85 “the existence of a pathologist”: Ibid.
85 “Now, doctor, show us”: Ibid.
85 “mind cannot be diseased”: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 5; see also Lidz, “Adolf Meyer and the Development of American Psychiatry,” 321.
85 “lasting wish”: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 51.
86 Meyer met Jane Addams: Ibid.
86 “accept the disposition”: Ibid., 71.
87 “The human organism”: Meyer, “Presidential Address,” 3.
87 “Steering clear of useless puzzles”: Lidz, “Adolf Meyer,” 326.
87 his newfound pragmatism: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 546–47. Also Meyer, “Presidential Address.”
87 the job of psychiatrists: Meyer, “Presidential Address.”
87 There he found his mother: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 83.
88 “the supposed disease”: Ibid., 174.
88 “neurologizing tautologies”: Ibid., 381.
88 can we not use general principles: Ibid., 156.
89 “There is no advantage”: Meyer, “The ‘Complaint’ as the Center of Genetic-Dynamic and Nosological Teaching,” 366.
89 to view the abnormal: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 136.
89 “The public here”: Ibid., 57.
90 “give us a clue for progress”: Meyer, “A Few Demonstrations of the Pathology of the Brain,” 242.
90 a rearguard action: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 51.
90 neurologists had already cornered: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 114–19.
91 “the list”: Lutz, American Nervousness, 19.
91 “insomnia, flushing, drowsiness”: Beard, American Nervousness, 7–8.
91 “modern civilization”: Ibid., 96.
92 “agnostic philosophy”: Ibid., 123–25.
92 “Of our fifty millions”: Ibid., 97.
92 Sooner or later: Ibid., 99.
93 If a physician: Gilman, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” 1.
93 “I have no confidence”: Richardson, William James, 400–401.
94 it had “become marginal”: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 144.
94 “days when real science”: Meyer, “Presidential Address,” 3.
95 Psychiatry became real: Ibid., 20–21.
95 “The great mistake”: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 4.
95 “commonsense psychiatry”: Lidz, “Adolf Meyer,” 323.
96 Kraepelin’s manic-depressive insanity: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 163.
96 “constitutional depression”: Jackson, Melancholia and Depression, 196–97.
97 There are conditions: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 175.
97 “normal depression”: Jackson, Melancholia and Depression, 200.
98 “the person himself”: Ibid.
98 “brain mythology”: Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 134.
98 “the dominant figure”: Zilboorg and Henry, History of Medical Psychology, 502–3.
98 The physician can offer: Quoted in Jackson, Melancholia and Depression, 200.
99 “a second-rate thinker”: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 111–12.
99 “acquiring a Main Street beachhead”: Ibid., 161.
99 Give me a dozen healthy infants: Watson, Behaviorism, 82.
100 And Bernays: Lears, “From Salvation to Self-Realization,” 20.
100 “therapeutic ethos”: Ibid., 23.
100 the mental hygiene movement: Beers, The Mind That Found Itself. For Meyer’s view, see Meyer, Commonsense Psychiatry, 312. Also Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 161.
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103 The HAM-D: Hamilton, “A Rating Scale for Depression.”
106 “This Be the Verse”: Larkin, High Windows, 30.
110 Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Requiem”: Stevenson, “Requiem,” http://www.poetry-archive.com/s/requiem.html.
110 “Life is either mostly adventure”: Elkin, The MacGuffin, 233.
111 the change in human character: Woolf, “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown,” 194.
111 Mourning, with its “painful mood”: Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” 204.
111 “consider interfering with it”: Ibid.
112 Not so with melancholia: By melancholia Freud has in mind something similar to what Kraepelin at first kept in and then removed from his Lehrbuch: a state characterized by despondency, fear, delusions, and hypochondria and without obvious connection to the circumstances of a patient’s life. But Freud wasn’t following Kraepelin’s nosology here; indeed, he considered Kraepelin a professional enemy. Instead, he was drawing on a common understanding of melancholia as the condition first described by Hippocrates.
112 “In mourning”: Ibid., 205–6.
112 It would be fruitless: Ibid., 206.
113 “related to the child’s”: Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 9.
113 “carried along with it”: Ibid., 9–10.
114 Whatever insult set off: Ibid., 211.
114 Patients manage
to avenge themselves: Ibid.
114 “Prince Hamlet has ready”: Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” 206.
115 “The loss of the love-object”: Ibid., 210.
115 Karl Popper: Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 131–35.
116 learned helplessness: Seligman, “Learned Helplessness in the Rat.”
116 a series of studies: Alloy and Abramson, “Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students.”
117 “depressed people are ‘sadder but wiser’”: Ibid., 479–80.
