GOTHIC TALES
ELIZABETH CLEGHORN GASKELL was born in London in 1810, but she spent her formative years in Cheshire, Stratford-upon-Avon and the north of England. In 1832 she married the Reverend William Gaskell, who became well known as the minister of the Unitarian Chapel in Cross Street, Manchester. For the first sixteen years of her marriage, she combined the activities of motherhood, the management of a busy household and parish work in an area notorious for its poverty and appalling living conditions. She also travelled and started to write. Mary Barton, her first full-length fiction, published in 1848 and set in industrial Manchester, was an instant success. Two years later she began writing for Dickens's magazine, Household Words, to which she contributed fiction for the next thirteen years; her most notable work being another novel of Manchester industrial life, North and South (1855). In 1850 she met Charlotte Brontë, who became a close friend until the latter's death in 1855. Soon after this, Gaskell was chosen by Patrick Brontë to write The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857), a carefully researched and sympathetic account of this probing and sympathetic account of this great Victorian novelist. Gaskell's position as a minister's wife and as a successful writer gave her a wide circle of friends, both from the professional world of Manchester and the larger literary world. She was a committed and uncompromising artist, as Dickens discovered when, as editor of Household Words, he unsuccessfully tried to impose his views on her. She proved that she was not to be bullied, even by a man of such genius as he. Her later works Sylvia's Lovers (1863), Cousin Phillis (1864) and Wives and Daughters (1866), are usually considered to be her finest, revealing developments in narrative technique and subtleties of character portrayal. Gaskell died suddenly in November 1865 at Alton, Hampshire, in the house that she had bought with her literary eatnings.
LAURA KRANZLER received her D.Phil. on Gothic Fiction from Hertford College, Oxford. She has written articles on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the literary theory of Virginia Woolf, and is the author of two novels.
ELIZABETH GASKELL
Gothic Tales
Edited with an Introduction and Notes by
LAURA KRANZLER
PENGUIN BOOKS
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Penguin Group (USA), Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia
Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2
Penguin Books India (P) Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India
Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, Cnr Rosedale and Airborne Roads, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank 2196, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
www.penguin.com
Published in Penguin Classics 2000
Reprinted 2004
5
Introduction and Notes copyright © Laura Kranzler, 2000
All rights reserved
The moral right of the editor has been asserted
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
CONTENTS
CHRONOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
FURTHER READING
NOTE ON THE TEXTS
Disappearances
The Old Nurse's Story
The Squire's Story
The Poor Clare
The Doom of the Griffiths
Lois the Witch
The Crooked Branch
Curious, if True
The Grey Woman
APPENDIX
NOTES
CHRONOLOGY
1810
29 September: Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson born to William and Elizabeth Stevenson in Chelsea
1811
October: Mother, Elizabeth Stevenson, dies; Elizabeth moves to Knutsford, Cheshire, to live with her mother’s sister Hannah Lumb
1814
William Stevenson marries Catherine Thomson
1821–6
Elizabeth attends Byerley sisters’ boarding school (school near Warwick, but moves to Avonbank, Stratford-upon-Avon in 1824)
1822
Brother, John Stevenson (b. 1799), joins Merchant Navy
1828
John Stevenson disappears on a voyage to India; no definitive information about his fate
1829
March: William Stevenson dies
Elizabeth stays with uncle in Park Lane, London and visits relations, the Turners, at Newcastle upon Tyne
1831
Visits Edinburgh with Ann Turner; has bust sculpted by David Dunbar, and her miniature painted by stepmother’s brother, William John Thomson; visits Ann Turner’s sister and brother-in-law, Unitarian minister John Robberds, in Manchester, where she meets Revd William Gaskell (1805–84)
1832
30 August: Elizabeth and William marry at St John’s Parish Church, Knutsford; they honeymoon in North Wales, and move to 14 Dover Street, Manchester
1833
10 July: Gives birth to stillborn daughter
1834
12 September: Gives birth to Marianne
1835
Starts My Diary for Marianne
1837
January: ‘Sketches Among the Poor’, No. I, written with William, in Blackwood’s Magazine
7 February: Gives birth to Margaret Emily (Meta)
1 May: Hannah Lumb dies
1840
‘Clopton Hall’ in William Howitt’s Visits to Remarkable Places
1841
July: Gaskells visit Heidelberg
1842
7 October: Gives birth to Florence Elizabeth
Family moves to 121 Upper Rumford Road, Manchester
1844
23 October: Gives birth to William
1845
10 August: William (son) dies of scarlet fever at Portmadoc, Wales, during family holiday
1846
3 September: Gives birth to Julia Bradford
1848
October: Mary Barton published anonymously; Elizabeth is paid £100 for the copyright by Chapman and Hall
1849
April-May: Visits London, meets Charles Dickens and Thomas Carlyle
June-August: Visits the Lake District, meets William Wordsworth
1850
