cellular immune system, 80
Celts, 58, 98, 100–105, 106, 150, 153–54, 185, 213, 258
census, U.S.:
of 1800, 133
of 2000, 65–68
Central Africa, 141–42, 144, 240
Central African Republic, 141
Central America, 32, 38, 40–41, 63
Central Asia, 43, 232–33
Central Valley, 224–25, 253
“Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood,” 282
Chad, 132
Champlain, Samuel de, 187
chance, 111, 168, 173
Chapman, Serle, 213–20, 221, 230, 233, 249, 271
charcoal, 14–16
Charlemagne, 119
Charles the Simple, 103–4
Charleston, S.C., 231
Charlotte (research assistant), 91
Chatters, James, 54–57
Cheddar Caves, 88
Cheddar Man, 88, 89
Chemehuevi, 262
Cherokee, 47, 250–55, 277–78, 282, 315, 321
Cherokee language, 251–52
“Cherokee paradox,” 315
Chesapeake Bay, 64
Chesterton, Ohio, 201
Cheyenne, 213–20, 221, 230, 249, 260
Cheyenne, Wyo., 210
Cheyenne Trading Lodge, 220
Chicago, 178, 198, 201–4, 205, 208, 225
Chicago, University of, 150
Chickasaw, 251, 277–78
chickens, 169
children, 112–17, 172–74
Chile, 12, 15, 32, 40–41
chimpanzees, 128, 139
China, 40, 46, 47, 95, 169, 170, 232
Chinchihuapi Creek, 15
Chinese Americans, 95, 224, 233–34, 247
Chochmingwu, 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 68–69, 136, 327
Choctaw, 251, 277–78
cholera, 214
chorionic villi, 116
Christianity, 119, 121, 123–27, 133, 152, 189, 218, 275, 288
chromosome 7, 310, 311
chromosome 9, 309
chromosome 10, 318
chromosome 11, 155, 303–4, 310, 317–18
chromosome bases, 35–36, 113, 155, 166–67, 170, 303–4, 309, 310, 311, 317–18
chromosome markers, 70–71, 86–87, 109–11, 134–35, 159–62, 166, 173–74, 185, 242, 283, 301, 303–4
chromosome profiles, 68, 155–74, 181, 186, 230–33, 234, 238, 240, 242–43, 245, 246, 249–50, 280–84, 290–98, 303–4, 307–21, 307
Church, George, 300
Churchill, Winston, 86
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 206
Civilized Tribes, 251, 277–78
Civil Rights Bill (1967), 292–93
civil rights movement, 292–95
Civil War, U.S., 133, 292, 314
Clan Alastair, 99, 107
clan chiefs, 98–100, 104–5, 108–9, 111
Clan Donald, 99–111, 108, 332–35
Clan Donald Centre, 101
Clan Donald Society, 103
clan mothers, 33–34, 50, 68–69, 75, 122, 136–39, 148–49, 301, 327, 328, 329
Clanranald, 111
clans, Native American, 68–69, 96, 259
clans, Scottish, 94–111, 94, 243, 244–45, 332–35
Clan Village, 94–95
Claremont Hotel, 250–51
Clark, William, 65
click language, 139, 143
climate records, 38–39
Clinton, Bill, 54, 286
cloning, 19, 21, 70
Close Encounters of the Third Kind, 214
Cloud Peak, 216
Clough, William, 86
Clough Society of North America, 85–87
Clough surname, 85–87
Clovis, N.Mex., 5
“Clovis First” school, 12–17
Clovis point, 3–17, 3, 36, 55
cluster A (Aiyana), 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 51, 68–69, 136, 231, 327
cluster B (Ina), 33–34, 36, 37–38, 41, 46, 47, 50, 52, 68–69, 136, 327
cluster C (Chochmingwu), 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 68–69, 136, 327
cluster D (Djigonese), 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 68–69, 136, 327
cluster dates, 69, 327–29
cluster T2 (Tara), 69, 301, 302
cluster U5 (Ursula), 50
cluster X (Xenia), 46–61, 68–69, 327
coal, 14, 21
coats of arms, 96
Coen brothers, 204, 206
Cohanim, 77–78, 120–21
Cohoes, 187
Coho salmon, 28–29, 28
“cold snap,” 52
Cold War, 35
Coleman surname, 237
collagen fibers, 320
Colla Uais, 100, 101–3
