I should also like to thank all those friends who through their hospitality and willingness to travel with me made this book happen: Annie Blaber, Virginia Duigan, Janet Savelli and Karen Democrest. Rod Kedward and Anne Chisholm read the manuscript and corrected many mistakes; I am extremely grateful to them.
And, as always, my warmest thanks to my agent, Clare Alexander, and my editors, Penny Hoare, Poppy Hampson and Susannah Otter in London, Jennifer Barth in New York and Pamela Murray in Canada, and to my publicists, Lisa Gooding in London and Jane Beirn in New York.
Index
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Abadi, Moussa 262–4, 318
Abel, Lydie 178, 179, 180, 182
Abel, Mme 178, 179, 180, 182
Adam, Dr Jean 68, 70
Alesch, Abbé 287, 310
American Foreign Service 285
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) 124, 157, 341
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC or Joint) 44, 50, 52, 53, 86, 156, 165, 215, 216, 263
American Red Cross 124
American Welfare Committee 44
Angeli, Pierre 67–8, 70, 73, 74
Annemasse 2, 165, 224, 230–1, 232, 262, 265, 297, 298, 330
Anschluss 99, 184, 219
Antignac, Joseph 295
Appel, Rudy 55–8, 56, 74, 101, 127, 144, 148, 312, 324, 327, 338, 340, 350
Arendt, Hannah 10, 156
Argelès, internment camp at 63
Armée Juive 281, 296
Armée Secrète 276, 278, 281, 303
Arnoux, Alain 334–5, 340, 354
Atlas, Joseph 144, 324
Auschwitz 4, 6, 60, 66, 67, 72, 88–9, 139, 140, 161n, 162, 166, 176, 189, 208–9, 211, 220, 236, 241, 242, 248, 252, 264, 265, 295, 327
Bach, Robert 2, 131, 133–4, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 152, 153, 167–8, 171, 194, 196, 203, 205, 217, 240, 246, 248–9, 265, 279, 309, 335, 336, 337
Bachon, Marcel 281
Baden 4, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 282, 328
Badoglio, General 5, 260
Barbezat, Eric 148, 190, 291
Barbie, Klaus 152, 210–11, 249, 265, 266, 269, 295, 298, 304, 328–9
Bard, M and Mme 143, 258, 259
Barot, Madeleine 2, 41–2, 43, 44, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 88, 93, 99, 136, 141, 148, 162, 220, 224, 226, 233, 235, 246, 301, 330, 331, 332, 333, 349, 350
Barraud, Gabrielle 1, 100, 103, 143, 162, 198, 242, 300, 301, 330, 337, 338, 350, 354
Barraud, Georgette 1, 100, 101, 143, 161, 198, 242, 330
Barraud, Manou 143, 300–1, 306
Barth, Karl 41, 79
Bass, Joseph 2, 214–17, 215, 262, 263, 281, 282, 283, 297, 307, 318, 329, 332, 339
BBC 88–9, 100, 165, 167, 190, 201, 237, 290, 307
Beau Soleil, le Chambon 1, 100, 102–3, 143, 161, 198, 300–1, 311, 338, 350
Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp 29
Beigbeder, Jean 130
Bénédite, Daniel 44
Benjamin, Walter 50, 173
Bérard, Rose 202, 266, 319
Bergen-Belsen 318, 319
La Bergerie, le Chambon 226
Bernanos, Georges 18, 210
Besag, Ida 139
Billig, Joseph: Le Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives 326
Bloch, Mme 235–7, 236, 324
Bloch, Marc 325
Bloch, M 235–7, 236, 324
Bloch, Pierre 2, 235–7, 236, 305, 306, 324–5, 329, 338, 340, 353
Bloch, Robert 235–7, 236
Blum, Léon 16, 17, 18, 23, 96, 129–30
Blum, René 23
Boccard, Raymond 231
