The Amazing Civil War (Garrison), 159–60
American Ex-Prisoners of War (AXPOW), 172–74, 177
American Historical Review, 128
American League of Families for Ex-POWs and MIAs, 173
American Missionary Normal School, 50, 74–75
Americus, Ga., 87, 97, 99, 103–4, 150
Americus Light Infantry, 104
Americus Times-Recorder, 76, 86–87, 103, 105, 107, 169
Anderson, Sherwood, 117
Andersonville (Kantor). See under Kantor, Mackinlay
Andersonville (movie), 161, 173
Andersonville (town): tourism campaign of, 150–56
overcoming infamous reputation, 152–56, 181
and Confederate heritage, 153—56
ignores emancipationist memory, 153–56
Andersonville Antiques Fair, 152
“Andersonville Day.” See Memorial Day (at Andersonville)
Andersonville Guild, 151–53, 167. See also Andersonville (town)
Andersonville Historic Fair, 151–52, 155, 167. See also Andersonville (town)
Andersonville: The Last Depot (Marvel), 159
Andersonville National Cemetery: contemporary interest in, 2, 165
creation of, 39
postwar symbol of atrocity, 42, 164
management of, 79
as symbol of reconciliation, 84–89, 97
absorbed into Andersonville National Historic Site, 167. See also Monuments (at Confederate prison sites)
Andersonville National Historic Site: contemporary interest in, 2
creation of, 165–67
commercial potential of, 166
inspired by Vietnam War, 167
as symbol of patriotic memory, 167–79, 181
opposed by United Daughters of the Confederacy, 167–68
site of National POW Museum, 172–79. See also National Prisoner of War (POW) Museum; Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Andersonville Prison: contemporary interest in, 2, 159–63
infamous reputation of, 2, 14, 17–18, 31
“Negro Squad” at, 9
creation of, 12
conditions at, 17–18, 22–23, 28, 31
1864 prisoner expedition to Washington, 26
postwar symbol of atrocity, 34–39, 42–46, 51, 59–63, 65, 67, 71, 74, 81, 90–96, 103–4, 106–8, 111–13, 127, 129–30, 157, 163
reputation defended, 42, 47, 51–52, 70, 115–17
postwar symbol of emancipation, 49–51, 74–76, 104–5, 118
American Missionary Normal School established, 50
site owned by former slave, 75
site owned by Grand Army of the Republic, 79
tourism at, 76–82, 88–89, 138–39, 146–56
preserved by Women’s Relief Corps, 78–80
symbol of reconciliation, 84–89, 97, 99
described by Hesseltine, 122–23, 125
symbol of modern war; 128–43
described by Kantor, 131–37
raiders, 137
and Civil War Centennial, 146–49
and objective memory, 150–56, 165
1996 TNT movie, 161, 173
interpreted by National Park Service, 171–79
symbol of patriotic memory, 177–79, 181. See also Memorial Day (at Andersonville); Monuments (at Confederate prison sites); National Park Service (NPS); Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Andersonville Prison Park, 79, 165, 167
“Andersonville Relics” exhibit, 39
Andersonville: The Southern Perspective (Segars), 155
Andersonville Task Force Committee, 173
“The Andersonville Trail,” 150–56, 167. See also Andersonville (town) The Andersonville Trial (Levitt). See under Levitt, Saul
Andersonville Violets (Collingwood), 80–81
Andrews, E. F., 103
Andrews, Matthew P., 115–16
Antietam, 45, 62
Appomattox, 36, 124, 176
Arlington National Cemetery, 97
Atlanta Constitution, 138–39, 145, 147
Atlanta Journal, 138
Atrocity: committed against Civil War POWs, 15–19
public awareness of, 20–29
perceived as intentional, 20–30
Union denial of, 24–27
Confederate denial of, 27–29
mutual responsibility for, 29–30
fueled by prison memoirs, 59, 67–70, 90–93, 96, 100–101, 113–14
as symptom of modern war, 128–43, 181
in recent conflicts, 182