Collier, John, 278
colonic purges, 184
Colorado, 197, 205, 207–8, 277
Colorado Museum of Natural History, 6
Colorado Plateau, 268
Colorado River Indian Tribes (CRIT), 262
Columbia Park Golf Course, 54
Columbia River, 28–29, 53–55, 57
Columbus, Christopher, ix, 55, 63, 67, 70, 124
Colville Indians, 56
Combs, England, 87
common ancestors, 25
computers, 161–62
Congo, 132, 141, 298
Congress, U.S., 183, 292–93
Connecticut River, 200
Conn of the Hundred Battles, 100, 101
conquistadores, 44
Conrad, Joseph, 130
Constitution, U.S., 56, 133, 271–72
contamination, sample, 20–21, 51–52
control groups, 57, 160, 248
control region sequences, 36
controversial research, 58–61, 112, 127, 212–13, 230, 231–33, 247–50, 259–63, 270–84, 314–16, 327
conversions, religious, 122–27
conversos (converted Jews), 124–27
Cook, James, 29
Cook, Jill, 4
Cook Islands, 31, 37
Cookson, Bill, 241
Cookson Hills, 277
Cooper, Toby, 290–93, 313, 314
Copenhagen, University of, 22
coprolites, 16
Cordilleran ice sheet, 42
cornea, 320
Cornwall, 82
cotton, 131
cottonwood, 7
counseling, 153–54, 163
Court of the Lord Lyon, 96
Crazy Horse, 214, 220, 221
creation myths, 217–18
Creek, 251, 277–78
Crichton, Michael, 21
Crocker, Chester, 295
Crocker, John, 183
Cross Creek, 12–13
Crow, 219–20
Crusades, 119, 124
Cuba, 63, 132
cultural transmission, 140
Cupertino, Calif., 161–62
curragh, 52–53
Custer, George Armstrong, 216, 220–21
Cuthbert (butler), 88
Cyprus, 287
cystic fibrosis, 287
cytoplasm, 22
“Dark Continent,” 130
Dark Knight, 130
data, census, 65–68, 133, 247
databases, 240
dating, 14–15
“daughtered out,” 89–90, 184
daughters of Eve, 27, 33, 66, 68–69, 148–49
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 293
Davenport company, 183
Davis, Bette, 181
Dawes, Henry L., 277
Dawes Commission, 277–78
Dawes Rolls, 277–78, 282, 284
Deacy, David, 53–54
Dearborn surname, 89
Dearebarne, Godfrey, 89
Declaration of Independence, 65, 186, 188
Dedham, England, 90
deer, 21
Delaware Indians, 246
dementia, 164
Democratic Republic of Congo, 141
; Denmark, 103, 228
Denver, Colo., 197, 198, 205, 208, 277
Denver, James W., 277
De Palma, Brian, 204
derived sequences, 34–35
“Descendants of the Freedmen of Oklahoma,” 283
De Smet, Lake, 213
Devils Tower, 214–16, 217, 219, 221, 233,
267
Devon, 72, 82
diabetes, 59–61, 162, 163, 272–73
diamond mining, 139
Diaspora, 118–19, 123–27
diclofenac, 318–19
diet, 59–60, 163
Dillehay, Tom, 15–16
Dine people, 47
dingos, 44
Dinosaur Museum, 209–10
dinosaurs, 20, 21, 22, 209–10
Diomede Islands, 39
Dionissia of Linthwaite, 83
disease, inherited, 20, 59–61, 80, 159–61, 162–65, 169, 240–42, 272–73, 317–18
see also sickle-cell anemia; Tay-Sachs disease
diversity, 147–48, 167–68, 248–49, 272–74
Djigonese, 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 68–69, 136, 327
Djola, 132–33
DNA:
in ancient remains, 19–22, 45, 56–57, 129
bases of, 35–36, 113, 155, 166–67, 170
in cells, 18–19, 21–27, 113, 167–68, 173, 248
cloned examples of, 19, 21
commercial use of, 76–93, 126, 149–54, 161, 166, 185, 238, 244, 270, 285–86, 289–90
contamination of, 20–21, 51–52
copies of, 19, 21, 70
definition of, 18–19
extraction of, 19–22, 45, 51–52, 56–61
female vs. male, 23–26, 70–71
in fossils, 16, 19, 20, 21, 45
