Ann Rowley witnessed an instance: Rowley, [Autobiography], ibid.
On October 14, the Willie Company: Olsen, 110, 125.
(An old legend had it): Clayton, 67–68.
Robert Reeder swore that James Hurren: Adolph Madsen Reeder, Writings, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
The pious Ann Rowley: Rowley, [Autobiography], ibid.
By contrast, William Woodward’s official journal: Willie Company journal, ibid.
It would remain for John Chislett: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 320–22.
On October 19, the Willie Company: Olsen, 131–32; T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 322–23.
Bond remembered his shock: Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
As John Jaques remembered in 1878: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
Peter McBride, only six years old: Susan Madsen, I Walked to Zion, 45.
Josephine Hartley remembered: Josephine Hartley Zundle, Biography of Josephine Hartley Zundle, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
The most harrowing testimony to hunger: Sarah Crossley Sessions, Autobiographical sketch, ibid.
“The hardship on the men having”: Alice Welsh Strong, Autobiographical sketch, ibid.
Fifteen-year-old Albert Jones: Albert Jones, [Reminiscences], ibid.
Margaret Clegg remembered: Margaret Ann Griffiths Clegg, Autobiographical sketch, ibid.
If his own testimony is to be believed: Aaron Barnet Giles, to Brigham Young, December 3, 1856, ibid.
Samuel Openshaw’s diary places: Openshaw diary, ibid.
According to John Jaques: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
Elizabeth Sermon would later claim: Elizabeth Whitear [Sermon] Camm, Letter, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
As Josiah Rogerson remembered: Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 3, 1907.
Their presence is explained by John Bond: Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
At the fort, several backouts: Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 3, 1907.
“Laramie’s Peak, in the distance”: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
John Bond took in the same view: Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
As John Jaques remembered twenty-two years later: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
Half a century later: Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 10, 1907.
In his journal, William Binder wrote: William Binder, Journal, quoted in Olsen, 316.
The reminiscence of one Saint: John Watkins, Reminiscences, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Five miles east of where the Saints waded: Olsen, 317.
Wrote John Jaques in 1878: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
Thomas Durham wrote in his journal: Thomas Durham journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Twelve-year-old John Bond: Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” ibid.
The snowstorm was no passing squall: Durham journal, ibid.
Heber McBride, thirteen years old at the time: Heber Robert McBride, Autobiography, ibid.
Years later, his wife recounted: Elizabeth Horrocks Jackson Kingsford, [Autobiographical sketch], ibid.
Other Saints confirmed that fourteen: Watkins, Reminiscences, ibid.; Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 10, 1907.
As John Jaques pithily put it twenty-two years later: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 8, 1878.
Most of the volunteers: Bartholomew and Arrington, 8.
Ephraim Hanks was a footloose frontiersman: Hanks and Hanks, Scouting for the Mormons on the Great Frontier, 116–19.
The process by which Daniel W. Jones signed on: Daniel W. Jones, Forty Years Among the Indians, 60.
After uttering his soon-to-be infamous phrase: Bartholomew and Arrington, 10.
Traveling fast, Grant’s entourage: Ibid., 10–11.
Meanwhile the main caravan pushed on: Olsen, 122.
We began to feel great anxiety: Jones, Forty Years, 61–62.
Although there was no way to know it: Olsen, 123.
Daniel Jones later remembered: Jones, Forty Years, 62.
But Robert Burton, one of the few men: Robert T. Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
But in any event, by the 18th: Bartholomew and Arrington, 11.
With all the advantages of hindsight: Ibid., 11.
in Robert Burton’s dry diary entry: Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
On the morning of October 18: Loleta Wiscombe Dixon, [Willie Handcart Company and William James], ibid.
The party had reached a marshy lowland: Berrett and Anderson, 84.
In the midst of the storm: Dixon, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
George Cunningham, fifteen years old: George Cunningham, Reminiscences, ibid.
The Dane Michael Jensen: Michael Jensen, “The Story of My Life,” ibid.
And John Chislett averred: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 322.
Euphemia Bain remembered: Euphemia Mitchell Bain, “Pioneer Sketch,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
In the official journal: Willie Company Journal, ibid.
According to Chislett: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 323.
Chislett recorded, “They informed us”: Ibid., 322.
The official journal dutifully recorded: Willie Company Journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Chislett elaborated on that stormy bivouac: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 323.
In the morning, new snow lay heavy: Ibid., 323; Willie Company Journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
The last ration of flour had been issued: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 323.
Wrote Chislett, “Being surrounded”: Ibid., 323–24.
Robert Burton’s noncommittal journal notes: Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Ann Rowley, the widowed matriarch: Rowley, [Autobiography], ibid.
Levi Savage’s journal entry for October 20: Savage journal, ibid.
Twelve-year-old John Oborn: John Oborn, Reminiscences and diary, ibid.
But after covering twelve miles: Joseph B. Elder journal, quoted in Allphin, Tell My Story, Too, 38.
Ahead of them loomed Rocky Ridge: Berrett and Anderson, 94.
