Nikolaevsk, 113, 200–1
Nikolayev Railway, 16–24, 74
fares, 22
finance, 21
gauge, 18–19
lack of connections, 23
route, 18, 20
speed of construction, 21
topography, 20
travelling conditions, 22
volume of traffic, 21
Nizhneudinsk, 198
Nizhny-Novgorod, 29, 31, 39
Nizhny Tagil, 12
North Korea, 245
Novokuznetsk, 217, 219, 222
Novonikolayevsk, 73, 84–6, 156, 198, 218
see also Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk, 219, 260
station architecture, 220
see also Novonikolayevsk
Novosibirsk Railway Museum, 108
Ob, river, 42, 68, 73, 82, 84–5, 101, 220
Ob River–Krasnoyarsk line, 65
October Manifesto, 139–40
Odessa, 24–5, 80, 86, 184–5
Odessa Railway, 49–50
Odessa University, 48
oil, 159, 174, 246
and environmental damage, 243–4
Old Believers, 144–5
Omsk, 73–4, 81–2, 161, 260
and civil war, 184, 187–8, 190, 195–8
coal thefts, 119–20
garden city, 156
panorama, 110
population increase, 155
station architecture, 92, 253
Omsk paper currency, 197
Omsk–River Ob line, 65
Orenburg, 42, 190
Orient Express, 109
Orthodox Church, 144–5
Orwell, George, 236
Ozerlag camp complex, 234
Pacific Fleet, Russian, 38, 56, 167
Page, Martin, 93–4
Panama Canal, 75
panoramas, 109–10
Paris, 25, 51
Paris Exposition Universelle, 84, 109–10, 114
passports, internal, 1, 21, 147–9
Pasternak, Boris, 193
Pauker, General German Egorovich, 44
Pavlovsk, 15
Peking–Paris road race, 162–3
Penrose, Richard, 152–3
Penza, 140, 180
Perm, 29, 39, 41–2, 192, 195, 209
permafrost, 65, 69, 103, 125, 168
and construction of BAM, 232–3, 239–40, 243, 247
Pertsov, Alexander, 134–5
Peter the Great, Emperor, 9, 20
Peyton, Mr, 32
photography, 253–4
Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 141
Pogranichny, 122
Pokrovskaya, Vera, 81
Polish provinces, 14, 24, 28, 144
Poltava, 151
Polyanski (agent), 51
Port Arthur, 109, 114, 123, 126, 129, 131, 133–4, 137, 139, 165
Port Baikal, 89, 101, 135
post houses, 4–5
Postyshevo, 233
Posyet, Konstantin, 39–40, 44, 52
Primorye region, 36–7, 40–1
prisoners of war, 226, 234, 246
Progressive Tours, 253
propaganda, 203–7, 252
Pushechnikov, Alexander, 88–9, 96, 122
Putin, Vladimir, 244
Pyasetsky, Pawel, 109–10
rails, convex, 12
railway administrators, enlightened, 151–2
‘railway barons’, 26, 42, 50
railway colonies, 93
railway currency, 213
Railway Guard, 127–8, 130
railway managers, and Stalin’s purges, 221–3, 225
railway troops, 238
railway workers, 117–20, 156–7
wages, 118–19
railways, horse-drawn, 11–13, 30
railways, military, 24, 45
Ransome, Arthur, 206–7
Ready, Oliver, 114
Reid, Arnot, 102–3
roads, 2–3, 5–6, 13, 20, 98, 162, 257
Rosanov, Sergei, 186
Rothschilds, 46
rouble, linked to gold, 57
Royal Engineers, 95
Russia
absolutism, 1
advent of railways, 27–8
censorship, 111
collapse of communism, 247–8, 257, 259
economy, 1–3, 26, 28, 55–6, 58, 95, 97–8, 255
expansion of railway network, 41–2
expansionist policies, 122–4, 130, 139
first horse-drawn railway, 11–12
German invasion, 224–5, 232, 258
industrialization, 55, 57, 95, 207, 211, 216–19, 221, 256, 258
land reforms, 154
liberalization, 21–2, 154
opposition to railways, 13–14, 16
unified railway network, 53
Russian civil war, xvi, 133, 138, 171–201, 223
Russian Revolution