genetic clusters of, 27, 30–34, 36, 37–38, 41, 46–51, 52, 53, 68–69, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143–44, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 239; see also specific clusters
in genome, 22, 24, 78–79, 105, 155–74, 248–49, 272–74, 283, 300–301
interpretation of, 18–19, 21, 56–61, 86, 158–62, 166–74, 181, 186, 230–33, 234, 238, 240, 242–43, 245, 246, 249–50, 280–84, 290–98, 303–4, 307–21
laboratory analysis of, 19–22, 59–61, 97, 110–11, 138–39, 148, 149–50, 159–62, 169–70, 177–96
markers in, 70–71, 86–87, 109–11, 134–35, 159–62, 166, 173–74, 185, 242, 283, 301, 303–4
mutations in, 23, 24–26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 48, 49, 57, 70, 108, 109–10, 111, 113, 115, 137–39, 137, 146, 148, 162, 248, 327
of Native Americans, 18, 27, 29–31, 41–61, 68, 136, 138, 278–80
nuclear, 22, 167–68
of parents, 18–19, 112–17, 156–58, 167–68
preservation and storage of, 19–22, 45, 51–52
repeats in, 70–71
samples of, 18, 19–22, 27, 29–31, 41–61, 68, 97, 114–15, 129, 136, 138, 148, 167–68, 178–79, 186, 195, 227, 228, 244–45, 278–79, 290
sequences of, 24, 27, 33–35, 36, 47–49, 51, 70–71, 134–39, 155–74, 185, 231, 232–33, 276, 303–4, 310–11, 336–41
variations in, 70–71, 109–10, 169–70
see also mitochondrial DNA;
Y chromosome
DNA chips, 160–61, 165–66, 173–74
domesticated animals, 141
domestic servants, 130
Dominican Republic, 63
Donald clan, 99–111, 332–35
double-blind tests, 248
doubling-dilution-per-generation rule, 246
dowries, 90, 103
Drago, Billy, 204
dreadlocks, 129
dried fish, 29
droit du seigneur, 83–93, 99
dromedaries, 44
drugs, 286, 318–19
“dual truths,” 214–17, 221, 224
Dublin, 130
Dugall, son of Somerled, 106, 107–8
Dunham, Ann, 171, 173
Dutch Americans, 66, 186–88, 189
dwelling houses, 29
Dyson, John, 83
Dyson surname, 75, 83
eagles, 215
East Africa, 138, 141
East African Rift Valley, 141
East Anglia, 87–88
Eastern Europe, 117, 121–22
Easy Rider, 178, 307
Ed (train passenger), 205
Edict of Expulsion (1492), 124
Edinburgh, 94–95, 94
Edward I, King of England, 102
Eel River, 189
eggs, human, 25–26, 68, 167–68
Egypt, 19–21, 22, 301
Egyptian mummies, 19–21, 22
Egyptian Museum (Berlin), 19
elephants, 43
Eliot, T. S., 162
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 90
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 94
elks, 45
Ellis, Clough Williams, 86–87, 296
Ellis Island, 84–85, 122–23
Elmina Castle, 130, 296
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 282
embryos, 68
Emeryville, Calif., 198, 225
endogamous communities, 112–17, 121, 157–58
English names, 74–75
environmental issues, 29
enzymes, 105, 113–17, 318
epidemics, 280
equatorial forests, 140, 141
Erie, Lake, 200
Erikson, Leif, 62–63, 67
ethical issues, 16, 57–61, 146, 149–50, 160–64, 212–13, 247–50, 287–88, 314–16, 327
Ethiopia, 141
ethnic identity, 121, 134–35, 146–49, 151–54, 163, 177–96, 230–31, 245–55, 275–84, 293–94
eugenics, 117, 127, 286–88
Europe:
Africans in, 129–30, 177, 310
clans in, 33, 75, 143
cluster X in, 47–48, 52, 69
Great Ice Age in, 38, 52
mDNA clusters in, 27, 50, 328
European chromosome sequence, 165–66, 169–74, 232–33
Eve, 27, 43, 66, 68–69, 137–39, 137, 148–49, 159, 218
evolution, 23–26, 43–44, 59–60, 168, 320
excavations, archaeological, 11–17, 20, 48–52, 54–57
Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989), 191
Eyasi, Lake, 143
eye color, 320
Faces of America, 300
facial features, 35
