definition of, 68
in Georgia, 71
Nash, Christopher Columbus, 53
Nash, Diane, 36, 161, 163
Nashville (Tennessee), 8, 58, 156, 170, 189–190
Natchez (Mississippi), 96, 183–185, 198
Nation of Islam, 4, 126, 203
National Afro-American League, 70
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 12, 61, 78, 87, 101, 167, 185
in Amite County, MS, 21, 96, 170–171
attacks on members, 96
in Bogalusa, LA, 209
in Columbia, TN, 59
formation of, 72
in Jackson Parish, LA, 195
in Mississippi, 98, 134, 136, 143, 175
in Monroe, NC, 15, 109–110, 114, 129–130, 153
nonviolence of, 130
in Pike County, MS, 169–170, 172
in South Carolina, 98
in Texas, 66, 76
in Walthall, MS, 170–173
National Rifle Association, 110
Nelson, Harold A., 220, 221
Neshoba County (Mississippi), 142, 176
New Deal, 61–62
and Farm Security Administration, 124
New Orleans (Louisiana), 38
Arsenal of, 54
terrorism in, 46, 48, 54, 69
U.S. Attorney of, 51
New York Times, 44, 76, 153, 202, 212
New York University Law Review, 243
Newfield, Jack, 172, 191
Newton County (Mississippi), 83–84
Niagara Movement, 72
Noble, Billy, 188
Nonviolent Action Group (NAG), 162–163
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College (A&T), 154–155
North Sunflower County Hospital, 22
Nosser, John, 185
Office of the Chief of Military History, 105
Olin Mathieson Chemical Company, 194
Orangeburg massacre, 16
Pan Africanism, 13
Parchman Farm, 170
Parker, Christopher, 92
Parks, Rosa, 151
Patterson, Robert “Tut,” 134
Payne, Charles M. (I’ve Got the Light of Freedom), 123, 248, 249
Peacock, Willie “Wazir,” 177–179
Peevy, Adrian, 198, 199
Penn, Lemuel, 214
Peppers, Hannah, 57
Perry, Albert E., 109, 110–111, 152
Perry, Booker T., 108
Pershing, John Joseph “Black Jack,” 67
Pierce, Joe, 160
Pike County (Mississippi), 169–170
Pittsburgh Courier, 132
and Double V campaign, 81–82
Plaquemine (Louisiana), 192, 200, 205
Pleasant Grove Baptist Church, 195
Port Gibson (Mississippi), 128
Powledge, Fred, 202
Preacely, Peggy Trotter Dammond, 168–169
Price, Cecil, 142
Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)
in South Carolina, 79, 98
Progressive Voters League, 99
Prosser, Gabriel, 35–36, 37, 39
Providence (Rhode Island), 244
Pulaski (Tennessee), 58
Punch, John, 29, 30
Quin, Alyene, 144
racial identity
in American colonies, 30–31
Raines, Annie “Mama Dolly,” 168–169
Raines, Howell, 187, 208
Raleigh (North Carolina), 157–158
Central Prison in, 108
Ramspeck, Robert, 103
on enlistment, 73
Raymond (Mississippi), 146
Raymond, George, 189, 190
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 247–248
Reconstruction, 68
Acts of, 47, 48–49
and black codes, 43
and Radical Reconstruction, 14
and Redemption era, 54, 64–65, 71–72, 73
reversals of, 41–45, 50–54
Reddix, Jacob L., 166
Reed, Roy, 202
Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), 92, 135, 136
and armed defense, 130–133
Republican Party
and Radical Republicans, 48, 50
in the South, 17, 61
and Union Leagues, 44
Reuther, Walter, 232
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 235
Revolutionary War, 39
and black soldiers, 36–37, 64
rhetoric of racism
and “constitutional liberties,” 133
and “states’ rights,” 133
Richardson, Gloria, 215
Richardson, Harry, 165, 166
Richmond (Virginia), 36
Roberts, Oran, 47
Robinson, Jackie, 91
Robinson, Reginald “Reggie,” 170, 174
Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 230
Rogers, Creed, 212
Rogers, LaPelzia, 218
Rogers, T. Y., 216, 217–220, 222–223
Roosevelt, Eleanor
and “Eleanorites,” 66
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 60
and Executive Order 8802, 82
and the Four Freedoms, 61–62
and the New Deal, 61–62
Rowan, Carl, 63–64
Ruleville (Mississippi), 19–20, 22, 115–116, 128
Jerusalem Quarters in, 23, 121
Mount Galilee Missionary Baptist Church in, 120–121
organizers in, 117–118, 120, 122–123, 141
Sanctified Quarters in, 22
Russell, Richard B., 60, 101
Rustin, Bayard, 4, 7, 150
Sacramento (California), 240
Sales, Ruby, 183
Salter, John R. “Hunter Bear,” 6, 15
sanitation workers strike (1968), 16
Saturday Evening Post, 228
Savannah (Georgia), 48
Scott, Dred, 34
Schuyler, George, 81
Schwerner, Michael “Mickey,” 142, 176, 184–185, 198, 214
Seamons, Theodore, 229
Searles, A. C., 248
Second Amendment, 6, 24, 45, 116
Secret Information Concerning Black American Troops, 67
Sellers, Cleveland, 225, 232–233, 237
Selma (Alabama), 147, 241
Selma-to-Montgomery march, 182–183, 224, 240, 241
Shaw College/University, 157, 159–160, 162
Shelton, Ike, 135
Sherrod, Charles, 93, 159–160, 163, 168–169
and nonviolence, 181
on organizing, 119, 120, 179–180
and SNCC, 167
Sherrod, Shirley Miller, 180
Shorter, George, 44
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 154
Simkins, C. O., 164
Simms, James, 47–48
Simpson, David “Fuzzy,” 112
Sims, Charles, 187, 211, 212, 213, 225
Sisson, Herman & Hattie, 22
slave revolts, 11, 14, 37
in Caribbean, 32–33
Smiley, Glenn, 7
Smith, Ellison Durant “Cotton Ed,” 60
Smith, Lamar, 96
Smith, Kelly Miller, 149
Smith, Willis, 104
Sneider, J. D., 99
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 4, 8, 15, 79, 87, 222–223, 234, 240
nonviolence of, 130, 152, 202, 213–215, 217
Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), 61
Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 103
Southern University, 164, 166, 195
Southwest Georgian, 248
Soviet Union, 89, 100
Sowell, Thomas, 244
Sparks, Lee, 74–75
Spelman College, 161, 164, 165
Spingarn, Joel, 72
Spotswood, Alexander, 32
St. Augustine (Florida), 15
4, 163, 215–216
Stand Your Ground, 70, 245
Stanton, Edwin M., 45
States’ Rights Party, 60
Stennis, John, 101
Stephenson, Gladys, 55–58, 63, 66
Stephenson, James, 55–58, 63, 66, 91
Stephenson, John Robert, 56
Steptoe, Eldridge Willie “E. W.,” 170–172, 173, 177, 184, 191, 204, 208
Steptoe, Sing, 171
Steptoe Jr., E. W., 177
Stillman College, 217
Stoper, Emily, 189
Stowe, Harriet Beecher (Uncle Tom’s Cabin), 50
Strickland, R. L., 149, 183
Strider, H. C., 132
Stringer, Emmett J., 134–135
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 3, 16, 23, 79, 224, 237
and Atlanta meeting, 177–179
and armed defense, 138–139, 175–176, 178–180, 189, 202, 204, 213, 229–230, 233–235
author’s involvement in, 20–21, 116, 120, 250
in Mississippi, 87, 124, 146, 173–174, 179
nonviolence of, 130, 156–157, 159–160, 181–182, 183–184, 240
origins of, 157–158
and voting rights, 20, 86, 89, 167–168
student sit-in movement (1960– ), 3, 88, 115, 162–163, 240
black opposition to, 165–166
nonviolence of, 154–157
origins of, 154–156
Suarez, Mateo “Flukie,” 8, 188, 190, 213
Sullivan, Herchelle, 163
Sumner (Mississippi), 132, 181
