Pensington, Lieutenant, 92–93
Pereira, Virgulino da Silva: see Lampião
Pereira family, 29–30
Pérez, Didaskó, 231
Perez, Milay, 231
Pérez Millán Temperley, Jorge Ernesto, 56
Pemambuco, 29
Perón, Evita, 100–101, 127–28, 143–44, 157
Perón, Juan Domingo, 82, 127–28, 144, 156, 157, 228
Pershing, John, 44–45
Persons, Ell, 50
Peru, 12, 27, 55, 202, 223–25, 260–61
Pessoa, Epitácio, 50
Peters, Dewitt, 124
Peurifoy, John, 151, 152, 154
Philip II, king of Spain, 7
Picasso, Pablo, 135–36, 237
Pinochet, Augusto, 215, 226, 251, 277
Pinochet, Señora, 215
Pino del Agua, 163
Pixinguinha (musician), 51
Platt, Thomas, 30
Platt Amendment, 30
Playa Girón, 174
Plaza, Monseñor, 233
Plaza de Mayo grandmothers, 265–66, 267
Plaza de Mayo mothers, 239, 246, 261, 267
Poland, 135
Ponce, Federico, 150
Port-au-Prince, 124, 207
Portugal, 197
Posada, José Guadalupe, 24–25
Potosí, 187
Potosí Indians, 188
Pound, Ezra, 65
Presley, Elvis, 242
Prestes, Luis Carlos, 63, 102
Princeton, N.J., 127
Puerto Cabezas, 62
Puerto Rico, 188, 199–200
Puno, 55
Punta del Este, 177
Punta Santa Elena, 276
Quetzaltenango, 6
Que Viva México (film), 90
Quiché, 255
Quijano, Carlos, 274
Quintero, Dante, 102
Quiroga, Horacio, 35–36
Quiroga Santa Cruz, Marcelo, 252
Quito, 27–28
Ragone, Miguel, 228
Ramírez, Juan Pablo, 69
Ramos, Graciliano, 102
Rapallo, 65
Reagan, Ronald, 146, 263, 269, 272
Recife, 217
Red Cross, 121, 212
Reed, John, 37, 38, 57
Regla, 61–62
Revueltas, José, 201
Ribeirão Bonito, 223
Ribeiro, Darcy, 250
“Right to Be Born” (radio drama), 137–38
Rio Batalha, 13
Rio Coco, 182
Rio Cuarto, 238
Rio de Janiero, 9, 20, 21, 50, 51, 102, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 138, 155, 171, 185, 204–5, 218, 273
Rivera, Diego, 24–25, 59, 60, 61, 77
Roa, Raúl, 180–81
Roa Bastos, Augusto, 95
Robeson, Paul, 146, 147
Rockefeller, David, 246
Rockefeller, John D., 25
Rodó, José Enrique, 4
Roldós, Jaime, 260
Romão Baptista, Cicero, 63
Romero, Arnulfo, 243, 256–57
Roosevelt, Franklin D, 104, 112, 118, 119
Roosevelt, Teddy, 8
Rosa, Guimaraes, 171
Rosados family, 29
Rosa Luxemburg Committee, 53
Rosario and Light Mines Company, 19, 247
Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 145
Rosencof, Mauricio, 230
Royal Dutch Shell, 94
Rubirosa, Porfirio, 169, 173
Ruby, Jack, 183
Rugama, Leonel, 208–9
Rulfo, Juan, 67–68, 202
Russell, Bertrand, 238
Sacasa, Juan Bautista, 94, 96
Sacco, Nicola, 65
Sagua la Grande, 12
Saint George’s, 263
Saint-Jean, Ibénco, 233
Saint-Laurent, Yves, 197
Saint Pierre, 7
Salcedo, 106
Salgadinho stream, 63
Salta, 228
Salt Lake City, 37
Salvador Allende (town), 277–78
Samedi, Baron, 124
San Albino, 62
San Andrés de Sotavento, 14
San Blas Islands, 225
Sánchez Arcilla, José, 137
the Sandinistas, 182, 235, 244, 247, 249–50, 257
Sandino, Augusto César, 31, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 86–88, 92, 94, 96, 196, 249
San Fernando Hill, 140
San Gabriel de Jalisco, 67
San Ignacio, 35
San Jose, Calif., 199
San José, Uruguay, 229
San José de Costa Rica, 136
San José Gratia, 3
San Juan, 188, 199
San Salvador, 93, 97, 103, 104, 150, 182, 206, 220, 221, 243, 256
Sans-Souci, 123
Santa Ana de Yacuma, 253
Santa Clara, 168
Santa Fe, 90
Santamaría, Abel, 148
Santa María volcano, 6
Santa Marta, 73, 254
Santiago de Chile, 209, 210, 212–16, 226, 251, 264, 277
Santiago de Cuba, 147, 148, 164
Santo Domingo, 84–85, 105, 158, 168, 172, 173, 184, 188, 189, 190
Santos, Gabriel dos, 205
Santos, João David dos, 273–74
Santos Dumont, Alberto, 5–6, 11–12
Sao Paulo, 272
Sao Salvador de Bahia, 114, 178
Sarrá, Ernesto and Loló, 159
Schneider, René, 209
Seattle, 147
Shell Oil, 82, 94, 99, 112
Shortridge, Senator, 70
Shultz, George, 263
Sick People (Arguedas), 18
Sicuani, 224
Sierra Maestra, 160, 167
Siles, Hernando, 81
Silva Renard, Roberto, 13
Sinú River, 162
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 59, 61