Wrote Elder later: Elder journal, quoted in Allphin, 38.
Elder swore that he and Willie rode: Ibid.
But it occurred to one rescuer: Harvey Cluff journal, quoted in Olsen, 138.
“When they saw us”: Elder journal, quoted in Allphin, 38.
Church historian Andrew Olsen: Olsen, 139.
John Chislett, who had been put in charge: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 324.
Chislett records the momentous return: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 325.
Even historians succumb: Hafen and Hafen, 127.
Daniel Jones, the former mountain man: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 62.
(In fact, at the moment): Clayton, 66, 70.
In John Ahmanson’s private memoir: Ahmanson, 34.
In his journal, Levi Savage: Savage journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Savage, again, in his longest journal entry: Ibid.
Its last entry: Ibid.
Michael Jensen, only eleven at the time: Jensen, “The Story of My Life,” ibid.
As usual, John Chislett had the most comprehensive: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 327–29.
William Woodward, in the official journal entry: Willie Company Journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Chislett described the mass grave: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 329.
Only seven years old at the time: Mary Hurren Wight, [Reminiscences], http:
//www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Nineteen-year-old Robert Reeder: Robert Reeder, History of Robert Reeder, ibid.
In addition to the fifteen dead: Mettie Mortensen Rasmussen, Reminiscences, ibid.
despite the arrival on October 24: Willie Company Journal, ibid.
And according to Chislett: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 329.
Yet from that date on: Ibid., 330.
Woodward’s official journal records: Willie Company Journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
On top of all their other miseries: William Woodward, 1907 letter to Joseph F. Smith, ibid.
Years later, the eleven-year-old Danish boy: Jensen, “The Story of My Life,” ibid.
Also years later, Agnes Caldwell: Madsen, I Walked to Zion, 58–59.
During these onerous days: Ahmanson, 33–35.
As usual, John Chislett had the keenest eye: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 330.
A cherished piece of Mormon folklore: Stegner, 255–56.
Thirty-one-year-old Margaret Dalglish: http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Church historian Andrew Olsen believes: Andrew Olsen, personal communication, August 28, 2007.
Susannah Stone, twenty-five during the journey: Susannah Stone Lloyd, Lloyd family sketches, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Woodward’s journal systematically records: Willie Company Journal. ibid.
Chislett would later write: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 331.
Euphemia Bain recalled: Euphemia Mitchell Bain, “Pioneer Sketch,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Susannah Stone later remembered: Lloyd family sketches, ibid.
As the Saints entered the city: Ahmanson, 35.
But Susannah Stone remembered: Lloyd family sketches, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Of both bishops and families: T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 331.
Captain Willie, the proud leader: Adolph Madsen Reeder, Writings, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
The horror of the toll that frostbite: Ibid.
Saints in the party put the toll: Bain, “Pioneer Sketch,” ibid.; Willie Company Journal, ibid.; Adolph Reeder, Writings, ibid.; T. B. H. Stenhouse, Saints, 331.
though Robert Reeder: Robert Reeder, History of Robert Reeder, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
In Handcarts to Zion: Hafen and Hafen, 193.
After careful research, church historian: B. H. Roberts, ed., A Comprehensive History of the Church, vol. 3, 94.
Andrew Olsen, in his recent: Olsen, 172.
The already embittered Danish sub-captain: Ahmanson, 34.
Millen Atwood, Willie’s fanatical second-in-command: Deseret News, November 26, 1856.
And on November 12: Deseret News, November 12, 1856.
CHAPTER 7: MARTIN’S COVE
A curious footnote to the rescue mission: Bartholomew and Arrington, 31.
A brief notice of this aborted expedition: Deseret News, October 22, 1856.
A much more elaborate and bizarre version: Earl S. Paul, “The Handcart Companies of 1856 and Arza Erastus Hinckley,” 8–9.
possibly Hinckley was the “doctor”: Bartholomew and Arrington, 31.
George Grant had ordered: George D. Grant to Brigham Young, Deseret News, November 19, 1856.
the half-decrepit remains of Fort Seminoe: Olsen, 337–38.
The eternally overoptimistic Franklin Richards: Ibid., 337.
Meanwhile, having dispatched William Kimball: Bartholomew and Arrington, 21.
Grant began to speculate: Ibid., 21.
As Daniel Jones wrote of this impasse: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 64.
Jones would later claim: Ibid., 64.
Harvey Cluff, the young man who had posted: Harvey H. Cluff, Journal, quoted in Hafen and Hafen, 235.
According to Jones’s account: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 64.
Their rations had recently been reduced: Margaret Ann Griffiths Clegg, Autobiographical sketch, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory; Heber Robert McBride, Autobiography, ibid.; Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 15, 1878.
“At last the Company gave up and decided”: Louisa Mellor Clark, Reminiscences, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Heber McBride, thirteen at the time: Heber Robert McBride, “Tongue nor Pen Can Never Tell the Sorrow,” ibid.
The stalwart John Jaques insisted: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 15, 1878.