(1905), xvi, 154
(1917), xvi, 9, 121, 172, 174–8, 214
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 199–201
Russian Technical Society, 67
Russo-Japanese War, xvi, 91, 94, 107, 121, 129–42, 154, 161, 163, 165
peace treaties and aftermath, 139, 166–7, 213–14
Russo-Turkish War, 19, 36–7, 40, 49, 140–1
St John’s, Newfoundland, 64
Saint Nicholas, 73
St Petersburg
assassination of von Plehve, 141
construction of, 20
massacre of demonstrators, 139
meat deliveries to, 158
renamed Petrograd, 162
St Petersburg–Moscow highway, 2
St Petersburg–Moscow Railway, see Nikolayev Railway
St Petersburg time, 115
St Petersburg–Warsaw Railway, 24–5, 28
saints’ days, 104
Sakhalin Island, 31, 80, 199, 201, 242, 249
Samara, 140
see also Kuibyshev
Samarkand, 39
San Francisco, 32
Schaffhausen-Schönberg och Schaufuss, Nikolai, 168
schools, building of, 157–8
Sea of Japan, 2, 7, 31, 173
Second World War, 19, 133, 200, 218–19, 221, 223–7, 229–30, 233
Semipalatinsk, 218
Semipalatinsk Cossacks, 185
Semyonov, Gregori, 182–5, 192, 198, 200
serfs, 12, 16–18, 34, 74, 141, 178
emancipation of, 11, 34, 145, 147
Sevastopol, siege of, 24, 37
Severobaikalsk, 231, 235, 241
Severomuysky Tunnel, 241, 244, 246
Shanghai, 114, 164
Shika, river, 69, 88, 101
Shoemaker, Michael Myers, 115
shovels, 81
Siberia
Allied intervention, 172–201
architecture, 156–7
area, 7–8
cartography, 66–7
climate, 1, 7–8, 243, 246
economy, 31, 36, 207
fire damage, 243
first railway, 42–3
immigration, 143–60, 207, 220
increased productivity, 158–9
indigenous peoples, 11, 65, 118, 145–6, 149
industrialization, 207, 211, 216–19, 220–2, 256, 258
infrastructure improvements, 59, 61, 83, 98, 159
population, 1, 7, 10–11, 143, 159, 219
regionalist movement, 35
and Russian Empire, 34–6
time zones, 7
travel, 3–7, 32
urbanization, 154–6
Siberian Committee, 33–4
signallers, 118–19
Simpson, James, 150–1
Sino-Japanese War, 70–1
slaves, American, 35
sleepers, 64, 81, 84, 103, 106, 239
Sleigh, Mr, 31
sleighs, 3, 6, 32
Slyudyanka, 228
snowdrifts, 104
Sofiysk, 31
; Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 231
Some Like It Hot, 116
South Manchuria Railway, 126, 128–9, 137–9, 164, 214
Southwestern Railway, 50
Sovetskaya Gavan, 231, 233, 248
Soviet Sociology, 237
Soviets, 179
Sretensk, 38, 41, 88–9, 101, 108, 121–2, 168
Stakhanovite movement, 222–3
Stalin, Joseph, 10, 177, 215, 224–6, 229–30, 235
his death, 226, 234, 242
escape route from Moscow, 226
industrialization under, 207, 211, 216–19, 220–2, 256, 258
his train, 212, 252
Standard newspaper, 133
Stankevich, Andrei, 152
stations, 27, 74, 91–3, 156–7, 219–20, 257
architecture, 92, 157, 220
catering, 103, 107–8, 209–10
military areas, 157
steamboats, 4, 13
Stephenson, George and Robert, 12
Stevens, John F., 191
Stolypin, Pyotr, 154
submarine warfare, 176
submarines, 173
Suchan coal mines, 187
Sudan, 64
Suez Canal, 37, 70, 86, 164
suicides, 10
Suprenenko, Governor, 30
Sverdlovsk, 219
see also Yekaterinburg
Swedish Red Cross, 185
Syzran, 42
taiga, 68, 78–9, 83–4, 236, 238, 243
tarantasses, 3–4, 6, 32, 91, 106
Tashkent, 218
Tayga, 155
Taylor, Richard, 204, 207
Tayshet, 231, 233–4, 239, 246
Tblisi, 48
telegas, 3
telegraph systems, 33, 140, 179, 194
