Greenstein, Lewis, ‘Africans in a European War: the First World War in East Africa with special reference to the Nandi of Kenya’ (Indiana University, 1975)
Helbig, Klaus, ‘Legende und Wahrheit: Der Erste Weltkrieg in Ostafrika und die Rolle des Generals Lettow-Vorbeck’ (Leipzig University, 1968)
Lever, A.W., ‘The British Empire and the German Colonies’ (University of Wisconsin, 1963)
Lovering, T.J., ‘Authority and Identity: Malawian Soldiers in Britain’s Colonial Army, 1890—1964’ (Stirling University, 2002)
Reigel, Corey W., ‘The First World War in East Africa: A Reinterpretation’ (Temple University, 1990)
Warhurst, Philip, ‘Rhodesia and her neighbours, 1900–23’ (Oxford University, 1970)
Yorke, E.J., ‘A Crisis of Control: War and Authority in Northern Rhodesia, 1914–1919’ (Cambridge University, 1984)
INDEX
1st East African Brigade, 180, 182–4, 240, 247, 259n
1st South African Infantry Brigade, 216
1st South African Mounted Brigade, 169, 187–8, 198n, 247
2nd Rhodesia Regiment, 102, 130–1, 177, 180n, 182, 206n; hold Latema-Reata, 190–1; impact of disease, 207
2nd South African Infantry Brigade, 177–85, 194; morale, 178, 185; casualties, 182, 184
2nd West India Regiment, 299
3rd South African Infantry Brigade, 188, 198n, 201
4th South African Horse, 169
13th Rajputs, 46–9, 51–3, 55, 102, 131
17th Cavalry, 170
25th Cavalry, 298, 332–3, 342
27th Mountain Battery, 65, 206n, 328n
28th Mountain Battery, 40, 51, 105, 180, 183, 200
29th Punjabis, 63–5, 79n, 106, 130, 189, 194
30th Punjabis, 329
40th Pathans, 170, 206n, 259n, 298, 344n; impact of disease, 302–3
55th (Coke’s) Rifles, 338, 341–2
61st Pioneers, 40, 46–9, 52, 55, 79n, 180, 188, 206n, 259n
63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry, 40–1, 51–4, 56, 60, 79n, 80
98th Infantry, 40, 51–2, 54–5, 60, 62, 154
101st Grenadiers, 79n; at Tanga, 52–4, 56, 58; at Jasin, 75n, 76, 80–1, 83
129th Baluchis, 170–1, 188, 194, 206n, 341; desertions, 213; at Kibata, 259–60; impact of disease, 303
130th Baluchis, 130, 177, 180n, 183–4, 206n, 259n, 276; reputation, 102–3; hold Latema-Reata, 190–1; impact of disease, 303; and Wintgens raid, 310n
Abdulla Muwanika, chief, 158
Abdullah Kwa Nanga, 334, 341
Abercorn, 32, 99, 109, 232, 385; Germans surrender at, 387–8, 395
Abyssinia, 23, 212, 214, 217–22; influenza epidemic, 395; Mussolini’s invasion, 401
Adamastor, 268, 376–7
Addis Ababa, 218–21
Aden, 193, 219
Adjutant, 67, 150
Adler, Captain Otto, 38, 47–51, 81–2
Adye, Colonel, 225
Afghanistan, 193n, 213n, 344
Africa: Scramble for, 1–2, 4, 136, 317, 351, 358, 400; civilising mission, 2, 4, 34, 162; and White Man’s War, 2, 5, 76, 161; Anglo-German entente in, 2, 14; and war in Europe, 14, 173; key to balance of power, 75, 212; African war begins, 76; nature of war in, 142, 398; Horn of, 217, 219–21
Aitken, General Arthur, 40–7, 49–52, 54–6, 58, 179–80, 196; character, 40, 60n, 62; Mombasa conference, 41, 63, 65; refuses use of KAR, 42, 76; consequences of failure at Tanga, 60–2; relieved of command, 62, 74; death, 62n
Albert, King, 96–7, 226n, 228, 234
Albertville, see Lukuga
Aldabra Islands, 90
Alexandre Delcommune 22, 32, 98, 145
Ali, Corporal, 274
Ali, Subardar Mardan, 82
