31. “Flanders Sets Deadline,” The Washington Post, June 14, 1954; Knowles, “Flanders Slates Early Showdown,” The New York Times, June 14, 1954; Egan, “Flanders’ Motion to Curb M’Carthy Hit by Knowland,” The New York Times, June 13, 1954; “Flanders’ Move to ‘Bump’ McCarthy,” The Washington Post, June 13, 1954; DDE to Brownell, ACW diary, June 15, 1954, B2 (2).
32. “Flanders’ Home Given Police Guard,” The Washington Post, June 15, 1954.
33. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Hearing May Finish Today,” The New York Times, June 16, 1954; Murray Marder, “Army-McCarthy Hearings Near Conclusion,” The Washington Post, June 16, 1954; Marder, “Senator Draws Rebuke,” The Washington Post, June 17, 1954.
34. Murray Marder, “Record Declared Saturated with Perjury,” The Washington Post, June 18, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Hearings End on 36th Day,” The New York Times, June 18, 1954; “Schine Ordered to Report Today,” The Washington Post, June 18, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 634–37.
35. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 232–37.
36. “Army Vindicated, Stevens Asserts,” The New York Times, June 19, 1954.
37. Roscoe Drummond, “Highly Publicized Distractions,” New York Herald Tribune, June 14, 1954.
38. Robert Stevens, conversation with Ann Lousin, e-mail account to the author, May 25, 2013; Joseph Alsop, “McCarthy Crackdown Ordered,” The Washington Post, June 20, 1954.
39. Fred I. Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1982).
40. DDE, News Conference, June 16, 1954, PPP; “President Dodges 2 Questions,” The Washington Post, June 17, 1954.
41. Hagerty diary, June 16, 1954, JHP, B1.
42. “Welch Sees Eisenhower,” The New York Times, June 19, 1954; Hagerty diary, June 18, 1954, JHP, B1; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 636.
EPILOGUE
1. Ralph E. Flanders, Senator from Vermont (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 260; Karl Mundt, “Highlights of the Army-McCarthy Hearings,” unpublished manuscript, chap. 5, 1–2, Dakota State University, Madison, SD; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein & Day, 1982), 377–416, 633, 641–44; James Cross Giblin, The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy (New York: Clarion Books, 2009), 131–41, 344.
2. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 645–46; Arthur V. Watkins, Enough Rope (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969) 3; Giblin, The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy, 347.
3. DDE, News Conference, Aug. 4, 1954, PPP.
4. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 645–46, 648–49; Watkins, Enough Rope, ix.
5. “Nixon Ascribes Loss to Split over Reds,” The New York Times, Nov. 9, 1954; Gallup Polls, The New York Times, Nov. 6 and 7, 1954.
6. “Text of McCarthy Speech,” The New York Times, Nov. 11, 1954; Murray Marder, “Lawmaker Labels Investigative Body ‘Hand-Maiden’ of Communist Party,” The Washington Post, Nov. 10, 1954; Watkins, Enough Rope, 132–33; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 656–57.
7. Watkins, Enough Rope, 129; Murray Marder, “McCarthy Warned on New ‘Abuse’ of Senators,” The Washington Post, Nov. 11, 1954.
8. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 658.
9. Ibid., 644, 660–61; David M. Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (Oxford University Press, 2005), 488.
10. “Text of McCarthy Speech,” The Washington Post, Nov. 30, 1954.
11. “Pleas on Censure Taken to Capitol,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “Final Move Today,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954.
12. “The Censure Proposals,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “Final Move Today,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954.
13. “McCarthy Asserts People Are Not Fooled,” and “McCarthy Unit Resumes Public Inquiry Tuesday,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954.
14. William S. White, “Leader Votes ‘No,’ ” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “Final Move Today”; Hagerty diary, Dec. 1, 1954, JHP, B1a.
15. President’s Appt. Schedule for Dec. 2, 1954, Miller Center, Dwight D. Eisenhower Appointment Schedule.
16. DDE, News Conference, Dec. 2, 1954, PPP; William S. White, “Eisenhower Warns G. O. P. Right Wing,” The New York Times, Dec. 3, 1954.
17. Watkins, Enough Rope, 149–51; “Text of Final Resolution,” The New York Times, Dec. 3, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “ ‘Censure’ in Title Stricken by Nixon,” The New York Times, Dec. 4, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “Republicans Split,” The New York Times, Dec. 3, 1954; the breakdown of the vote, senator by senator, is found in the Washington Sunday Star, Dec. 5, 1954.
18. Hagerty diary, Dec. 3–4, 1954, JHP, B1a; ACW diary, Dec. 4, 1954, B3 (5), DDEPL; John Chadwick, “Ike Praises Watkins for Splendid Job,” The Washington Post, Dec. 5, 1954.
