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Index
Accelerando (Stross), 25–26
Adaptive cruise control, 114–115
Adaptive House project, 119–123
Affordances, 66–69, 71–72
AI. See Artificial intelligence
Airplanes/airports
baggage handling, 131–132
natural warning signals, artificial reintroduction of, 150
safety, 77–78
stopping points on throttles, 65
Alarms, 141
Anthropomorphism, 47
Apple Computer, the Newton, 142–146
Appliances. See Homes
Archiver, conversations with. See Machine’s point of view, the
Artificial intelligence (AI), 39–40
Asimov, Isaac, 188–189
Augmentation of human intelligence, 34, 123–134
Automagical approach, 38
Automation
augmentative technology as the future of design, 34, 133–134
autonomous or augmentative, 130–133
concerns/dangers raised by, 96–99, 114–115
on a factory floor, impact of, 132–133
inappropriate, the problem of, 113–116
responsive, 86–90
sensible, overautomation and, 105–108
swarming and platooning of automobiles, 108–113
trade-offs of, 117–118
See also Intelligent machines; Technology
Automobiles
adaptive cruise control, 10–14, 114–115
automation in, 96–99, 105–108, 115–116
car+driver as symbiotic system, 44–47
communication with car vs. wife, comparison of, 1–2
fictional account of technological nightmare in, 91–92
Intelligent Vehicles, 157
loose- and tight-rein control of, distinction between, 72
monitoring of the driver by, 36–37
natural interaction in, example of, 19–20
natural signals monitored by, 24
natural warning signals, artificial reintroduction of, 150–151
navigation system, lack of communication with, 2–4, 6–8
reverse risk compensation principles applied to, 82–85
sounds in and around, 61, 63–64
swarming and platooning of, 108–113
Aware Home, 128
Benchmarking and best practices, 54
Bicycles of Delft, 74–77
Blade Runner, 25
Blind people, silent automobiles and, 64
Books, Plato’s critique of, 5–6
Brain, the, 40–43
Brown, John Seely, 148–149
Calm technology, 148–149
Castlefranchi, Cristiano, 62
Clark, Herbert, 49–50
Cobot (Collaborative Robot), 86–89
Colgate, Ed, 86
Comfort noise, 63
Common ground, lack of in human-machine interaction, 49–55, 77
CommonSense, 29–30
Communication
autonomous intelligent devices, between people and, 69–74
with car vs. wife, comparison of, 1–2
common ground in, 49–55
feedback, need for, 146–147. See also Feedback
horse and rider, between. See Horseback riding
implicit, 62
from a machine’s point of view, 183–187
with mechanical and electronic devices, differences in, 135–136
as natural interaction, 149–151. See also Natural interaction
rules of interaction applicable to, 151–153
signaling distinguished from, 57
See also People and machines; Signaling; Sounds
Conferences, 28, 99–104
Copiers, 74
Delft, bicycles of, 74–77
Denver airport, 131–132
Design
affordances in, 67–69, 71–72
augmentative technology as the future of, 133–134
definition of, 171
predictability as a rule for, 75–77
rules of interaction between people and machines, 151–153, 193
rules of interaction between people and machines, a machine’s perspective on, 189–192
the science of, 171–175
Shared Space, 79–80
Design of Everyday Things, The (Norman), 67, 142, 149, 156
Dick, Philip K., 31
Doonesbury (Trudeau), 144
Duval Guillaume Antwerp, 170
Education, robots assisting in, 163
Elderly, restructuring homes and buildings to accommodate the, 170–171
Elliott, M. A., 81
Emotional Design (Norman), 43
Emotions, built into machines, 43–47
Ethnographic research, 124–125
Evolution
a machine’s point of view of, 179–183
of people and machines, comparison between, 41–42
Exoskeletons, 88–89
Factories, the impact of automation on, 132–133
Fax machines, 52
Federation for the Blind, 64
Feedback
the Apple Newton’s failure to provide, 142–147
example of failure to allow for, 136–138
a machine’s perspective on, 186–187
need for effective, 138–142
rules of interaction applicable to, 151–153
through natural
interaction/implicit signaling, 147–151. See also
Natural interaction
Flemisch, Frank, 70
Ford, Henry, 188–189
Georgia Institute of Technology, 128, 130
German Aerospace Center, Institute for Transportation Systems, 22
Gibson, J. J., 67–68
Graffiti, 146
Handshaking, 51–52
Handwriting recognition, 143–145
Hill, Will, 66
History
of intelligent machines, 38–40
from a machine’s point of view, 179–183
Hollan, Jim, 66
Homeostasis, 79
Homes
appliances/devices in, 14–17, 25–26, 29–30, 61, 139–140, 149
augmenting human intelligence by, 123–130
multiple signals in, potential danger of, 58
robots in, 161–165
showers in, 65
smart, 23–25, 28–31, 119–123
Horse and carriage, driving a, 71
Horseback riding, 19, 21–22, 44–46, 70–71
Huxley, Aldous, 188
IBM, Almaden Research Laboratories, 136–137
Implicit communication, 62, 147
Informate, 133
Institut für Verkehrsführung und Fahr, 70
Intelligent machines
artificial intelligence, developing a science of, 39–40