Boegner, Marc 5, 76, 78, 80–1, 84–5, 89–90, 124, 136, 141, 179, 193, 205, 220–1, 224, 225, 228, 318, 332
Bohny, Auguste 1, 102, 137, 140, 145–6, 205, 223, 289, 290, 303, 327
Bonnissol, Jean 197, 198, 201, 202, 279, 280, 315, 334
Bouix, Jean, Mayor of Les Vastres, 181, 182
Bousquet, René 2, 26–7, 28, 60, 65, 67, 68, 85, 151, 156, 205, 211, 274, 279, 328
Brens internment camp 229
Brès, Pierre 197, 198, 277, 279, 280, 302, 337, 352
Breton, André 43, 156
Brugière, Jean 249
Brunner, Aloïs 241, 260–1, 296
Brunswick, Jean-Pierre 253
Brunswick, Michel 253
Buckmaster, Major Maurice 285, 286–9, 290, 299
Bürckel, Joseph 35
Burckhardt, Carl 209
Cado, Henri 60
Café Argaud, Le Mazet 200
Cagoulards 202
cahiers: ‘Cahiers du Témoignage Chrétien’ 82, 84; L’Amitié Chrétienne 82, 84, 209–10
Calisse, Alberto 218
Calvin, John 106, 246
Camisards 105–6, 110, 163, 196, 197
Camp Wodli 278–9
Camus, Albert 94, 152, 170, 177, 205, 235, 253, 283, 291, 302, 315, 350, 352, 354
Camus, Francine 94
Caraco, Denise (Colibri) 215, 216, 262, 318
Carillat, Jeanne 123
Casalis, Roger 111, 112
Catholic Church/Catholics 1, 2, 9, 10, 18, 20, 21–2, 68–74, 75–7, 78, 81–4, 85, 86, 88, 101, 104, 105, 110, 111, 114, 129, 131, 133, 134, 182, 192, 193, 195–7, 199, 209–10, 212, 216, 218–19, 220, 223, 235, 236–8, 239, 245, 268, 281, 282, 283, 296, 299, 305, 318, 330, 334, 336, 338, 340
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand 17, 19, 27
Chaigneau, Jean 261
Chaillet, Père 2, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 82, 84, 210, 318, 330
Chalmer, Burners 124, 125, 351
le Chambon-sur-Lignon 1, 2, 89, 178, 338; Chirac visits, 2004 10, 335; climate and terrain 93–4, 116–17, 125; colloquium in, 1990 334–5, 340; convalescent German soldiers in wartime 166–7, 207, 237, 253, 265, 277, 294, 300, 309, 337, 338; Ecole Nouvelle Cévenole see Ecole Nouvelle Cévenole; end of war and 309, 310, 324; escape route into Switzerland from 221, 222–34; fall of France, 1940; and 124–5; first clandestine work in 126; French troops reach, 1 September 1944 6, 310; ‘ghost train’ survivors arrive in 308; honoured by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations 10, 329, 335; isolation of 110–11, 117, 163; Jewish children first brought to stay in 89–90, 93, 101–4, 102, 103, 126–7, 134–44, 155; Lamirand visits, 1940 131, 131–3, 134; Maquis/Resistance in 270, 278, 281, 282, 289, 290–1, 293–4; modern day 335, 336, 338; name and location 93; police in 2, 171–2, 190, 203, 204, 205, 238, 246, 249, 269, 338; police raids on 134–1, 190–92, 216, 239–41, 242–50; post-war reputation of 9–11, 329, 331–6; railway in 95, 95–6; religious life in 96–7, 99, 100, 101, 112, 115–18, 118, 123–4, 127–8, 164, 336; search for homes to house Jewish children in 99–101; small acts of defiance in first two years of war 126–7; stirrings of more assertive resistance in 164, 194–5, 205–6 see also Plateau Vivarais-Lignon
Chamson, André 84
Chantiers de la Jeunesse 130
Chapal, Paul 227, 228
Charles, Samy 198, 278, 307
Chazot, Lucie 302
Chazot, Mayor 179, 238, 242
Chiappe, Angelo 133
Chirac, President Jacques 10, 335