19. Anthony Leviero, “M’Carthy Breaks with Eisenhower,” and “Text of McCarthy Statement,” The New York Times, Dec. 8, 1954.
20. John Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 249.
21. Legislative Leaders Meeting, June 21, 1955, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Msc.-Mc; William S. White, “Knowland Shuns M’Carthy Attack,” The New York Times, June 17, 1955; White, “Senate, 77–4, Balks McCarthy on Big 4,” The New York Times, June 23, 1955.
22. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 258–59.
23. T. C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 671.
24. The article was published in Reader’s Digest in April 1969, after Eisenhower’s death on March 28; the author is indebted to Timothy Rives, the deputy director of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, for sharing the article draft from the Ben Hibbs Papers.
INDEX
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ABC, 189
Adams, John G., 69, 73-78, 80, 92, 93, 101, 102, 107-8, 113, 140, 295, 296, 323n3, 324n15, 329n25, 334n32, 349n39
Army-McCarthy hearings and, 215, 228-38, 241, 244-47, 252-56, 269-70, 274, 281, 282, 286-87
executive privilege letter and, 259-60
McCarthy’s campaign against Army and, 73-78, 107-8, 113-58, 167, 205, 207, 241
Schine report and, 162-64, 167, 184, 193, 199-202, 208-10, 234, 235, 252-56
visit to McCarthy’s home, 127-30
Adams, Sherman, 4, 6, 9, 14, 17, 19-26, 31, 35, 44, 55-58, 66, 70, 95, 111, 121-23, 128, 132, 136-39, 144-47, 152, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164, 170, 171, 175, 185, 196, 209, 217, 225, 227, 231, 238, 252, 253, 257, 263, 270, 278, 287, 288, 322n37
African Americans, 60-63
desegregation and, 82, 110, 262, 264, 265
Agronsky, Martin, 189
Alsop, Joseph, xii, 28, 40, 42, 137, 144, 173, 208-10, 235, 251, 287, 337n30
Alsop, Stewart, 95, 144, 235, 251, 287, 337n30
American Mercury, 48
American Newspaper Publishers Association, 236
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 34
Anastos, George, 130
Anderson, Robert B., 254, 255, 258
Anti-Defamation League, 94
anti-Semitism, 94, 127, 128
Army, US, 45-46
Army-McCarthy hearings, 233-88
countdown to Army-McCarthy hearings, 217-32
desegregation of, 82, 110
Fort Monmouth investigation, 72-80, 92-94, 112, 122, 199, 240, 323n3
loyalty boards, 63, 65, 66, 77, 113, 119-28, 263, 264
McCarthy’s campaign against, 45-46, 55-56, 59-63, 64-81, 83, 104, 107-8, 112-65, 170-96, 199-216, 221-35, 252-70, 278
Peress investigation, 107-8, 130-31, 134, 139-45, 149, 150, 156, 1
68, 172
Schine-Cohn affair and, 34, 55-56, 64-68, 76-77, 92-94, 101-2, 114-19, 122-28, 139, 148, 152, 162-65, 168, 190-96, 199-202, 205, 208-10, 228-35, 239-42, 274-80, 288, 293
Schine report and, 162-65, 167, 170, 183-84, 188, 190-96, 199-202, 208-10, 220, 233-35, 241-42, 252-70, 275-79
Zwicker interrogation, 139-53, 173-75, 180, 187, 199, 293, 294
Army-McCarthy hearings, x, 55, 205-16, 233-88, 358n34
attempts to shut down, 244-50, 264, 272, 279
call for perjury investigations, 286
charges dropped against Hensel and Carr, 271-72
Cohn testimony, 274, 280, 285
counsel for, 215-20
countdown to, 217-32
doctored evidence, 238-40
end of, 285-88
executive privilege order, 247-48, 257-70, 27-76, 279, 335n3
Fisher attack, 280-82
Flanders resolution, 283-85, 289
January 21 meeting and, 252-70, 335n3
McCarthy indictment, 228-30
McCarthy’s threat to subpoena White House advisers, 253-70
preparations for, 205-16
procedural rules, 232
public opinion on, 231-32
role of Schine report in, 233-70, 275-79