June: Family moves to 42 (later 84) Plymouth Grove, Manchester
19 August: Meets Charlotte Brontë in Windermere
1851
June: ‘Disappearances’ in Household Words; visited by Charlotte Brontë
July: Visits London and the Great Exhibition
October: Visits Knutsford
December-May 1853: Cranford in nine instalments in Household Words
1852
December: ‘The Old Nurse’s Story’ in the Extra Christmas Number of Household Words
1853
January: Ruth published
April: Charlotte Brontë visits Manchester
May: Visits Paris
June: Cranford published
September: Visits Charlotte Brontë at Haworth
December: ‘The Squire’s Story’ in the Extra Christmas Number of Household Words
1854
January: Visits Paris with Marianne, meets Madame Mohl September–January 1855: North and South in Household Words
1855
February: Visits Madame Mohl in Paris with Meta
June: Asked to write a biography of Charlotte Brontë by
Patrick Brontë North and South published
September: Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales published
1856
1 January: Signs petition to amend the law on married women’s property
May: Visits Brussels to conduct research on biography of Brontë
December: ‘The Poor Clare’ in Household Words
1857
February–May: Visits Rome, where she meets Charles Norton March: The Life of Charlotte Brontë published, the first book to carry Elizabeth Gaskell’s name on the title-page; it was soon followed by a heavily altered third edition
1858
January: ‘The Doom of the Griffiths’ in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
September-December: Visits Heidelberg with Meta and Florence, and visits the Mohls in Paris
March: Round the Sofa and Other Tales published
Summer: Visits Scotland
October: ‘Lois the Witch’ in All the Year Round
November: Visits Whitby, which provides the setting for Sylvia’s
Lovers
December: ‘The Crooked Branch’ published in the Extra
Christmas Number of All the Year Round, as ‘The Ghost in the Garden Room’
1860
February: ‘Curious, if True’ in Cornhill Magazine
May: Right at Last and Other Tales published
July-August: Visits Heidelberg
1861
January: ‘The Grey Woman’ in All the Year Round
1862
Visits Paris, Brittany and Normandy to conduct research for articles on French life
1863
February: Sylvia’s Lovers published; Elizabeth is paid £1,000 by Smith, Elder
March-August: Visits France and Italy
1864
Cousin Phillis published
August: Visits Switzerland
August-January 1866: Wives and Daughters in Cornhill Magazine
1865
March-April: Visits Paris
June: Buys The Lawn, Holybourne, Hampshire, as a surprise for William
October: Visits Dieppe; The Grey Woman and Other Tales published
12 November: Dies at Holybourne
16 November: Buried at Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford
Cousin Phillis, and Other Tales published
1866
February: Wives and Daughters: An Every-day Story published (Elizabeth died without quite completing it)
INTRODUCTION
(Readers are advised that this Introduction makes some of the plots explicit.)
In a letter to Eliza ‘Tottie’ Fox dated 29 May 1849, Elizabeth Gaskell triumphantly proclaims, ‘I SAW a ghost! Yes I did; though in such a matter of fact place as Charlotte St I should not wonder if you are sceptical.’1 This juxtaposition of the ghastly and the everyday suggests one of the defining characteristics of the Gothic genre, that of the uncanny double, the shadowy world that is the complex underbelly of familiar experience. Gaskell can be seen to exploit the idea of mirror opposites in the very form of her fiction; it could be suggested that her pleasurably eerie short stories and novellas collected here represent the darkly surreal depths of her more overtly political and realistic novels Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855).2 Gaskell’s interest in ghosts and Gothic fiction is well documented.3 One of her first pieces of published work was ‘Clopton Hall’, a reworking of an atmospheric essay she had written while at Avonbank School in Stratford-upon-Avon, published in 1840 by her friend William Howitt in his collection Visits to Remarkable Places.4 This short piece, like the stories collected here, indicates Gaskell’s playful exploration not just of the supernatural, but of other Gothic themes and motifs such as the doubled identity, the discovered manuscript, and the conflict with history and forms of authority. In Gaskell’s Gothic scenarios, it is usually the female characters who are victimized by the males, and it is this investment in exposing the conflict between the powerful and the powerless that links these stories and novellas most explicitly with the themes of her better-known full-length works. However, although Gaskell may be said to be most fully engaged in exposing social and political injustice, as the pieces collected here demonstrate, there is a marked tension between the categories of factual sources and fictionalized narratives, between stories which empower the self and stories which oppress the Other. Part of what constitutes the Gothic experience in these stories is the split between different forms of identity and between different forms of authority – in terms of gender, history and textuality – and how those boundaries are themselves transgressed. In Gaskell’s stories and novellas, what has been repressed continues to return, fact continually merges into fiction, and it is these shifts between what is real and what is imagined – seeing that ghost in the everyday street – that makes these stories so compelling.