Tibet, 233
tigers, 80
timber, shortages of, 64, 73, 84, 124, 126
Times, The, 22, 165
Timireva, Anna, 197
Tokyo, 161, 188
Tomsk, 38, 41, 68, 86, 107, 155–6, 217
First World War bottleneck, 172, 175
and railway administration, 68, 120
Tomsk province, 155
track gauge, 15–16, 18–19, 137–8, 256–7
trains
armoured trains, xvi, 179, 183, 193, 203
butter trains, 158
coal trains, 172
Lux Blue Express, 212
luxury trains, 108–11, 114, 163–4, 252
propaganda trains, 203–7
Rossiya, 117, 257–8
troop trains, 133–4
tsar’s train, 44, 113, 198
‘typhus trains’, 197–8
V. I. Lenin, 203, 205–6
trakt, 5, 197
Transbaikal Railway, 79, 88–90, 101, 107, 111, 122, 125, 168
Transbaikalia, 40, 69, 88, 167, 184, 198
Trans-Caspian Railway, 39, 45
Trans-Manchurian Railway, xv, 230
Trans-Mongolian Railway, xv
Trans-Siberian Railway
administration, 68, 120
British contribution, 90–1
capacity, 101–2, 136–7, 139, 150, 152, 162, 172–3, 210
centralized management, 120
completion, 136, 161
construction arrangements, 72–3
construction of branch lines, 162, 255
construction difficulties, 64–5
and corruption, 95–7, 119
costs, 68–9, 88, 95–9, 127, 159, 170–1
curves and gradients, 104
debts, 213
division into sections, 65–6
doubling of track, 161, 169, 171, 196, 228
early schemes, 29–33, 38–41
economic considerations, 55–7, 83
electrification, 218, 251, 255
fares, 110, 114, 116, 150, 164, 208
financial considerations, 43–6, 58
freight traffic, 210–11, 223, 250–1, 257, 260
improved timetables, 161–2
improvement programmes, 111–12, 132, 136–8, 151, 161–2
intrusion into Manchuria, 68–72, 121–30
journey times, 101
length, xviii–xix, 1, 64, 68
political and military considerations, 36–8, 55–6, 67–9
route selection, 66–8
Soviet improvements, 202, 207–8, 216–18, 225, 228, 251–2
speed of construction, 66–7, 81, 84–5, 93–4
speed limits, 103
and tourism, 251–4
travelling conditions, 102–17, 140, 150–1, 163–4, 209–12, 251–4, 257–8
usage, 99, 102
use of contractors, 96–7
Western accounts of, 93–4, 100–1
Whites’ retreat along, 196–8
work starts, 58, 72
Treadgold, Donald, 143, 148, 152–3
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 174–5
Treaty of Portsmouth, 139, 167, 214
Treaty of Versailles, 191
Triapitsyn, Yakov, 200
Trotsky, Leon, xvi, 142, 178, 192–4, 203, 206–7
Tsarskoe Selo Railway, 14–16
track gauge, 18–19
Tsingtao, 123
tunnels, 78, 126, 129, 132, 134–5, 169–70, 198
on BAM, 233, 240–1, 244–6, 249
Tupper, Harmon, 8, 10, 60, 73–4, 80, 163, 166
critical assessments of railway, 100, 143, 171, 258
description of Vladivostok, 60
and Lake Baikal, 89–90
and Mikhailovsky’s achievement, 81–2
and Russo-Japanese War, 131
and Soviet era, 211, 215, 222, 226, 252
Tura, river, 39
Turkestan, 218
Turkmenistan, 45
Turksib Railway, xv, 218
Tynda, 235, 239
typhoid, 17
typhus, 150, 197–8, 210
Tyumen, 30, 39, 42, 149, 151
Udokan, 235
Ukhtomsky, Prince Esper, 70
Ukraine, 24, 27, 176, 195, 217, 225, 255
famine, 205, 210, 222
Ulan-Ude, 216, 219, 256
united railway tariff, 26
United States of America
expansionist policies, 123
migration, 143–4, 147, 149, 151, 153–4
railway construction costs, 88
railway network, 41
and Russian civil war, 173–4, 180–4, 187, 190–2, 199
Southern states, 34–5