Ali Dinar, Sultan, 215–16
Alto Molocué, 370–1, 374
Amani, 131, 304
Amboni, 47–8
Amorim, Colonel Massano de, 140–1, 364, 377
Abd-el-Rahmnan, Effendi Said, 82
Angel, Lieutenant, 116
Anglo-South African War (Boer War), 41, 99, 354; aftermath of, 1–2, 125–6, 129; and second ‘White Man’s War’, 2–3, 5, 76; veterans of, 99, 103, 151, 154, 169, 177, 298; immense cost, 152; Cape raid, 153, 279; Spion Kop battle, 190; Boer resilience, 280; African involvement in, 286, 295, 357
Angoche, 162, 377
Angoni, 23, 98, 321, 384
animals: tse-tse flies, 9, 200, 277; crocodiles, 9, 34, 112, 121, 147, 301–2; lions, 9, 24, 29, 176, 201, 301; giraffes, 9; elephants, 9; hippopotami, 9, 34, 85, 95, 245–6, 302–4; rhinoceroses, 9; bees, 9, 53–4; pigs, 27n, 223, 355, 371; mosquitoes, 33, 115, 206, 277; cockroaches, 88; monkeys, 111; ant-bears, 111; ticks, 112; fleas (jiggers), 112, 132, 176, 207; hyenas, 201; eland, 237; hartebeest, 302
Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, 358
António Enes, 377
Apel, Lieutenant Hans, 35–6, 117–20, 259, 388
Arab Corps (British), 154
Arab Corps (German), 29, 75, 81, 159, 213
Arabs, 216, 220; slave traders, 29, 222, 288, 394
Army Service Corps, 279
Arnold, Flight Lieutenant, 118, 121, 123
Arusha, 29, 64, 192, 198, 200, 203–4
askari: Belgian, 95, 172, 228–9, 289, 316–18, 335; bravery of, 37, 133, 191; reputation of German, 37, 237–8; deployment of, 76; recruitment of, 83, 131, 172, 373; diet, 132, 226, 303; barefooted, 207, 235; former, 222, 299, 312; wages, 223, 244, 281–2, 384, 389; discipline, 228–9; switch sides, 251, 299, 356, 380; and German surrender, 257; Portuguese, 270, 274, 322, 378; contempt for Portuguese troops, 271; promised return home, 307, 315; former carriers as, 325; women accompanying, 368, 382; desertions, 368–9, 384; return home, 388; see also King’s African Rifles; Schutztruppe
Asmara, 220
Asmuth, 209
Asquith, H.H., 59, 133
Assouan, 41
Atiman, Adrien, 160
Aulihan, 158
Aumann, Lieutenant (later Captain), Heinrich, 31, 234, 263, 324, 326, 342
Auracher, Dr, 38, 42–4
Awemba, 256–7
Azevedo, Captain Benedito de, 273–4
Bagamayo, 19, 56, 245–6
Baganda, 160, 256, 284–5
Bagenal, Captain, 250
Bahorohoro, 158
Bakiga, 157
Baldamus, Hans, 44
Balmoral Castle, 153
Bandawe, Lewis, 161–2, 163n, 370
Banffshire, 36
Bangalla River, 341
Baron Dhanis, 146–7, 149–51, 229–30
Barrow, Sir Edmund, 61
Barthélemy, Père, 106
Barton, Captain, 31–2
Barue revolt, 320–2, 368, 375
Bataille, Major, 173n, 309, 325
Batwa, 158
Bauer, Captain, 335
Baumann’s Hill, 197
Baumstark, Captain Paul, 38–9, 43; attempted advance on Mombasa, 29–31; and British invasion, 47, 49–50
Baxendale, Colonel, 254, 257
Baxter, Major, 309
Beer, George, 4, 289n, 400
Beho-Beho, 276
Beira, 67, 143, 264, 321, 373
Belfield, Sir Henry Conway, 20–1, 94, 158, 196; defence of British East Africa, 26–8, 38–9; and abortive invasion of German East Africa, 41, 61; and cost of campaign, 282
Belgian Congo, 80, 99, 150, 157; neutrality, 14, 33, 95; and outbreak of war, 22, 94; Force Publique, 22, 33, 95, 172; under King Leopold, 94, 165, 173, 358, 400; abandons neutrality, 95; colonial army, 172–4, 318; and post-war agreements, 226, 351, 353; carriers from, 284; Belgian troops return, 316; commodities, 335