One of the fundamental contradictions inherent in these stories is, of course, the character of the writer herself. All of the pieces collected here, except for ‘The Doom of the Griffiths’, were originally published anonymously, all but two in Charles Dickens’s Household Words and All the Year Round. Her first three stories, however – ‘Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras’ (1847), ‘The Sexton’s Hero’ (1847) and ‘Christmas Storms and Sunshine’ (1848) – first appeared in Howitt’s Journal and were published under the name ‘Cotton Mather Mills, Esq.’, a provocative and witty pseudonym.5 It links her commitment to contemporary Manchester industry (the cotton mill) with the New England clergyman, scholar and, most notoriously, witch-hunter. One of Cotton Mather’s most influential works was Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions (1685), and he himself makes a notable appearance in Gaskell’s story ‘Lois the Witch’, when he arrives in Salem to assist in the purging and judging of ‘witches’. Gaskell’s identity as writer under this name is thus a curious hybrid of Unitarian and Puritan, English and American, Victorian and seventeenth century, and crucially calls into question the relationship between fiction and history, female and male identities, and a sense of the comic within more serious concerns.
In her Life of Charlotte Brontë, Gaskell explicitly refers to her ambivalence about the differences between the freedom with which men can pursue a career in writing, and the oppressive weight of responsibilities that interferes with the same pursuit for women:
When a man becomes an author, it is probably merely a change of employment to him. He takes a portion of that time which has hitherto been devoted to some other study or pursuit… and another… steps into his vacant place, and probably does as well as he. But no other can take up the quiet, regular duties of the daughter, the wife, or the mother, as well as she whom God has appointed to fill that particular place: a woman’s principal work in life is hardly left to her own choice; nor can she drop the domestic charges devolving on her as an individual, for the exercise of the most splendid talents that were ever bestowed. And yet she… must not hide her gift in a napkin; it was meant for the use and service of others.6
There is a melancholic realization here, it seems, in Gaskell’s recognition of the near-impossibility of compromise between women’s responsibilities to others and to themselves and their talents; whereas men, according to Gaskell, are virtually interchangeable in the world of work, and therefore can step out of it at will to pursue their own interests, women, it seems, are inevitably bound to their domestic and social obligations. How, then, can a woman reconcile these with the necessity that she find time to write, though this writing must still be in the ‘service of others’?
In a letter to Eliza Fox written in 1850, Gaskell stresses the point that ‘Women, must give up living an artist’s life, if home duties are to be paramount.’7 She
then goes on to stress in the same letter the need for a ‘refuge of the hidden world of Art’, which women can ‘shelter themselves in when too much pressed upon by daily small Lilliputian arrows of peddling cares’. In fact, she argues that the ‘blending’ of ‘Home duties and the development of the Individual’ is necessary for the ‘healthy’ maintenance of women’s commitment to both spheres although, as she sadly concludes, ‘it takes no Solomon to tell you but the difficulty is where and when to make one set of duties subserve and give place to the other’. In fact, Jenny Uglow suggests that one reason why Gaskell might have chosen to write short pieces for magazines is that she could sneak such work in between completing her commitments to the ‘peddling’ work within the domestic sphere.8 What is so interesting, of course, is that the fiction she wrote, especially ‘Lois the Witch’, ‘The Grey Woman’, ‘The Poor Clare’ and ‘The Old Nurse’s Story’, suggests that this domestic arena which Gaskell is so keen to preserve and prioritize is also precisely the place where women are at their must vulnerable and in most danger.