Chouraqui, André 34, 42, 253, 259, 282, 283
Chouraqui, Colette 282
Christian Socialist movement 78, 97, 113, 122, 224, 265
Cimade 2, 41, 42, 44, 45, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70, 76, 79, 85, 88, 99, 100, 136, 140, 162, 220, 224, 226, 229, 246, 261, 301, 318
Circuit B/Circuit Garel 2, 86–7, 88, 212, 213, 215, 230, 261, 262, 263, 264, 318, 321
Cohen, M 126, 190
Cohen, Pierre 255
Cohn, Marianne 275, 296, 298–9
collaborators 2, 9, 19, 24, 26, 29, 44, 79, 82, 133, 151, 166, 194, 239n, 249, 251, 261, 265, 274, 280, 287, 295, 303, 308–9, 315, 316, 326, 333, 336 see also Milice and Vichy
Combat (Re
sistance movement) 5, 207
Comité d’Aide aux Refugiés 296
Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives (CGQJ) 4, 21, 23–4, 59, 140, 165, 190, 261, 327, 295, 326, 327, 328, 349
Committee of National Liberation 276
communists 3, 9, 21, 35, 39, 50, 68, 87, 129, 152, 192, 193, 194, 202, 211, 215, 219, 260, 275, 276, 278, 299, 336
Compagnons de France 130, 131, 230
Comte, Louis 95–6, 99, 116
Confessing Church 79, 80, 124, 337
Côte de Molle, le Chambon 120
Coteau Fleuri, Les Tavas 99–100, 104, 136, 137, 139, 140, 171, 203, 232, 318, 338
Cramer, Dr Alex 40, 41, 45, 233
Cuba, emigration to 50, 53, 57, 103, 323
Curtet, Alin 183, 352
Curtet, Daniel 1, 161, 179–84, 187, 193, 199, 206, 212, 238, 239–40, 242, 248, 252, 270, 276, 277–8, 279, 330, 339, 352
Curtet, Suzanne 183
Dachau concentration camp 36, 38, 53, 55
Daladier, Edouard 3, 17, 21
Dannecker, Theo 22, 26, 28, 59–60
Darby, John 104, 106–8, 339
Darbyists 10, 104–5, 106, 109, 110, 111, 119, 143, 163, 166, 178, 180–1, 183, 188, 194, 199, 201, 214, 238, 258, 273, 280, 299, 311, 321, 331, 332, 337, 338, 339
Darcissac, Mme 121, 191
Darcissac, Marco 192
Darcissac, Roger 1, 121, 124, 127, 143, 163, 171, 186, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 204–5, 225, 237, 244, 290, 306–7, 309, 330, 352
Darlan, Admiral 81
Darliac, Edouard 265
Darnant, Joseph 5, 202, 251, 274
d’Aubigné, Jeanne Merle 41, 46, 48, 62–3, 353
de Clam, Charles du Paty 295
de Dietrich, Suzanne 41, 79
de Gaulle, General 6, 128, 131, 198, 226, 276, 285, 310, 312, 315, 326
de Juge, Louis 161
Debaud, Denise 302–3
Decourdemanche, Daniel 161, 161n
Decourdemanche, Jacqueline 161, 162, 246, 290, 291
Deffaugt, Jean, Mayor of Annemasse, 2, 230, 231, 297, 298, 330
Delay, Mgr, Bishop of Marseilles, 84
Déléage, Eva 213
Déléage, Léonie 1, 142, 143, 162, 213, 264, 268, 330, 332
Deschamps, Jean 305
Donadille, Marc 136, 137, 138
Donar, Operation 151
Donati, Angelo 218, 260
Doriot, Jacques 260
Drancy 4, 6, 25, 29, 33, 66, 67, 72, 85, 89, 139, 143, 149–50, 162, 176, 188, 204, 208, 211, 215, 217, 236, 240–2, 248, 252, 254, 259–60, 261, 264, 265, 269, 295, 296, 308, 315
Dreyfus, Annette 266, 267–8, 319, 320, 323
Dreyfus, Jacques 43, 87, 266, 268, 269
Dreyfus, Madeleine 2, 31, 42, 43, 70, 73, 74, 87, 93, 99, 101, 141, 142, 162, 213–14, 224, 253, 254, 264, 266–9, 282, 295, 310, 318, 319, 321, 332–4, 353
Dreyfus, Michel 43, 87, 266, 268, 269
Dreyfus, Raymond 43, 87, 266–7, 268, 269, 310, 319
Dreyfus case 77, 81, 97
du Chayla, Abbé 106
