poverty, 25–26, 42–43, 49–52, 59, 87–88, 189
Prairie View A&M, 77, 86, 111
Preciphs, Jess, 95
Precursors, the, 256
prescription drug abuse, 243–245
Presley, Elvis, 174
Price, Ed, 83, 88
Pride, Charley, 147, 185
pride of Campbell, 259
privacy of Campbell, 29–31, 204
Pro Bowl, 191
Pro Football Hall of Fame, 17
Pussycat Theater, 180
Q
Quarry, Jerry, 121
quotas, 34–35, 187–188
R
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete (Hartmann), 206
Rachel Myra, 40
racism and racial dynamics: and activism at UT, 125–129, 132–135; and Austin, 120–125; and Bum Phillips’s team-building efforts, 196–197; Campbell’s attitude on racial issues, 12; and Campbell’s performance, 144; and Campbell’s relationship with Royal, 139, 141, 144–145, 148–149; and contract negotiations, 186–187; and criticism of black players, 204–205; and desegregation of Tyler school system, 35–41; and drug use in the NFL, 221; and the Heisman Trophy ceremony, 167–169; and high school football, 64–65; in Houston area, 183, 187, 197, 201, 204–205, 224, 226–227; and LBJ’s influence on Royal, 106–109; “Negro quota system” in the NFL, 187–188; and “Orange Coats,” 93–94; race issues after Campbell’s retirement, 240; race issues in UT football, 93–101; race problems in the NFL, 205–206; racial profiling, 251–254; racism in rural Texas, 199; and recruitment at UT, 102–108, 110–111, 113–116, 119; resistance to integration at UT, 74, 79, 87; social exclusion of blacks at UT, 95, 163–164; and the Southwest Conference, 74; and the State Fair of Texas, 158–160; and Texas politics in Campbell era, 5. See also desegregation and integration
Rag, 122, 123
Raines, Howell, 102
Ramirez, Rene, 90
ranch owned by Campbell family, 247–248
Rangerettes, 34
Ransom, Harry, 92
Ratsek, J. C., 48
Ray, Alfred, 202
Ray, Herbert, 202
Reagan Democrats, 183
Reagan, Nancy, 21
Reagan, Ronald, 21
recession, 234
recruitment (college): and Campbell’s senior high school year, 59, 62, 63, 65; competitiveness of integrated teams, 101–106; importance to Campbell’s family, 33; and “inducements,” 115–116; and poverty of Campbell’s childhood, 50; and race issues at UT, 11–12, 29–30, 90–93, 96–101, 242; recruiting violations, 115–116; and resistance to integration, 74, 85–86; and Royal’s changing racial attitudes, 109–113, 115; and segregated football at UT, 70–72; and Switzer’s dubious practices, 99
Red River Shootout, 140, 142–143, 157–158
Reese, Don, 220–221
rehabilitation, 244–245
Reid, Jan, 114, 141, 259
Renfro, Mike, 63, 210
Renfro, Ray, 63
Rice University (Owls), 7, 134, 157, 227
Riggs, Bobby, 174
Riter, A. W. “Dub,” Jr., 48
rivalries in football, 162–165
Robert E. Lee High School (Red Raiders): and Campbell’s early years in football, 56–57; and Campbell’s senior year, 60–61, 64; and desegregation of Tyler school system, 38–40; and racial tensions in Tyler, 249–250, 253; Rebel Guard, 64, 112; reunion celebrations, 248
Robert E. Lee Park, 21
Roberts, Cornelius, 82–83
Robertson, Dale: on Austin culture and music, 185; and Campbell’s contract disputes, 223–224; on Campbell’s decline, 234, 236; on Campbell’s impact on, 215; on Campbell’s influence in Houston, 206–207; on firing of Phillips, 223–224; on Oilers/Cowboys rivalry, 213; on Oilers’ strategy, 198
Robertson, Isiah, 200
Robinson, Jackie, 70
Rodriguez, Johnny, 124