Both Patience Loader and Jane Griffiths: Archer, 76; Jane Griffiths Fullmer, [Reminiscence], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Josiah Rogerson went even further: Josiah Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 17, 1907.
But twelve-year-old John Bond: John Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
And Bond was able to confess: Ibid.
She remembered that she and her sister: Archer, 74.
The single repast that stuck in her memory: Ibid., 75.
Patience lavishes considerable detail: Ibid.
scholar Lyndia Carter believes: Ibid., 215 n38.
Patience’s family offered the man: Ibid., 75–76.
Elizabeth Jackson, who had lain: Elizabeth Horrocks Jackson Kingsford, [Autobiographical sketch], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Josiah Rogerson reported the prophetic vision: Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 17, 1907.
The best account of the Martin Company’s deliverance: Bond, “Handcarts West in ’56,” http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Also many years later: Albert Jones, Address, ibid.
Patience Loader remembered: Archer, 76.
Martin reported that fifty-six members: Rogerson, “Martin’s Handcart Company, 1856,” Salt Lake Herald, November 17, 1907.
Young then ordered the immediate disbursement: Bartholomew and Arrington, 23.
And he “told the people”: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 65.
Daniel Jones’s account of the meeting: Ibid., 65.
The official journal of the Hunt Company: Dan Jones Emigrating Company Journal, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
By the time Jones and Garr: Ibid., 66–67.
In a letter to Brigham Young: George D. Grant, “The Companies Yet on the Plains,” Deseret News, November 19, 1856.
though nine hundred is probably a more accurate count: Olsen, 364.
As Grant wrote to Young: Grant, “The Companies Yet on the Plains,” Deseret News, November 19, 1856.
Even so, a few Saints died: Olsen, 350–51.
The Martin Company reached Devil’s Gate: Ibid., 352.
Daniel Jones recalled: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 68.
Patience Loader, however, remembered: Archer, 81.
John Jaques recaptured the ordeal: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 15, 1878.
The next day, as another storm descended: Olsen, 355.
Meanwhile, Grant was vexed: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 68.
Young and Garr covered the 327 miles: Olsen, 356.
the official newspaper of the colony also published: “Express,” Deseret News, November 19, 1856.
As well as flour: Robert Burton, [Journal], quoted in Olsen, 357.
Patience Loader remembered: Archer, 79.
The cache plan evolved into something: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 69–70.
On November 4, the thermometer registered: Jesse Haven, Journals, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
at Devil’s Gate, it ran only two to three feet deep: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 15, 1878.
John Jaques later recalled a vignette: Ibid.
He rolled up his pants: Ibid.
Jaques’s sister-in-law Patience Loader: Archer, 83–84.
It was crystallized by Solomon Kimball: Kimball, “Belated Emigrants of 1856,” Improvement Era, February 1914, 288.
Chad M. Orton demonstrated: Orton, “The Martin Handcart Company at the Sweetwater: Another Look,” BYU Studies 45, no. 3 (2006), 5–37.
The cold was beyond brutal: Robert T. Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
on the worst day the gusts blew down: Samuel S. Jones, Reminiscences, ibid.
Of this reversal: Susan Arrington Madsen, I Walked to Zion, 46.
Patience Loader thought: Archer, 84.
Samuel Openshaw, who had managed faithfully: Openshaw diary, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
On November 5, the daily ration: James Godson Bleak, Journal, ibid.
Peter McBride remembered: Susan Arrington Madsen, I Walked to Zion, 46.
His thirteen-year-old brother: Heber McBride, Autobiography, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Fifty years later, Samuel S. Jones: Samuel S. Jones, Reminiscences, ibid.
several Saints later testified: E.g., James Cantwell, Autobiography, ibid.; Louisa Mellor Clark, Reminiscences, ibid.
Thus Elizabeth Sermon: Elizabeth Whitear [Sermon] Camm, Reminiscence, ibid.
As if the loss of her husband were not tribulation: Ibid.
Their daughter, only two years old: Olsen, 368.
As another daughter, thirteen-year-old Mary: Mary Goble Pay, Life of Mary Goble Pay, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
Patience Loader paints an affecting picture: Archer, 86–87.
Robert Burton’s journal says only: Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
The story was told most fully by Hanks: Hanks and Hanks, Scoutings, 122–23, 131–39.
Hanks, however, had no cure for frostbite: Ibid., 140.
In Rescue of the 1856 Handcart Companies: Bartholomew and Arrington, 32–33.
But there, according to Bartholomew and Arrington: Ibid., 33.
Stout’s diary gives the clearest account: Juanita Brooks, Diary of Hosea Stout, vol. 2, 605–6, quoted in Bartholomew and Arrington, 33.
In Forty Years Among the Indians: Daniel Jones, Forty Years, 72.
About a dozen years later: Heber McBride, Autobiography, http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.
As John Jaques later indicated: Jaques, “Some Reminiscences,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, December 22, 1878.
Some of the Saints actually chose to walk: Ibid.
From the 9th of that month on: Bartholomew and Arrington, 35.
It is curious that Robert Burton’s diary: Burton, [Journal], http://www.lds.org/churchhistory.