Atwater, Dorence, 38
Auschwitz, 129
Aycock, Thad, 76
Babbitt, Bruce, 177
Baker, O. S., 140–41
Barber, Walt, 147
Barry Howard Associates, 174
Barton, Clara, 113
Bataan Death March, 129, 137, 157, 170, 175
Bearss, Edwin, 171
Belle Isle: conditions at, 11, 16–17
propaganda about, 24
postwar symbol of atrocity, 59
Bergen-Belsen, 129, 133, 137
Berk, Milt, 147
Best Little Stories from the Civil War (Kelly), 159
The Best Years of Our Lives, 131
Blaine, James G., 51–52, 57, 67, 115, 127. See also Hill-Blaine debate
Blair, Francis, Jr., 42
Blight, David: intensity of Civil War prison memories, 1–2, 37
on emancipationist memory, 49
Blood: Stories of Life and Death from the Civil War (Kadzis), 160
Blue and Gray, 155
The Blue and the Gray, 162
Bolton, H. W., 72–73
Bonner, James, 129–30, 136, 157
Booth, George, 68
Boyden, A. H., 87
Boyles, Fred, 171–73
Brinkley, Jack, 166–67, 169
Brock, R. A., 102
Brown, Thomas, 84
Buchenwald, 132–33
Bullock, Rufus, 50
Butler, Benjamin, 10
Byrne, Frank, 127
Calhoun, John C., 22
Call, Lewis, 88
Calley, William, 158
Cameron, Simon, 12
Camp Chase: postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 47, 73, 100–101, 114
history of, 94
memorial efforts, 97–98
Camp Douglas: conditions at, 22–23
postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 73, 114
overshadowed by Libby Prison War Museum, 77–78
memorial efforts, 97
Camp Morton: postwar symbol of atrocity, 71, 73
reputation defended, 92–93
history of, 128
Carman, E. A., 106
Carter, Jimmy, 152, 165–70
Catton, Bruce, 130, 136
Chandler, William, 65
Charleston Mercury, 4, 22
Chipman, Norton P., 32–34, 71, 119, 140
Civilian Conservation Corps, 165
Civil Rights Movement, 139, 145, 153, 166
Civil War Centennial: inspired by Cold War, 144–45, 148–49
potential conflict with Civil Rights Movement, 145
commercial nature of, 146–50, 181
interest in Andersonville, 146–48, 165
Memorial Day commemoration at Elmira, 148
prison exhibit in Richmond, 148
Civil War Centennial Commission, 145–46
Civil War History, 137, 156
Civil War prisons (memory of): enduring interest in, 2–3
wartime emotion inspired by, 20–25
and wartime propaganda, 20–29
origins of, 20–30
inflamed by Wirz trial, 31–37
impact on Reconstruction politics, 36–46
contested in prisoner memoirs, 39–42, 58–72, 90–93, 96–97, 100–101
as vital to postwar identities, 54–56, 61–76, 81–82, 89–96
c
ommercial potential of, 58, 76–82, 144–63
and nationalism, 83–89, 93, 95–96, 112–13, 136, 142–43, 148–49
conflicts with reconciliation, 95–110, 113–19
transition from divisive to objective, 111 118–19
generational nature of, 119,
role of historians in constructing, 121–31
influenced by popular culture, 131–43
symbol of patriotic unity, 164–83. See also Divisive memory (northern); Divisive memory (southern); Emancipationist memory; Monuments (at Confederate prison sites); Monuments (at Union prison sites); Objective memory (of Civil War prisons); Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Civil War Times Illustrated, 149
Clark, C. J., 102–3
Clemson, Floride, 22
Cleveland, Grover, 57
Clinton, Bill, 176
Coakley, R. Walter, 126
Cold War, 111, 132, 135–36, 144–45, 148–49
Collingwood, Herbert, 80–81
Columbia (Confederate prison site), 11
Commager, Henry Steele, 133
Committee on the Conduct of the War, 31
Confederacy: burdened by parolees, 7–8
“black flag” policy, 8–9, 29, 66, 69–70
treatment of African American POWs, 8–9, 27–29
disorganized prison system, 11–12
prisons of compared to Union’s, 14
POW treatment of, 15–20, 28–29