Dubreuil, Sergeant Jean 140
Durand, Marie 105, 164
Durand, Pierre 105
Ebart, Roger 163, 352
Ebbecke, Hans 46
Eclaireurs Israélites de France (EIF) (Jewish scouting movement in France) 53, 73, 88, 103, 141, 159, 185, 211, 215, 217, 224, 229, 261, 262, 263, 264, 275, 283
Ecole Nouvelle Cévenole, le Chambon 1, 121–3, 122, 127, 129, 132, 144, 147, 161, 163, 168–9, 186, 187, 189, 193, 197, 204, 237, 242, 277, 300–1, 305, 311, 312, 308, 321
Eden, Anthony 209
Edwards, Thomas 106
Eichmann, Adolf 5, 22, 26, 27, 59, 66, 89, 208, 238, 329
Einstein, Karl 156
Eisenhower, General 260, 276
Elms, Mary 57
Emergency Rescue Committee 50, 156
Emir, Joseph 254
Erlanger, Philippe 23
Ernst, Max 50, 156, 173
Errar, Edmond 264
Exbrayat, Albert 178–9, 187, 239, 241, 242, 353
Exbrayat, Marie 1, 178–9, 187, 239, 242, 353
Eyraud, Léon 2, 198, 270, 277, 279, 282, 293, 330, 332, 334, 337, 353
Eyraud, Mme 207, 312
Le Faïdoli, le Chambon 1, 146, 171, 264, 321, 338
Faure, Jean-Marie 104
Favre, Père Louis-Adrien 318
Fay-sur-Lignon (formerly Fay-le-Froid) 1, 94, 96, 116, 134, 161, 168, 177–84, 187, 199, 212, 225, 235, 238, 239, 241, 242, 248, 252, 277–8, 282, 307, 309, 330, 331, 332, 334, 339
Fayol, Mme 278, 290
Fayol, Pierre 197–8, 277, 278, 280, 289, 291, 310, 315, 333, 334, 353, 354
La Fayolle 198
Febvre, Lucien 325
Feigl, Peter 149, 351
Feldgendarmerie 154, 217, 246, 303
Felice, Marguerite de 99, 101, 102, 103, 121, 127
Ferber, Martin 246
Fesser, Henri 253–4
Figeac, Dordogne 259, 275
Final Solution 4, 5, 27, 155, 208–9, 316–17
First World War, 1914–18 15, 18, 21, 42, 57, 97, 113, 115, 133, 184, 218, 229, 244
Flanner, Janet 315–16
Folliet, Abbé Camille 227, 228
Fonds Européen de Secours aux Etudiants 139, 243, 246
Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur 276
Franc-Garde 202
Franc-Tireur (resistance movement) 197, 207
France: Allied blockade of 44, 145; Allied bombing of 4, 228, 291; anti-Semitic line in wartime compared with other nations 317; Blum government 16–17, 18; Daladier government 17–18; deportation and murder of Jews become criminal offences, 1964 316; ‘épuration’, cleansing of collaborators, post-war 308–9; fall of, 1940 3, 18–20, 31, 32, 37, 42, 75, 85, 98, 124–5, 285; Franco–German armistice, 22 June 1940 3, 19–20, 32, 37, 85, 98, 125; Germans invade southern zone, 1942 5, 151–5, 186; Germany takes over Italian-occupied départements in southern France, 1942 5, 259–60; government moves to Vichy, 1940 3, 19; government of, late 1920s welcoming to refugees 15; inter-war anti-Semitism in 17; Italian zone of occupation 155, 210, 217–18, 222, 260, 261–2; Jews, wartime treatment of within see Jews; liberation of by Allies, 1944 6, 276; memory wars within (post-war remembering of wartime events) 315–30; occupied zone 4, 5, 19, 23, 24, 26, 60, 67, 84, 86, 89, 154, 172; persecutors of Jews tracked down post-war 328–9; post-war state of 315–16; revelation of wartime treatment of Jews, post-war 327–8; Reynaud government 18; silence on fate of Jews in post-war 325–7; Third Republic 49, 75, 76; unoccupied zone 19, 22, 26, 27, 30, 53, 59, 90, 131, 132, 141, 151, 155, 193, 211, 317; Vichy Syndrome in 325 see also Vichy