Siuna, 247
Smith, Bessie, 65
Smith, Earl, 164–65, 168
Smith, Walter Bedell, 151
Soccer War, 206–7
Socialist Workers’ Party (Yucatán), 58
Solanille, José Julian, 233
Solentiname Archipelago, 236
Somoza, Anastasio Tacho, 94, 96, 97, 119, 152, 158
Somoza, Luis, 158, 173, 211
Somoza, Tachito, 210–12, 244, 245, 247, 248–49, 257–58
Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, 249
Sonora, 16
Sosúa, 184
Sotomayor, Rafael, 13
South Georgia Islands, 261
Soviet Union, 61, 70, 135, 172
Spain, 103, 109–10, 118
Spanish American Copper Company, 30
Sparkman, Senator, 175, 176
Stalin, Josef, 113
Standard Oil, 82, 94, 99, 112, 261
Statue of Liberty, 259
Stock Exchange (New York), 80–81, 85
Stockholm, 166, 167, 262
Storni, Alfonsina, 101
Stroessner, Alfredo, 258
Suárez, Roberto, 253
Sucre, 162, 255
Superman (comic strip), 120
Surahammar, 259
Sweden, 260
Sylbaris, Ludger, 7
Tabasco, 73
Tacuba, 91
Tamayo, José Luis, 53–54
Tampico, 56
Tarascan Indians, 227
Taylor, Robert, 146
Tegucigalpa, 206, 235
Téllez, Dora María, 244
Tello (Nicaraguan guerrilla), 237
Tepic, 277
Tequesquitengo, 26
Texaco Oil, 171, 273
Texas, 44
Tierra del Fuego, 7
Tiger of Ixcán, 219–20
Time (magazine), 154
Tlaltizapán, 41, 42
Tlatelolco, 200–201
Tlatelolco prison, 31
Tolima Battalion, 140
Tolstoy, Leo,
22
Toronto, 52
Torreón, 38
Torres, Camilo, 192
Torrijos, Omar, 245, 260
Tortolo, Monseñor, 234
Traven, B., 56
Trotsky, Leon, 113
Trujillo, María de, 159
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 85, 105–6, 107–8, 119, 158–59, 168, 169, 172–73, 184, 186, 187
Trujillo, Ramfis, 105, 119, 173
Trujillo City, 105
Truman, Harry, 126, 149
Tucumán, 128, 129
Tuma River, 267
Túpac Amaru, 55
Turnbull, Walter, 150
Twain, Mark, 188
Ubico, Jorge, 104–5, 149
Ugarteche, Vice Admiral, 196
The Underdogs (Azuela), 41–42
United Fruit Company, 73, 74, 75–76, 105, 136, 148, 149–50, 151, 152, 157
United States of America, 4–5, 7–8, 19, 25, 30, 37–38, 41, 43–44, 45, 50, 52, 64–66, 68, 69, 70–71, 78–81, 85–86, 93, 94, 107, 118–22, 124, 126, 144–47, 149–53, 154, 155, 171–72, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 180, 183, 184, 185, 188, 190, 198–99, 209, 210, 212, 213, 244, 245, 249, 252, 255, 268, 270, 271–72; see also Central Intelligence Agency
U.S. Marines, 8, 19, 30, 62, 68, 69, 71, 86, 94, 119, 172, 190, 263
U.S. National Security Agency, 195
U.S. Rangers, 195
United States Steel Corporation, 4
Universal History of Infamy (Borges), 99
Universal Inter-Oceanic Canal Company, 7
Unkel, Curt, 13
Upar Valley, 135
Urcos, 224
Urrutia, Matilde, 216
Urubamba River, 27
Uruguay, 10, 35, 36, 138, 208, 229–33, 257, 274
Urviola, Ezequiel, 55
Uspantán, 256
Valdivia, Pedro de, 251
Valentino, Rudolph, 64
Valladares, Ramón, 264
Vallejo, César, 118
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 65
Varela, Héctor Benigno, 53, 56
Varela, Obdulio, 138–39
Vargas, Getulio, 102, 108, 155, 273
Vargas, Rafael, 227–28
the Vatican, 270
Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 223, 224–25
Venezuela, 15, 17, 98–99, 152, 227, 241–42, 269
Vera, Martín, 29
Veracruz, 16
Verne, Jules, 5–6
Verrolino, Genaro, 154
Videla, Jorge Rafael, 233, 234, 246
Vietnam War, 198–99
Villa, Pancho, 26–27, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 57, 58, 72
Villa de Jesús María, 179
Villafañe, Javier, 90–91, 262
Villahermosa, 73
Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 66–67
Villamontes-Boyuibe Road, 98
Villarreina, José, 247
Villarroel, Gualberto, 130
Violeta Parra Community, 277
Walsh, Rodolfo, 238
Washington, D.C., 8, 70, 107, 118, 119, 137, 145, 146, 147, 151, 175, 209, 215, 271, 272
Washington Herald (newspaper), 70
Welles, Orson, 120
Wessin y Wessin, General, 184, 189, 190, 191
West Indian Company, 148
West Orange, N.J., 3
West Point, 119, 211
Wheeler, Burton, 70
White, Ellen G., 78
Whitman, Anne, 151