Sunflower County (Mississippi), 17, 19, 93, 97, 118, 121, 123, 124, 128
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 34
Sweet Honey in the Rock, 163
Tallahatchie County (Mississippi), 132, 177, 181, 191
Taney, Roger Brooke, 34
Tennessee
National Guard of, 59
ratification of Fourteenth Amendment, 45
sanitation workers strike (1968) in, 16
Thomas, Ernest “Chilly Willy,” 195, 196–197, 198–201
and Deacons for Defense and Justice, 203, 205, 207, 211–213
Thomas, George, 40
Thomas, Henry “Hank,” 163
Thompson, James Hanover, 112
Thurman, Howard, 149–150
Thurman, Sue Baily, 149–150
Thurmond, Strom, 60
Till, Emmett, 20, 23, 24, 88, 132, 136
Till-Mobley, Mamie Elizabeth, 132
Tingle, Willie, 93
“To Fulfill These Rights” conference, 229–230
Toccoa, Georgia, 106
Tougaloo Southern Christian College, 21, 232
armed defense of, 6
Townsend, Lou Ella, 93–95, 137
Travers, Sara, 74–75
Travis, Brenda, 146–147
Travis, Jimmy, 176
Trotter, Monroe, 72
on enlistment, 73
Truman, Harry S., 60
Turnbow, Hartman, 7, 10, 15, 114, 138, 142, 145, 154, 208
Turner, Henry McNeal, 47
Turner, Nat, 37
Tuscaloosa (Alabama), 15, 133, 216–222, 225
Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee (TCAC), 15, 217–223
Twelve Knights of Liberty/Order of Twelve. See fraternal associations
Tylertown (Mississippi), 173
Uncle Tom, 4, 102, 211
Underwood, James J., 57, 58, 59
Union County (North Carolina), 15, 109–110, 114, 129–130
Union Leagues, 44
United Auto Workers, 232
United Papermakers and Paperworkers Union, 209
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 72, 79, 90
University of Alabama, 216–217
University of Mississippi, 21, 97, 223
University of Southern California, 228
Urban League, 79
U.S. Department of Justice
Civil Rights Division of, 96–97
Vanguard League, 151
Varela, Maria, 243
Vesey, Denmark, 37
Vicksburg (Mississippi), 54
Virginia Colony
and slavery, 28–30, 32
Virginia Council and General Court, 29
Virginia General Assembly, 31
voter registration, 20, 22, 174
and armed defense, 140
and Kennedy administration, 88–89
Voting Rights Act (1965), 1, 2, 224, 234, 240, 242
Walker, Corey D. B., 38
Walters, Alexander, 70
Ward, William, 51–53
Warmouth, Henry Clay, 50, 51
Washington, Booker T., 72, 165–166
Washington County (Mississippi), 126
Washington, D.C.
segregation of, 68, 81
Washington Parish (Louisiana), 208
Watkins, Hollis, 124–125, 139, 140, 145, 226
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 47
Wesley, John, 34
West, Benjamin, 156
West Feliciana Parish (Louisiana), 192
Wexler, Laura, 104
Wheeler, Jean, 163
White, Annette Jones, 163–164
White, Edwin, 125
White, Walter, 69–70, 72, 81, 101, 239
White League, 54
Wilkins, Roy, 113, 153, 224–225, 227
Williams, Hosea, 234
Williams, John Sharp, 68
Williams, Juan, 59
Williams, Robert, 12, 107–112, 151, 202
and NAACP, 15, 110, 113, 114, 129–130, 152–153
Williams, Samuel W., 161
Wilson, Woodrow, 68, 76
Woodson, Carter G., 42
World War I
black soldiers in, 66–67, 73–76
black veterans of, 64
and change, 64–65, 81
World War II, 59
black veterans of, 15, 58, 64, 85–86, 149, 166, 220
and change, 61, 64–65, 81–82, 107
white veterans of, 63
Worthy, William, 7
Wright, Marian, 164
Wright, Richard (Native Son), 99
Yazoo City (Mississippi), 134
Young, Andrew, 154, 215, 223
Young, A. Z., 209
Young, Whitney, 224–225