Franco, General 15, 35, 97
Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Français (FTPF) 276, 280
Free French 195, 285, 299
Freemasons 4, 9, 21, 39, 129
Frenay, Henri 207, 237
Front Populaire 16, 21, 78, 96, 98
Fry, Varian 50, 156
Furet, Esther 179, 187
Furst, Manfred 73–4
Furst, Oscar 74
Gallant, Pierre 226
Garde Mobile 62, 66, 68
Garel, Georges 2, 70, 71, 73, 74, 86–7, 88, 212, 213, 215, 230, 261, 262, 263, 264, 268, 296, 318, 321
Garel (née Tager), Lily 2, 70, 71, 87, 212, 262, 268, 313, 350, 353
Gausachs, Luis 247
gendarmarie 28, 85, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142–3, 152, 154, 166, 181, 190, 191, 192, 203, 238, 265, 279
Gerlier, Cardinal of Lyons 69, 71, 73, 84, 210
Germany/German army: France, invasion of, 1940 3, 9, 18–20, 31, 32, 37, 42, 85, 98, 124–5, 285; Franco–German armistice, 22 June 1940 3, 19–20, 32, 37, 85, 98, 125; invades southern zone, 1942 5, 151–5, 186; Italy and see Italy; Jews, treatment of see Jews; Marseilles, destruction of port of, 1943 5, 172–7; massacres at Tulle and Oradour-sur-Glane, 1944 6, 299, 308; occupation of south of France, 1942–4 151–311; Plateau Vivarais-Lignon, German army on 2, 9,
10, 152, 153–4, 166–7, 203, 207, 237, 253, 265, 277, 294, 300, 303, 307, 308, 309, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 352; Soviet– German non-aggression pact, 1939 21, 192; Stalingrad, siege of, 1943 5, 192, 205, 251; surrender in France, 1944 6; takes over Italian-occupied départements in southern France, 1942 5, 259–60; Vichy and see Vichy; Wannsee meeting, 20 January 1942 4, 27 see also Gestapo, SS and Wehrmacht
Gestapo 22, 29, 30, 50, 67, 74, 89, 93, 151, 152, 154, 202, 210–11, 216, 217, 226, 227, 228, 231, 234, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 251, 254, 264, 265, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 274, 279, 280, 286, 287, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 302, 318, 338
Gide, André 96–7
Gilbert, Mme 143, 144, 276
Gillet, Louis 173
Gineste, Marie Rose 84
Glaizon, Louis 238, 242
Glasberg, Abbé 2, 68, 69, 70–1, 72, 73, 74, 88, 210, 220, 318, 330
Goillot, Paul 309, 310, 320
Golan, Ruth 2, 187, 188, 324, 352
Goldmayer, Rita 187, 188
Goldschmidt, Jacques 253
Gordin, Jacob 283, 284
Grand, Mayor of le Chambon, Benjamin 126, 135
Grell, William 288
Gross, Abbé 220
Grothendieck, Alexander 148
Groupements de Travailleurs Etrangers 51
Grundman, Hélène 187
Grundman, Mireille 187
Grunhut, Berthe 125–6, 190
Guéhenno, Jean 130
La Guespy, le Chambon 1, 101, 102, 103, 104, 137, 144, 146, 203, 223, 264, 311, 338
Guillon, Charles, Mayor of le Chambon, 1, 89–90, 97–8, 98, 100, 121, 126, 147, 164–5, 190, 220, 224–5, 318, 332, 337
Gurs internment camp 35, 37–50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 82, 93, 99, 101, 103, 133, 139, 144, 156, 165, 203, 204, 208, 230, 233, 251, 275, 282, 295, 296, 322, 328, 339, 349, 350
Guttmann, Claude 264
Gypsies 39, 52, 152, 281, 327
Hall, Virginia 1, 284–92, 294, 299–300, 309–10, 320
Hallie, Philip 331–4; Lest Innocent Blood be Shed 332–3