autonomous or augmentative?, 34, 130–133
autonomous or semiautonomous, descriptions of, 35–37
communicating with people, 69–74. See also
Communication; Natural
interaction; People and
machines; Signaling
everyday people interacting
with, 37–38
of the future, 155–160
history of, 38–40
implicit communication in the design of, 62
intelligence of in the mind of the designer, 13
predictability as a requirement of, 75–77
strengths and limitations of, 8–9, 25–32, 103–104
See also Automation; Homes; Machines; Technology
Intelligent Vehicles, 157
Iowa State University, Virtual
Reality Applications
Center, 175
Kaufman, C., 183
Kennedy, J. V., 81
Kettles
musical whistles on, 65
whistles as signals on, 56, 60
KitchenSense, 29–30
Knobs as implicit communication, 65
Licklider, J. C. R., 17–18, 22
Lights, as a feedback mechanism, 140
London, keeping track of cars entering downtown, 32
“Loop,” in or out of the, 113–115
Machine+person entities
bicycle+person, 75–76
Cobots, 86–88
communication with/within, 69–74
exoskeletons, 88–89
Segway Personal Transporters, 89–90
See also Symbiotic relationships
Machines
automobiles. See Automobiles
building emotional states into, 43–47
common ground in communication between, 51–52
communication with. See Communication
conforming to our, 168–171
the danger when they are too comfortable, 85
homes and appliances. See Homes
“intelligent” or “smart.” See Intelligent machines
and people, comparisons to and relations with. See People and machines
responsive automation in, 86–90
robots, 160–165
socialization of, need for, 9
Machine’s point of view, the, 177–178
communication with people, machine discussion of the rules for, 187–189
communication with people, rules for, 183–187, 193
history from, 179–183
on the rules for human designers, 189–192
Maes, Pattie, 155
McCandless, Tim, 66
McColl, V. A., 81
McLean, Paul, 42
Microsoft Research group, 123–124, 126–127, 129–130
Miller, Christopher, 73
Mini Cooper automobile, 31
“Minority Report” (Dick), 31
Minority Report (Spielberg), 31
MIT Media Lab, 29
Monderman, Hans, 78–79
Mozer, Mike, 119–121, 123
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 22, 70
Natural interaction
affordances, 66–69, 71–72
as effective communication, 149–153
feedback provided through, 147–149
implicit signals and communication as, 61–66
lessons to be learned from, 57–60
limited ability to create, 104
machine+person entities, communication with/within, 69–74
a machine’s perspective on, 185
natural sounds, examples of, 60–61
“playbook” concept, 73–74
responsive automation, 86–90
safety, reverse risk compensation to increase, 77–85
See also Communication; Signaling; Sounds
Natural mappings, 149–150
Negotiation, power in, 3
Neural networks, 119–120
Newton, the (Apple Computer), 142–146
Overautomation, 107–108
Palm, 146
Paragraph International, 143
People
blind, sile
nt automobiles and, 64
changes in resulting from changes in technology, 165–167
conforming to our technology, 168–171
homes that augment the intelligence of, 123–130
and machines, comparisons to and relations with. See People and machines
perceptual system of, 58–59
as tools of technology, 94–99. See also Technology
People and machines
blame for problems, question of assigning, 12, 142–147
brains of, comparison between, 40–41
control, shift of the entity in, 10–17
differences between, 14–16
discrepancies in the workings of, 48–49
disjunction between what they find easy and hard, 26–27
evolution of, comparison between, 41–42
interaction between, difficulties regarding, 5–10, 49–55. See also Communication
the machine’s point of view. See Machine’s point of view, the
symbiotic relationship of in future technology, 43–47
Perlman, R., 184
Peshkin, Michael, 86
Physical marks as implicit communication, 66
Plato, 5
Platooning, 111–113
“Playbook” concept, 73–74
Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, 29, 31
Recommendation systems, 20–21
Refrigerator magnets, 125–127
Responsive automation, 86–90
Risk
a machine’s perspective on reverse compensation, 186
perception of and reverse compensation, 78–85
Risk homeostasis, 79
Robots, 160–165
Rosetta, 145
Royal Majesty, 115
Rrrun (Thoma), 42
Rumble strips, 150–151
Safety, perceived vs. real and reverse risk compensation, 77–85
Sapper, Richard, 65
Science of design, 171–175
Segway Personal Transporter, 89–90
Semiotic Engineering (de Souza), 67
Shared Space, 79–80
Signaling
annoyance/confusion/danger of multiple devices, 57–58
communication distinguished from, 57
implicit, 61–66
natural. See Natural interaction
in reverse risk compensation, 83
See also Communication; Sounds
Situation awareness, 114
“Smart” environments, 28
“Smart” homes. See Homes
“Smart” machines. See Intelligent machines
Snow White, 155–156
Socrates, 5–6
Sounds
alarms, 141
of appliances in the home, 139–140
comfort noise, 63
design problem regarding, 63–65
missing elevators without, 138