televised, 206-7, 232, 234, 244-45, 249, 283, 288
Welch vs. McCarthy, 279-83
Atomic Energy Commission, 178, 225-28
Atoms for Peace program, 100-102
Auchincloss, James, 76
BeLieu, Kenneth, 148, 154, 155
Benson, Ezra, 51
Bentley, Alvin, 168
Berlin, 33, 47, 84
Berlin, Irving, 178
Bernstein, Sidney, 181
Berry, Lewis, 126
Bidault, Georges, 237
Bohlen, Charles E., 15-26, 38, 82
Bolte, Charles, 143
book censorship, 32-33, 39-42, 46-48, 52, 82, 183, 207
Bradley, Jack, 239
Brandt, Raymond, 88
Bricker, John W., 161, 164, 193
Bricker Amendment, 161, 164-65
Bridges, Styles, 11, 20, 292
Bromley, Bruce, 217
Brown v. Board of Education, 262, 264, 265, 342n3
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 6, 11, 13, 22, 23, 37, 38, 44, 48, 65, 74, 79, 81, 83-90, 96, 99, 103, 113, 116, 121-23, 136, 162, 175, 210, 285, 287, 327n8
Army-McCarthy hearings and, 210, 215-17, 221-27, 238-40, 247, 253, 257, 259, 265-67, 273-75
Eisenhower-Brownell statement, 273-75
January 21 meeting and, 121-25, 252-70, 335n3
White case and, 83-95, 224
Bullis, Harry, 29, 245
Byrnes, James F., 86, 327n8
Camp David, 202, 221, 257
Carlson, Frank, 289
Carr, Frank, 60, 72, 92, 114-15, 118-19, 131, 139, 232, 238, 260, 271-72
Case, Francis, 289
CBS, 138, 149, 181, 182, 188, 276
censorship, 32, 85
book, 32-33, 39-42, 46-48, 52, 82, 183, 207
Chambers, Whittaker, 2
Chicago, 83, 85, 124, 250
Chicago Tribune, 173, 201
Childs, Marquis, 86
China, 2, 238
communism, 2, 3, 27, 95, 134
trade, 27, 95, 96, 134, 135
Churchill, Winston, 12, 15, 35, 45, 282
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 20, 35, 54, 58, 77, 213
civil rights, xii, 82, 110, 262, 264, 265
Civil Service Commission, 113, 116, 129, 138
Clay, Lucius, 157-58, 163
Clifford, Clark, 144
Clinchy, Everett, 49
Cohn, Roy M., 11, 33-34, 60, 103-4, 260-61, 314n9, 364n16
Army-McCarthy hearings and, 228-32, 233-88
campaign against Army, 60-68, 72-77, 92-93, 101-2, 107-8, 114-19, 122-31, 145, 148, 168, 190-96, 199-202, 205, 220, 228-35, 252-70, 274
IIA investigation, 33-37
indictment of, 228-30
January 21 meeting and, 121-25, 252-70
McCarthy, 103
National Guard assignment, 192, 207
resignation of, 289
-Schine relationship, 11, 33-34, 55-56, 64, 92-94, 101-2, 114-19, 122-28, 139, 148, 152, 162-65, 168, 190-96, 199-202, 205, 208-10, 228-35, 239-42, 274-80, 288, 293, 314n19, 363n43
Schine report and, 162-65, 167, 170, 183-84, 188, 190-96, 199-202, 208-10, 220, 233-35, 241-42, 252-70, 275-79
Cold War, ix-x, 34, 36, 37, 109
Coleman, Aaron, 112-13
Collier, Robert A., 240
Columbia University, 2, 275-76
communism, 2, 5, 11, 27, 186
book censorship, 32-33, 39-42, 46-48, 52, 82, 183, 207
Chinese, 2, 3, 27, 95, 134
Eisenhower’s postwar associations with, 10, 33, 47-48, 84, 144, 213
Eisenhower’s views on, 5, 34-37, 90-92, 111, 116-17, 166-67, 221-25
Flanders’s speeches on McCarthy and, 185-89, 192-93, 203, 276-77, 283-85
global, 2, 186
McCarthy’s hunt for communists in Army, 45-46, 55-56, 59-81, 83, 104, 107-8, 112-65, 170-96, 199-216, 221-35, 252-70, 278
McCarthy’s hunt for communists in State Department, 2, 13-26, 30-33, 38, 54, 111, 116, 128-30, 278
Oppenheimer case, 225-28
Soviet, 2, 27, 42-44, 66, 221, 226-27
White case, 83-92, 94, 95
Conant, James B., 14-15, 53
Congress, US, ix, 69, 115, 161, 173
1954 elections, 72, 91, 92, 109, 112, 117, 118, 120-21, 131, 135, 215, 288, 291
1954 terrorist attack, 168-69, 172
See also House of Representatives, US; Senate, US
Constitution, US, 45, 116, 123, 164, 261, 268
Fifth Amendment, 45-46, 74, 103, 108, 130, 131, 240, 268
Crider, John, 175
Cutler, Robert, 16, 35, 36, 170, 210, 212, 225, 309n22