Confederate Southern Memorial Association, 97
Confederate States Congress: 1865 report defending prison system, 27–29, 46
Confederate Veteran, 72–73, 96, 100, 102, 106—7, 114
Cook, Henry Howe, 73–74
Coon, Harley, 176
Cooper, Samuel, 12
Cooper, William, Jr., 156
Corley, Bill, 146–47
Cox, Samuel, 51
Craven, John, 47–48
Cummins, Albert, 90
Dachau, 129, 137, 142
Danville (Confederate prison site), 39
Davis, Jefferson: politics of prisoner exchange, 1, 5–11
blamed for prisoner suffering, 15–20, 180
responsibility for prisoner suffering, 29
and Wirz trial, 32–36
postwar symbol of prison controversy, 38, 41, 43, 56–59, 85, 123, 127, 129
defends Confederate prisons, 47–48, 70–71, 99, 119, 155
at center of Hill-Blaine debate, 51–52
reputation defended, 61, 68
Dean, Eric, 158
Democratic Party: weakened by divisive northern memory, 42–46, 51, 57–58
southern support for, 51, 57–58
To Die in Chicago (Levy), 159
Divisive memory (northern): origins of, 20–30
illusory nature of, 23–27, 29, 30, 37
durability of, 30, 89–96, 113–14, 180
inflamed by Wirz trial, 31–37
postwar appeal of, 36–37, 53, 81
impact on Reconstruction, 36–46
support for Republican Party, 37–39, 42–46, 53, 57–58, 66, 81
fueled by prisoner memoirs, 39–41, 58–67, 90–93, 113–14
used against Democratic Party, 42–46, 51
confirms northern virtue, 44–46, 53, 60, 85–89
and Hill-Blaine debate, 51–52
racism of, 53, 55, 65–67, 69–70, 118
questioned in North, 60–61, 80–81, 94–97
resentment of divisive southern memory, 71
decline of, 83–89, 112–14, 118–19
contradictory nature of, 95–96
reinvigorated by Wirz monument, 106–10
evaluated by Hesseltine, 121–26. See also Monuments (at Confederate prison sites); Wirz monument
Divisive memory (southern): origins of, 20–30
illusory nature of, 27–30
durability of, 30, 96–110, 114–17, 180
fueled by prisoner memoirs, 41–42, 68–72, 100–101, 114
resentment of divisive northern memory, 41–42, 46–49, 51–54, 67–74, 99–101
charges Union conspiracy against Confederate prisoners, 41–42, 46–49, 51–52, 54, 67–74
and defense of Confederacy’s prisons, 42, 47, 51–52
confirms southern virtue, 48, 52, 54, 67–74
racism of, 48–51, 54–55, 69–70, 74, 76, 81–82, 104–5, 118
and Hill-Blaine debate, 51–52
supported by Southern Historical Society Papers, 52, 67–72, 80, 100, 102, 106–7, 114
as part of Lost Cause, 67–74, 81, 84, 99, 107, 110
supported by Confederate Veteran, 72–73, 96, 100, 102, 106–7, 114
monuments inspired by, 72–73, 98–99
supported by United Confederate Veterans, 72–73, 96–97, 101
supported by United Daughters of the Confederacy, 97–108, 115–17
and veterans’ graves in North, 97–99
symbolized by Wirz monument, 101–10
decline of, 117–19
evaluated by Hesseltine, 121–26. See also Monuments (at Union prison sites); Wirz monument
Dix, John A., 6
Dix-Hill Cartel: creation of, 6–7, 21
breakdown of, 7–11
Donald, David, 156–57
Doyle, Robert, 158
Dutch Gap, Va., 7
Easterlin, Lewis, 151–53, 177
Elmira Prison: infamous reputation of, 14
conditions at, 14, 16
propaganda about, 24
postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 67, 111 122, 125, 157
history of, 93–94, 128, 159
memorial efforts, 97–98
and Civil War Centennial, 148
in The Blue and the Gray, 161–62. See also under Monuments (at Union prison sites)
Emancipationist memory: origins of, 9, 49–51
definition of, 49
challenge to divisive memories, 49–51, 53, 74–76, 82, 104–5, 109, 180
Memorial Day (at Andersonville), 50–51, 75–76, 82, 104–5, 109
violently suppressed, 75–76, 104–5, 118
decline of, 105, 110, 118–19
and Civil Rights Movement, 145