Belgium: colonial policies, 2–3, 5, 22, 33, 94–7, 172; and war in Europe, 16, 24; government-in-exile, 22, 94, 97; nature of colonial rule, 94, 173, 228–9, 317, 399; relations with Britain, 95–7, 99, 173–4, 226, 228–9, 231, 316–18, 335; peace overtures to Germany, 97, 150, 174, 226, 231, 316; and post-war agreements, 226, 231, 351; ends inv
olvement in campaign, 335; and Versailles Conference, 400
Berbera, 217
Bergmann, Lieutenant, 53
Beringia, 216
Berlin Act (1885), 14, 21, 25, 33
Berndt, Captain, 20
Berrangé, General C.A.L., 198, 201
Besch, Lieutenant Werner, 53, 55, 337, 376, 380
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 353
Beves, General Percival Scott, 178–81, 183, 185; and German withdrawal, 247–8, 275–6; and British advance, 327–31; breaks down and relinquishes command, 332–3
Beyers, General, 127–8
Bharatpur Infantry, 331
Biaramulo, 226–7
Biddlecombe, Captain Thomas, 88
Bingley, Captain, 64–5
biplanes, 114–15, 118, 120–1, 123, 315; South African, 204; see also seaplanes
Bishop, Lieutenant, 31–2
Bismarck, Otto von, 1–2, 352
Bismarckburg, 96, 108–9, 233, 235, 242, 383
Bissil, 74
Black, Alan, 143
Blantyre, 161–3, 264
Bock, Colonel Heinrich Freiherr von, 202–3, 306, 319, 338
Bock von Wülfingen, Captain Wilhelm, 30, 37, 245
Bockholt, Captain, 348–50
Bockmann, Walther, 314
Bodecker, Captain von, 245
Boell, Lieutenant Ludwig, 380–1, 387
Boemcken, Julius von, 271
Boer War, see Anglo-South African War
Boers, 66, 154; rebellions, 62, 127–8, 153;ox-trains, 63; loyalties, 125–6, 134, 164; tactics, 179; provide intelligence, 198; prisoners released, 199; looting by, 241; resilience, 280; and African involvement in war, 295, 366; irregulars, 298; guides, 312
Boggis, Air Mechanic, 123
Bohlen, Lothar, 144
Böhm, Herr, 43, 46
Boma, 173
Boma Ngombe, 189
Bombay, 39, 85, 87, 396
Bombo, 393
Bonar Law, Andrew, 133, 152, 297
Bones, Lieutenant, 254
Booth, Sergeant, 310
Botha, General Louis, 119, 125–30, 144, 151–3, 208; supplies troops, 134–5, 169–70, 303; visits East Africa, 241; and withdrawal of troops, 250, 293, 297–8; and racial policies, 295–6; orders to van Deventer, 326
Botha, Manie, 195, 198n
Boyes, Commander Victor, 376
Brandis, Lieutenant Ernst von, 50–1, 54, 325
Braunschweig, Captain Friedrich, 235–6, 238, 249, 255
Breslau, 67
Breytenbach, Colonel, 333
Bridgeman, Commander Richard, 86, 113, 119, 303
Britain: and Anglo-South African War, 1–2; war with France, 2; pre-war relations with Germany, 2, 351–2, 354; attitudes to East Africa campaign, 4–5; relations with Belgium, 95–7, 99, 173–4, 226, 228–9, 231, 316–18, 335; shortages and expenditure, 108, 172; relations with Portugal, 136–9, 142, 144, 318, 318–23; nature of colonial rule, 161–2, 355n, 356, 398; attitude to Islam, 212; and Great Game, 213; protests to Abyssinia, 221; under pressure from Germany, 326; war aims, 346, 364; territorial ambitions, 351–2; and Versailles Conference, 400
