sterilization, involuntary, 157
Stevens, Burton Douglas, 117
Stratton, Edward, 170
stresses on pregnant women, 171
survival rates for preemies, 66, 97, 100–05, 215
syphilis, 163–64
Tarnier, Étienne, 26–29, 34, 40
technology, ethical implications of, 36–37, 67–68, 177
thermosiphon boiler, 29
Thompson, Frederic, 69–70, 82–84, 85–86, 122, 148
Tilyou, George C., 56, 84–86, 165–66
Tilyou, George C., III, 120, 166
Toolan, Thomas, 169–70
Topsy (elephant), 82–83, 86, 244n82
Trans-Mississippi Exposition (Omaha World’s Fair), 15–16, 47, 55, 56, 56–59, 66, 69, 70, 96, 114, 201, 202
Travis, Hattie McCall, 98
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 122
Trip to the Moon, A (concession), 70, 82, 84, 85, 86
Twentieth Century (train), 187
twentieth-century America, 61, 171, 176–77
“Typhoid Mary” (Mary Mallon), 149
Umbarger, Jane, 78–80
Virchow, Rudolf, 44
vision
oxygen as cause of blindness, 21, 212, 217–18
retrolental fibroplasia, 21, 217–18
Waddell, George, 232n10
Wärmewanne, 27–29
Watts, Mary, 123
“weakling” vs. “preemie,” 163
wet nurses, 13, 17, 41, 42, 63, 65, 105, 123, 124, 164, 167, 200, 213
White City (Chicago), 114, 117
Whitefield, Julia, 238n44, 252n136
Williams, Betty Lou, 183, 184, 259n183
wills, 109–11, 149–50
Winter, Anna, 128
Winter, May, 9, 19, 186
Woman’s Home Companion, 132–33
World of Tomorrow (New York World’s Fair)
Amusement Zone, 198–99
diploma from Baby Incubators Institution, 9
Dream of Venus water show, 198
exhibits, 197–98, 202
expectations, 197
financial difficulties, 209, 213–14, 215
fire prevention strategies, 201
preemie reunion, 214
X-ray machine, 72
Zahorsky, John, 104–6
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
1, 2: From The Official Pictures of a Century of Progress Exposition Chicago 1933 (Chicago: Reuben H. Donnelley Corporation, 1933), p. 95. Image courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago Library, Special Collections
3, 4, 5: Courtesy Carol Heinisch
6, 7, 8, 9: Collection of the author (9 taken at the American Academy of Pediatrics)
10, 11, 12, 13: Courtesy Katherine (Ashe) Meyer
14, 15: From Harry H. Laughlin, “The Eugenics Exhibit at Chicago: A Description of the Wall-Panel Survey of Eugenics Exhibited in the Hall of Science, Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago 1933–34,” The Journal of Heredity 26, no. 4 (April 1935), pp. 156, 158; reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press
16: From The Illustrated London News
17, 18, 19, 20: Courtesy Dr. Lawrence Gartner
21: Photograph by George Newnes Ltd. From James Walter Smith, “Baby Incubators,” The Strand Magazine 12 (July–December 1896), p. 770
22, 23, 24: From The Pan-American Exposition, illustrated by C. D. Arnold (Buffalo, 1901)
25: Poster produced by Bockmann Engraving Company, ca. 1932
26: Omaha Public Library
27 (Aerial photograph of Coney Island, 1903), 138 (Martin Couney’s nurses, New York World’s Fair), 203 (Martin and Hildegarde Couney, New York World’s Fair), 214 (Baby reunion [New York], 1940): Frederick Fried Coney Island Collection, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York
28, 29, 30: Courtesy Beth Allen
31: Missouri History Museum, St. Louis
32: Photograph by Koehne. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library
33: From advertising poster for The Black Stork, ca. 1917
34: © 2017 Ripley Entertainment Inc.
35: Courtesy Emanuel Sanfilippo
36: Newborn Medicine History Collection, Pediatric History Center, American Academy of Pediatrics
37: Wurts Bros. (New York, N.Y.) / Museum of the City of New York. X2010.7.1.14272
38: Arnold Gesell, in collaboration with Catherine S. Amatruda, The Embryology of Behavior: The Beginnings of the Human Mind (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1945), p. 203
39: Photograph © Eric Alexander
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dawn Raffel is a journalist, memoirist, novelist, and short story writer whose work has been widely anthologized. A longtime magazine editor, she helped launch O, The Oprah Magazine and served for many years as executive articles editor. She has also taught creative writing in the MFA program at Columbia University; at Summer Literary Seminars in St. Petersburg, Russia; Montreal; and Vilnius, Lithuania; and at the Center for Fiction in New York. She now works as an independent editor and book reviewer.
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*Although it was never proven, rumors flew that nearby business owners had illegally siphoned water to protect their assets.
*Once in a while, the organizers held a separate contest for African American babies.
*There is no record of a major exposition in Berlin in 1898 or 1899.
*A coroner’s report would cite “dilation of the heart.” Fischel had also suffered from stomachaches for months, but his death remains puzzling.
*This calculation was probably off by a few years.
*Both Lawrence Gartner and I wondered whether he was involved in some kind of intelligence work. A half-dozen Freedom of Information Act requests turned up nothing, nor did an investigation by a Washington, D.C., researcher who specializes in these matters. Maybe he was simply a wealthy, well-connected, fluent, crafty widower traveling frequently to France before the war. Or not.
*Now Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the firm later designed the John Hancock Center and the Sears (currently Willis) Tower in Chicago, and in this century, the “Freedom Tower” in New York City.