still overshadowed, 175, 178. See also Memorial Day (at Andersonville)
Evans, Clement, 101
Exchange of prisoners: mechanics of, 5–6
political importance of, 5–6, 122
collapse of exchange process, 7–11, 122
Fabian, Ann, 66
Famous Adventures and Prison Escapes of the Civil War, 64
Farnham, Augustus B., 87–88
Florence (Confederate prison site): creation of, 11
national cemetery established, 39
symbol of emancipationist memory, 75
Fooks, Herbert, 120–21, 131
Foraker Act (1906), 98
Fort Delaware: conditions at, 15
postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 114. See also Monuments (at Union prison sites)
Fort Donelson, 6, 13
Fort Lafayette (Union prison site), 24
Fort Monroe, 38
Fort Norfolk (Union prison site), 15
Fort Pillow, 8, 27
Foster, Gaines, 46
French and Indian War, 174
Friends of Andersonville, 173, 177
Futch, Ovid, 137, 150
Gardner, Douglas, 64
Garfield, James, 45, 56–57
Gee, John H., 40
Geer, Peter Zack, 146
Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission, 146–47
Georgia Monument (Andersonville), 169–70
Gettysburg, 9, 45, 62, 79, 131
Gettysburg Address, 104
Gibbons, J. R., 106–7
Gillispie, James, 14, 162
Glory for Me (Kantor), 131
Glover, Wilbur, 148
Gone With the Wind (Mitchell), 116–17
Goodwyn, A. T., 115
Grand Army of the Republic (GAR): support for Rep
ublican Party, 44–45
protects divisive northern memory, 44–45
Memorial Day (at Andersonville), 75–76, 104–5
ownership of Andersonville Prison site, 79
reaction to Wirz monument, 103, 106
support for Tennessee monument (Anderson-ville), 112. See also Memorial Day (at Andersonville); Monuments (at Confederate prison sites)
Grant, Ulysses S.: capture of Fort Donelson prisoners, 6, 13
comments on exchange breakdown, 10
political support for, 43–45
blamed for prisoner suffering, 67–69, 122
Greeley, Horace, 45
Greene, J. R., 86
Guantanamo Bay, 182
Gunther, Charles, 77–79
Hackman, Gene, 160
Halleck, Henry, 13
Hampton, Wade, 43
Hardin, Lizzie, 21–22
Harmon, J. Scott, 174
Harper’s Weekly: prison atrocity coverage, 20, 23–24
Wirz trial coverage, 32, 34, 36
support for Republican Reconstruction, 38–39, 42–43
Harwell, Richard B., 137
Hayes, Rutherford B., 45
Hemmerlein, Richard, 127–28
Hesseltine, William: on delicate nature of exchange, 5–6, 122
importance of Civil War Prisons, 121–26
bureaucratic explanation of suffering, 122–23
equalized guilt of Union and Confederacy, 123–26
“war psychosis,” 124–25
ignores emancipationist memory, 122, 125–26
influence of, 126–37, 149, 156, 158–59, 179
criticizes Kantor, 135–36
desire to learn from history, 142–43, 179
illusion of objectivity, 142–43
edits 1962 Civil War History edition, 156. See also Objective memory (of Civil War prisons)
Hill, Benjamin, 41, 51–52, 54, 99. See also Hill-Blaine debate
Hill, D. H., 6
Hill-Blaine debate, 51–52, 67, 78, 102, 115, 119, 127
Himmler, Heinrich, 129, 139
Hiroshima, 158
History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South, 101
Hitchcock, Wayne, 173
Hoffman, William: appointed commissary general of prisoners, 12
administration of Union prisons, 12–14
frustration with superior officers, 13
Holmes, Clay, 93–94, 128
Holocaust, 128–43, 157–58
Holt, Joseph, 33–34
Homer, Winslow, 49–50
Horigan, Michael, 159
Horwitz, Tony, 154
Hughes, Libbe, 160
Hull, Sarah, 101–2
Institute for World Order, 158
Jersey (ship), 1
Jim Crow, 66, 69, 74, 76, 84, 99, 118, 145
Johnson’s Island: creation of, 13
conditions at, 15–16, 22
postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 71, 73. See also under Monuments (at Union prison sites)