family ancestry, 23–25, 55–58, 69–111, 133–35, 138–39, 155–96, 228–29, 296–97, 299, 307–21
family histories, 72–111, 179–88, 228–29, 296–97
Family Tree DNA, 77, 126, 238, 244, 270, 289–90
family trees, 107–9, 137, 138–39
Fargo, N.Dak., 204
farming, 28, 69, 126, 140
fathers, 167–68
fat metabolism, 113–17
feces, fossilized, 16
female germ line, 25–26
Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, 124
Fergus, 103, 104
Fernando Póo, 140
fetuses, 116
feudalism, 83–93
Field of Dreams, 178
Figgins, Jesse, 6, 10–11
filibusters, 292–93
Finding Oprah’s Roots, 303
Finnish Americans, 66, 150
First Amendment, 56, 271–72
First Crusade, 119
First Temple, 118
fishing, 28–30, 42, 151
fish ladders, 28–29
Fisk University, 237, 294
Five Civilized Tribes, 251, 277–78
Five Nations, 284
Flagstaff, Ariz., 256–63, 264
flaking, 4–5, 15
Flores Island, 128
Florida, 50–52, 63, 190, 282
fluorescent filters, 167
folic acid, 320
Folsom, N.Mex., 5–6
Folsom spear point, 6–11
Fonda, Henry, 253, 307
Fonda,
Peter, 178
food supplies, 28–29, 59–60
football, 234–35
Ford, John, 267–68
forest fires, 221–22
forests, 140, 221–22
Fort Collins, Colo., 209
Fort Robinson, 221
Fort Sumner, 261
fossils, 16, 19, 20, 21, 45
founder analysis, 34–35, 138, 142–43
Four Corners, 247–50
foxes, 39
Foxwoods Resort Casino, 279
France, 38, 63, 65, 66, 103–4, 119, 131, 132, 185
Freedmen Association of Oklahoma, 281–84, 315
Freedmen’s Hospital, 294
“freedom dues,” 131
funding, research, 97, 106, 169, 274
fungus, 51, 169
G6PD enzyme, 318
Gaelic language, 101
Gaeltacht, 100
galleons, 40
game, 28
gangliosides, 113–17
gannets, 46–47
Garcia, Andy, 204
Garden of Eden, 218
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 298–304
Gates, Henry Louis, Sr., 300
Gathering of the Clans, 94–111, 94
Gaucher’s disease, 114
genealogical societies, 72, 179–96, 299, 308–13
Gene Hunters, The (Cookson), 241
gene pools, 241–42
generation paradox, 156–57
generations, 18–19, 102–3, 155–74, 192–93, 246
genetic anthropologists, 32
“genetic clock,” 35
genetic disorders, 18–19, 20, 112–17, 121, 125, 129, 159–64, 168, 169, 240–42, 272–74, 287–88, 300–301, 317–18
genetics:
academic research in, 17, 18–27, 47–48, 51–53, 105–6, 100–111, 138–39, 148, 149–50, 170, 177–96
author’s research in, ix–xi, 19–22, 26, 31, 32–33, 95, 97–98, 134–35, 177–269, 307–21
calibrated estimates in, 35–36, 69
controversies in, 57–61, 112, 127, 212–13, 230, 231–33, 247–50, 259–63, 270–84, 314–16, 327
dating techniques in, 14–17, 26–27, 34–36, 41, 49, 51–53, 55, 56
diversity in, 147–48, 167–68, 248–49, 272–74
ethical issues in, 16, 57–61, 146, 149–50, 160–64, 212–13, 247–50, 287–88, 314–16, 327
in evolution, 23–26, 43–44, 59–60, 168, 320
family ancestry in, 23–25, 55–58, 69–111, 133–35, 138–39, 155–96, 299, 307–21
funding for, 97, 106, 169, 274
in generations, 18–19, 102–3, 155–74, 192–93, 246
geographical distribution in, 60–61, 81–82, 87–93, 139–47, 275–76
historical analysis in, 100–103, 179–88
historical records for, 5, 14–17, 58, 72–111, 124–27, 153, 179–88, 228–29, 296–97
inherited diseases and, 18–19, 20, 112–17, 125, 129, 159–64, 168, 169, 240–42, 272–74, 287–88, 300–301, 317–18
matrilineal descent in, 23–27, 30–31, 33, 36, 68–69, 70, 109, 134–35, 136, 137–39, 145–46, 231, 249–50, 280, 301, 309
media coverage of, 21, 54, 59–61, 75, 77, 134–35, 145, 293–94, 298–99, 300, 301