British East Africa: African death toll, 3; and outbreak of war, 13–14, 19–20; settlers, 21, 75, 132–4; railway, 23; defence of, 26–30; deportations, 26; European population, 27, 79; morale, 59–60; invasion threat, 62, 75; supplies, 74, 278–9;official inertia, 74–5; economy, 108; women, 132; agriculture, 132; Indian and Goan communities, 134; rebellions, 155–9, 163, 165, 320; collusion by Africans, 159–60; Africans’ loyalty, 160–1, 283; and Muslim threat, 212, 217, 221, 223; recruitment of carriers, 281–4; exports, 282; conscription introduced, 295; army recruitment in, 299; medical services, 304, 393–4; famine 394; influenza epidemic, 397
British Empire, 94, 400; war aims, 4; naval situation, 15–16, 20; repercussions of failure at Tanga, 59, 62; reputation of, 99–100, 110; and South Africa, 125–6, 129–30, 135, 169, 296; and Muslim threat, 214, 222; record in Africa, 357
British Expeditionary Force, 114, 151
British South Africa Police, 33, 109, 175, 232, 235, 253, 257, 310; mutiny, 308
British West Indies Regiment, 299
Brits, General Coen, 126, 195, 247–9
Bröker, Herr, 19
Bubu River, 200
Buchan, John, 164
Buchanan, Private Angus, 104
Büchsel, Walter, 329
Buddu, 19n
Bugesera, 222
Bukama, 112
Bukoba, 30, 96, 154, 225–6; attack on, 104–8, 130, 202, 281
Bunyoni, Lake, 157
Bura, 23, 170
Burungi Heights, 200, 202
Busira Island, 105
Buxton, Lord, 62
Bweho Chini, 330
Byron, Colonel J.J., 181, 190–1, 250, 263
Cabrita, Colonel, 373
Cabrito, Major, 322
Cadell, Captain, 38–9, 60
‘Calamity Kate’, 308
Callwell, Colonel (later General) Charles, 5, 129
Cameroons, 125, 172, 187, 299
Campi Ya Marabu, 29, 37
Cape Corps, 134, 187–8, 296, 298; and Naumann stunt, 314–15; and German retreat, 333, 344, 366–7
Cape Station, 14, 35, 37, 69–70, 85, 245
Cape-to-Cairo route, 1, 94, 400
Cape Town, 62, 88, 152, 207, 329; and gunboat expedition, 100, 110–12; and British supply lines, 264; U-boat attacks, 347
Cape Verde Islands, 90, 321
Capell, Colonel A.E., 190
Capelle, Admiral von, 347–8
Caprivi Strip, 33, 99
CARBEL, 284–6
Carnegie, Sir Lancelot, 137, 143, 364
Carrier Corps, 281–4, 289, 300–1; casualty rates, 358, 392
carriers, 280–90, 299, 316, 320; wages, 282–2; death toll among, 300, 303–4, 309, 392, 394, 399; become askari, 325; desertions, 325, 382, 384, 386; shortages of, 346, 372; coercion of, 357–8, 389, 398; return home, 388
Casement, Roger, 173
Castle, Sergeant, 152, 344–5
Castro,Álvaro de, 141, 267, 322, 364, 378n
Castro, General Joaquim Pimenta de, 140, 167
Caulfeild, Captain Francis, 41–5, 49, 55, 57, 60–1, 71, 80 Cecil Rhodes, 98, 145
Central Railway, 38–9, 44, 142n; completion of, 13; troop movements along, 16, 145; transports Goetzen, 99; Germans withdraw and British advance on, 194, 197–9, 201–2, 205, 207, 232, 235, 240–4, 248, 287–8; Belgian advance on, 226, 230; British occupy, 246–7; damage to, 246; British protect region south of, 249, 383; Naumann threatens, 311, 313–14; Belgians advance from, 317, 325
Chaimite, 268
Chala, Lake, 188, 190
Chalaúa, 377, 379, 382
Chambezi River, 386
Chappuis, Lieutenant (later Captain) Udo von, 19, 56, 227, 276, 342n
Charlewood, Lieutenant C.J., 35–6, 45, 57, 71, 117–18, 246
Chikwenga, Aibu, 160
Chilembwe, John, 162–4
Chilembwe Rebellion, 161–5, 320
Chinde, 264
Chiradzulu, 162
Chiromo, 264
Chiulesi River, 342
Chiwata, 332–3, 336
Chomba, 332, 340, 344
Christiansen, Captain Karl, 90–1, 116, 143