Wilckens, Kurt, 56
Wilson, Charles, 145
Wilson, Henry Lane, 32
Wiwilí cooperative, 96, 97
Workers’ Party of Acapulco, 54
World War II, 120–21, 122, 123, 126
Wroclaw, 135
Yaguajay, 168
Yaqui Indians, 15, 16, 201–2
Yaqui River, 201
Yara River, 163
Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, 150
Yoro, 220
Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 53, 82
Yucatan, 15–16, 42, 58–59
Yupanqui, Atahualpa, 129
Yuro Ravine, 196
Zapata, Emiliano, 25–26, 31, 32–33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48–49, 60, 111, 146, 196
Zapata, Nicolás, 112
Zapotec Indians, 267
Zárate Huilka, Pablo, 8, 9
Zelaya, José Santos, 19, 30
Zeledón, Benjamin, 30–31
Zemurray, Sam, 149, 151
Zimmerman, Isaac, 22
Zinica, 235
Zumpa beach, 276
Acknowledgments
To Helena Villagra, who helped so much at each stage of the work. Without her, Memory of Fire would not have been possible;
To the friends whose contributions were gratefully acknowledged in the previous volumes, and who also helped here with sources, trails, and suggestions;
To Alfredo Ahuerma, Susan Bergholz, Leonardo Cáceres, Rafael Cartay, Alfredo Cedeño, Rosa del Olmo, Enrique Fierro, César Galeano, Horacio García, Sergius Gonzaga, Berta and Fernanda Navarro, Eric Nepomuceno, David Sánchez-Juliao, Andrés Soliz Rada, and Julio Valle-Castillo, who provided access to the necessary bibliography;
To Jorge Enrique Adoum, Pepe Barrientos, Álvaro Barros-Lémez, Jean-Paul Borel, Rogelio García Lupo, Mauricio Gatti, Juan Gelman, Santiago Kovadloff, Ole Østergaard, Rami Rodríguez, Miguel Rojas-Mix, Nicole Rouan, Pilar Royo, José María Valverde, and Daniel Vidart, who read the drafts with Chinese patience.
This book
is dedicated to Mariana, the Little Flea.
About the Translator
Born in London in 1904, Cedric Belfrage came to the U.S. in 1925 and began writing about movies in Hollywood. He was a cofounder of the National Guardian in 1948 and its editor until 1955, when a brush with McCarthy led to his deportation. He wrote ten books and novels published in this country, including Away from It All; Abide with Me; My Master Columbus; and The American Inquisition, 1945–1960. He lived with his wife, Mary, in Cuernavaca, Mexico, until his death in 1990.
About the Author
Eduardo Galeano (1940–2015) was one of Latin America’s most distinguished writers. He was the author of the trilogy Memory of Fire, Open Veins of Latin America, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, Days and Nights of Love and War, The Book of Embraces, Walking Words, Voices of Time, Upside Down, Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone, and Children of the Days: A Calendar of Human History. Born in Montevideo, he lived in exile in Argentina and Spain for years before returning to Uruguay. His work has inspired popular and classical composers and playwrights from all over the world and has been translated into twenty-eight languages. He was the recipient of many international prizes, including the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom, the American Book Award, the Casa de las Américas Prize, and the First Distinguished Citizen of the region by the countries of Mercosur.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Originally published in 1986 in Spain as Memoria del fuego, III. El siglo del viento, by SigloVeintiunode EspañaEditores, S.A.
Translation Copyright © 1988 by Cedric Belfrage
Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1986 by Catàlogos, S.R.L.; Copyright 1984 by Eduardo Galeano
Cover design by Liz Connor
ISBN: 978-1-4804-8142-8
This edition published in 2014 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.
180 Maiden Lane
New York, NY 10038
www.openroadmedia.com
THE MEMORY OF FIRE TRILOGY
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Eduardo Galeano, Century of the Wind