Dartmouth College, 40-42, 46, 218
Davis, Clifford, 168
Defense Department, 12-13, 56, 209, 278
McCarthy-Army conflict, 45-46, 55-56, 59-63, 64-81, 83, 104, 107-8, 112-65, 170-96, 199-216, 221-35, 252-70, 278
Democratic Party, xii, 51, 111, 118, 126, 128, 131-35, 144, 158, 177-78, 184, 202, 289, 291
Depression, ix, xii
desegregation, 82, 110, 262, 264, 265, 342n3
Dewey, Thomas E., 6, 216-18
Dien Ben Phu, 237-38, 247
Dirksen, Everett, 57, 75, 125-26, 144, 147, 149, 150, 156, 158, 207, 210, 214, 224, 245-50, 253, 256, 261, 272, 292
Doctor Draft Law, 107
Donovan, Robert, 41, 178, 179
Douglas, William O., 43, 44
Downs, Robert Bingham, 46
Drummond, Roscoe, 95-96, 189, 214, 275, 287-88
Dulles, Allen, 16, 43, 54, 77, 213
Dulles, John Foster, 6, 14, 43-44, 52, 53, 213, 216, 237
Bohlen battle and, 15-26
McCarthy and, 14-28, 31, 54, 96-99, 102, 170
VOA operations and, 31-33, 46
Eastern Europe, 2, 15, 296
Edwards, Willard, 173, 201, 344n34
Einstein, Albert, 46
Eisenhower, Dwight D., ix–xiii, 306n6
Army-McCarthy hearings and, 210-13, 216, 235-37, 243-50, 251-70
“Atoms for Peace” speech, 100-102
Bohlen battle, 15-26
book censorship issue, 32-33, 39-42, 46-48, 52, 82, 183
-Brownell statement, 273-75
“Chance for Peace” speech, 34-37
Crusade in Europe, 90
death of, 297
executive privilege and, 65, 113, 122, 125, 139, 164, 247-48, 257-70, 273-76, 279, 335n3
“fear speech,” 221-22, 226
Flanders’s speeches on McCarthy and, 185-89, 192-93, 203, 276-77, 283-85
golf and fishing vacations, 57-59, 109, 138, 147-48, 185, 228, 256-57
hatred of McCarthy, 1-6, 50-51, 72, 156-58
hidden campaign against McCarthy, ix-xiii, 113-
15, 121-24, 161-96, 199-216, 233, 287-88, 296-97, 363n43
ignores McCarthy, 4, 10, 29-30, 51, 54, 96, 98, 110, 133, 166, 175, 208, 295, 345n42
inauguration of, 12-13
Indochina crisis and, 136, 237-38, 243, 247, 251, 257
internal security issue, 12-13, 37-38, 70-71, 110-11, 283
January 21 meeting and, 121-25, 252-70
legislative program, 72, 102-3, 108, 115, 161, 171, 257, 283, 285
McCarthy-Army conflict, 59-63, 64-81, 83, 104, 107-8, 112-65, 170-96, 199-216, 221-3, 252-70, 278
McCarthy’s attempt to destroy, 94-100, 108, 144, 149, 152, 174, 252
McCarthy’s threat to subpoena White House advisers, 253-70
Murrow broadcasts and, 223-24, 274, 276
myth of disengaged presidency, xii, 147-49
1952 presidential election, 1-6, 11, 290
1956 presidential election, 10, 108-9, 121, 124, 287-88, 307n4
nuclear policy, 82, 100-102, 169, 223-28
Oppenheimer case and, 225-28
peacemaking priorities of, 34-37, 53-54, 100-102
popularity of, 103
postwar communist associations, 10, 33, 47-48, 84, 144, 213
press and, 2-5, 96-100, 115-17, 129, 133, 137-38, 155, 166, 172-75, 178, 180-89, 192, 211-13, 221-25, 236, 243-47, 251, 263-67, 274-77, 282-83, 287-88, 295-97
Rosenberg executions and, 42-44
Schine report and, 162-65, 167, 170, 183-84, 188, 195-96, 199-202, 220, 252-70, 275-79
Soviet policy, 10, 15-26, 34-37, 82, 135, 221, 326n5, 327n5
State of the Union message, 109-11, 117, 128-29
Stevens-McCarthy issue, 159-62, 166-67, 171, 172, 179, 207-8, 246, 263, 275
Stevenson’s March 6 speech and, 178, 180-85, 189, 192, 203, 220
2,200 government dismissals claim, 111, 116-17, 128-30, 138
views on communism, 5, 34-37, 90-92, 111, 116-17, 166-67, 221-25
“We Must Avoid the Perils of Extremism,” 296-97
White case and, 83-95, 102, 224
as World War II general, xi-xii, 326n5
Eisenhower, Edgar, 30
Eisenhower, John, 43
Eisenhower, Mamie, 1, 57, 110, 220, 232, 257
Eisenhower, Milton, 1, 29-30, 71, 103, 104, 163, 196, 213