Churchill, Winston, 21n, 61, 71, 86; and hunt for Königsberg, 24, 67–70, 90–2, 113–14, 116; relations with King-Hall, 85, 87, 90; and Dardanelles debacle, 123, 205; and South Africa, 127; wartime exhortations, 134; appreciation of Smuts, 297
Chwa, Daudi, 160
City of Winchester, 16, 23
Clarke, Captain, 254, 257
Clayton, Colonel C., 344
Clayton, General Gilbert, 222
Codrington, Colonel, H.W., 48
Cohen, Major ‘Sos’, 322, 339, 342, 365, 376
Collas, Captain, 181
Collyer, General J.J., 195
Colon
ial Office, 32; and outbreak of war in Africa, 24; and settlers, 26; and abortive invasion of German East Africa, 39, 42, 59–62; cedes responsibility for campaign, 74; aversion to development, 75; and German East Africa offensive, 175; and Muslim threat, 216; and carriers, 265; and German colonial rule, 356
Committee of Imperial Defence, 21, 39, 135, 172, 300
Companhia de Moçambique, 140n, 142
Companhia do Niassa, 140, 142, 144, 270, 275n, 321, 343, 365
Congo River, 14; Zambezi-Congo watershed, 386
Constantin de Burlay, 112
Coronel, 69, 100
Costa, Afonso da, 267
Costa, Sergeant, 22
Crampton, Captain Denis, 70–1, 116, 119, 123
Crewe, Charles, 226–8, 242–3
Croad, District Officer Hector, 386
Cull, Flight Lieutenant J.T., 85–6, 113–14, 118–19, 121, 123
Cunliffe, General F.H.B., 276, 302, 333
Cupid, 34–5
Curado, Captain Francisco, 272–3, 343
Curzon, Lord, 59–60
Cutler, Herbert Dennis, 70–1, 85
Cyrenaica, 214
d’Abreu, Major Neutel, 321
Damascus, 216; capture of, 384
Dankwarth, Ulrich, 24, 122
Danube, River, 114
Dardanelles, 88, 99, 114, 123, 125, 245; and Churchill’s career, 135, 205
Dar-es-Salaam, 23, 44, 85, 93, 99, 108, 124, 387; outbreak of war and open port policy, 13–19, 34; harbour blocked, 16, 145; naval bombardments, 16–18, 67; British attack planned, 21, 39; defence and threat of attack, 28n, 29, 38, 41, 61, 117, 187; naval ambush, 71–3; supplies, 131–2, 211, 304; fall of, 244–6, 271; established as British base, 300, 366, 369; Anglo-Belgian conference, 317; German prisoners arrive, 389, 396
Darfur, 215–16; Sultan of, 222
Dartnell, Lieutenant, 106
Davison, Arthur, 111
de Bueger, Commandant, 229–30
de Koninck, Major, 109
De la Rey, General Koos, 127
De Volkstem, 293
De Wet, Christiaan, 127–8
d’Eça, General Pereira, 318
Delagoa Bay, 321
Delgado, Cape, 267
Delville Wood, 216
Demuth, Captain, 81
Dennistoun, Lieutenant-Commander G.H., 98
Deppe, Dr Ludwig, 372
Dernburg, Bernhard, 353–5
Dervishes, 217, 221
Deutsche Ostafrika Linie, 28n, 143–5
Dickinson, Major, 324
Diobahika, 227
Direction Island, 69
disease: malaria, 9, 62, 84, 102, 131, 147, 200, 207–8, 248, 278, 281, 283, 303–4, 308, 322, 329, 382, 393; dysentery, 41, 102, 128, 131, 252, 281, 304, 308, 322, 393; smallpox, 75, 382; influenza, 89; septicaemia, 89; among British forces, 95–6, 102, 130, 154, 302, 327, 393; tick fever, 112; among Germans, 116, 304; among Portuguese, 140, 268–9; among South Africans, 206–8, 250, 266; blackwater fever, 207, 304, 308, 322; meningitis, 243, 382; ‘marsh anaemia’, 274; among carriers, 265, 281, 393;effect on supply chain, 279–80; sleeping sickness, 304; typhoid, 304; syphilis, 322, 365; bronchial virus, 381–2, 395; pneumonia, 393; influenza pandemic, 395–9; bilharzia, 397n