supplies bridges, 77
Ural Mining Railway, 42
Ussuri, river, 87
Ussuri Cossacks, 183
Ussuri Railway, 60, 66–7, 75, 79–80, 86–8, 96, 101
and civil war, 180, 187
costs, 88
and expansion into China, 122, 125
Ussurisk, 122
Ust-Kut, 234
Vancouver, 64
Verebinsky bypass, 18
Verkhneudinsk, 88, 200
see also Ulan-Ude
Virgin Lands Campaign, 230
Vladivostok
approach to, 68–9, 71
and civil war, 172–3, 175, 177–8, 180–1, 183, 186–9, 192, 195, 198–201
and construction of Amur Railway, 165
and construction of BAM, 230–1
and containerization, 255–6
and convicts, 79–80
and early railway schemes, 38
descriptions of, 60, 87
and improved timetables, 163, 223, 251
inauguration of railway, 59–60
latitude, 8
and luxury train services, 108–9, 117
road connections, 98, 101
and Second World War, 226
station, xviii, 60
vodka, see alcohol
Volga, river, 39, 42, 73, 203
Volga region famine, 54–5, 210
Volkonsky, Prince Sergei, 2–3
Volkonsky,
Princess Maria, 2
Voloshinov, Nikolai, 220
Vyazemsky, Orest, 80, 86–7
Vyshenegradsky, Ivan Alekseevich, 40, 43–7, 53–5, 58, 97
wagonways, 11
Wang, Chin-Chun, 126–7, 213
Ward, Colonel John, 186
Warsaw Pact nations, 238
Warsaw–Vienna railway, 15–16
waterways, 13, 45, 61, 83
Western Siberian Railway, 65–6, 69, 96, 102, 105, 150
construction, 73–4, 81–3
costs, 86, 88
propaganda trains, 205
Western Union, 33
Westinghouse, 95
Westwood, J. N., 170, 222–3
Whistler, George, 19
Wilson, Helen, 208, 211
Wilson, Woodrow, 176, 179–81, 187
Witte, Julius, 48
Witte, Sergei, xvii, 2, 47–63
and Amur Railway, 166–7
appointed minister of finance, 54–5
early career, 48–54
and expansion into China, 69–72, 123–5, 127–8, 130–1, 167
extremist politics, 51
and freight tariffs, 52
initiation of railway, 55–63
and October Manifesto, 139–40
and railway construction, 83–4, 89, 95, 97–8, 110
and Russo-Japanese War, 139, 141, 166
ruthlessness, 52–3
second marriage, 50–1
sense of humour, 52
train crash and imprisonment, 49–50
Wood, Junius B., 209–10
workforce, 73–6, 78–81, 86–7
on Amur Railway, 169–70
on BAM, 232, 234, 246
casualties, 75–6
Chinese labourers, 79–81, 125–6, 129, 137
conditions, 74–6
food and diet, 75, 232
in Manchuria, 125–6, 129, 137
prisoners and exiles, 78–81
soldiers’ work to rule, 80
wages, 75, 79, 86
working hours, 74–5
Yakutsk, 249
yamschchiki, 4
Yekaterinburg, 39, 41–2, 72, 185, 195
execution of royal family, 180, 195
see also Sverdlovsk
Yekaterinburg–Chelyabinsk line, 43, 61
Yenisei, river, 65, 84, 101–2, 106
Yingkou, 126
Yugovich, Alexander, 124–5, 129
Zborov, 176
Zhang Xueliang, 215
Zhang Zuolin, 215
Zhukov, Marshal Georgy, 224
Zmeingorsk works, 11
Alexander III (1845–1894), the tsar of Russia from 1881 who initiated the Trans-Siberian project.
Sergei Witte, the father of the Trans-Siberian.
Before the completion of the line around Lake Baikal, passengers and freight had to transfer to ferries such as the SS Baikal, which was built by the Newcastle firm of Sir William Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., one of the few British contributions to the project. She was able to carry a whole passenger train and two goods trains across the frozen lake at thirteen knots, through ice up to three feet thick.