117 a “crucial question”: Ibid., 480.
118 “brought our instincts”: Freud, “Transience,” 199.
118 Shell shock: Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul, 121–26.
119 “What lives, wants to die again”: Quoted in Gay, Freud, 395.
119 Todestrieb (“death instinct”): Gay, Freud, 391–92; Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 68–69.
119 Once mourning is overcome: Freud, “Transience,” 200.
119 “far more a matter”: Gay, Freud, 553.
119 The fateful question: Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 81–82.
120 “The life imposed on us”: Ibid., 13.
120 “the threat of external unhappiness”: Ibid., 64.
122 “psychology for winners”: Kovel, The Age of Desire, 267.
122 “Freudianism helped construct”: Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul, 142–43.
122 “life in America”: New York Times, “Warns of Danger in American Life,” June 5, 1927.
123 “I believe that I have not given”: Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 81.
123 “My pessimism appears”: Gay, Freud, 552–53.
124 “declared that his health”: New York Times, “American Loses Suit Against Freud,” May 25, 1927.
125 “It burdens [a doctor]”: Freud, Question of Lay Analysis, 95.
125 “suggest somatic rather than psychogenic affections”: Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” 203.
125 “include elements from the mental sciences”: Freud, Question of Lay Analysis, 88.
125 “self knowledge,” he wrote: Ibid., 90.
125 “specialized branch of medicine”: Ibid., 91.
125 “As long as I live”: Gay, Freud, 491.
125 “an attempt at repression”: Freud, Question of Lay Analysis, 96.
126 “expect nervous disorders”: Ibid., 5.
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133 “Come on, you motherfuckers”: Rosenhan, “On Being Sane,” 256.
133 “the bereaved widow”: Dufresne, Against Freud, 13.
134 “literary and scientific hero”: Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis with Freud, 1.
134 “very unusually talented”: Ibid., 3.
134 “I had no wish”: Ibid.
134 “the views of the widow”: Dufresne, Against Freud, 15.
134 “Though I am myself skeptical”: Wortis, Fragments, 5.
135 “He [Freud] would have thrown me out”: Dufresne, Against Freud, 16.
135 “I was taunting Freud”: Ibid., 11.
135 “It is true you have no palpable symptoms”: Wortis, Fragments, 154.
135 “You know shit about psychoanalysis”: Dufresne, Against Freud, 13.
135 “He seemed to be a bit hard of hearing”: Wortis, Fragments, 24.
135 “Dreaming is nothing but”: Wortis, Fragments, 88.
135 “No man could tell the truth”: Ibid., 121.
136 “You have not yet completed”: Ibid., 61.
136 “A person who professes to believe”: Ibid., 44.
136 “I feel sure”: Ibid., 154.
136 The New York Times was satisfied: New York Times, “Dr. Sakel Is Dead; Psychiatrist, 57,” December 3, 1957.
137 “vagotropic nervous system”: Sakel, Schizophrenia, 189.
137 “deliberately abandoned the normal scientific procedure”: Ibid., 188.
137 “accidents”: Sakel, Schizophrenia, 188.
137 “courageously persisted in his experiments”: Frostig, “Clinical Observations in Insulin Treatment of Schizophrenia”; Jessner and Ryan, Shock Treatment in Psychiatry, 4.
138 “Beyond this point”: Jessner and Ryan, Shock Treatment, 11.
138 “One is frequently surprised”: Ibid., 27–28.
139 One of our patients: Ibid., 44.
139 “the result of research”: von Meduna, “The Significance of the Convulsive Reaction,” 140.
140 Paracelsus, the sixteenth-century Swiss physician: Pearce, “Leopold Auenbrugger,” 105.
140 Although one doctor went so far: Jessner and Ryan, Shock Treatment, 65; see also Kennedy, “Critical Review: The Treatment of Mental Disorders by Induced Convulsions.”
141 the patient got out: Fink, “Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy,” 1036.
141 “a swindler, a humbug, a cheat”: Ibid.
142 The Hungarian missed no opportunity: von Meduna, “The Significance of the Convulsive Reaction.”
142 a vast anti-Semitic conspiracy: Shorter and Healy, Shock Therapy, 20.
142 His technique was simple: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 218.
142 “not using the much simpler method”: Quoted in Shorter and Healy, Shock Therapy, 35.
142 no one raised an objection: Shorter, History of Psychiatry, 219.
143 a pair of electrified forceps: Impastatao, “Story of the First Electroshock Treatment,” 1113.
143 the seizure-inducing dose: Shorter and Healy, Shock Therapy, 36.
143 “calm, well oriented”: Ibid., 37–42.