Rogers, George, 236
Rogers, Lorene, 126–127
Rookie of the Year Award (NFL), 9, 64
rose cultivation industry, 6, 21–22, 33, 43–49, 61
Ross, Stephen, 143
ROTC program, 77–78
Royal, Burley, 88
Royal, Darrell: and affirmative action battles, 255–256; and Austin culture and music, 123–125, 138, 141, 185, 235; background, 87–88, 115; on Campbell’s impact on race relations, 41; and Campbell’s retirement, 237; death of daughter, 99, 123; and the Heisman Trophy ceremony, 167; and race issues in college recruitment, 69–72, 85, 89, 91, 93–101, 102–111, 168, 242; and recruitment of Campbell, 65, 110–111, 113–119; relationship with Campbell, 138–149; relationship with LBJ, 106–109
Royal, Edith, 109
Royal, Katie Elizabeth, 87
Royal, Marian, 99, 123, 146
running style of Campbell, 7, 9–10, 11
S
Sahm, Doug, 123
Sakowitz, Robert, 218
Sample, Johnny, 186
Sams, Kirby, 103–104
San Angelo, Texas, 192–199
Sanders, Donald, 27
Sanders, Reginald, 179
Sanders Bootmakers, 179
San Diego Chargers, 178
Sanford, Rick, 200
San Jose scale, 44
scholarships, 105, 135, 256
school busing, 15, 27
Schramm, Tex, 221
Scott, Wally, 190
scouting, 63, 65, 110. See also recruitment (college)
segregation: and black high school football, 56; and Campbell’s childhood coaches, 52; and depictions of Royal, 102; and recruitment at UT, 73, 75, 80, 84–85, 114; and “separate-but-equal” doctrine, 14, 76; and Texas politics in Campbell era, 4–5; and Tyler schools, 23–24. See also desegregation and integration
Sellers, Grover, 75
7 Cs Ranch, 247
Shanklin, J. L., 79
Shaver, Billy Joe, 124
Shaw, Gary, 100, 108, 138, 150
Shearer, Brad, 161, 164
Shepperd, John Ben, 24–25
Shields, Brooke, 177
Shirley, Maymerle, 21–22
Shivers, Allan, 126, 146–148, 152–153
Shrake, Bud, 123
Shula, Don, 1–4, 200–201
shyness of Campbell, 30, 31
siblings of Campbell, 14, 26
Silver Rights (Curry), 54
Simonini, Ed, 132
Simpson, O. J., 167, 168, 204, 209, 254
Sims, Billy, 8
Sinatra, Frank, 174
single-member voting districts, 227
slavery, 18, 226
Smith, Bubba, 104
Smith, Erna, 16, 127–128, 133, 169, 201
Smith, J. B., 64
Smith, Junius, 129
Smith County, Texas, 18, 21, 44, 61
Smith County Republican Women, 21
Soap Creek Saloon, 123
Sober Bowl, 29
social activism, 94–96
social isolation of Campbell at UT, 135–136
songs about Campbell, 207–208
Southeast Asian immigrants, 227
Southern Methodist University (Mustangs), 87, 96, 116, 165
Southwest Conference: and criticisms of Royal, 101; influence of Campbell’s play on racial attitudes, 133; integration of football programs, 141; resistance to integration, 74, 84–87, 89–90; title games, 152, 163
Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), 111
Southwestern Report, 35
special teams, 60, 131
Spence, Louise, 22
Spence, Ralph, 22
Spindletop, 177
split-back formation, 232
sports camp sponsored by Campbell, 239
Sports Illustrated, 53, 139, 160, 162, 164, 220–221, 245
Springsteen, Bruce, 123
spying, 142
Stabler, Ken, 222, 246
“stacking,” 188
Stancill, Ruby Ne
ll, 54
standardized testing, 80
Stapler, W. T., 62
state championships, 8, 68, 88, 99, 110
State Fair of Texas, 157–160
Staubach, Roger, 213
Steel Curtain, 103
steel industry, 183
Stephens, Larry, 90
Stewart, Witt, 186, 225–226
Stewart Junior High, 253
Stolhandske, Tom, 150–151
Street, James, 138
Streisand, Barbra, 177
strikes, 230–232
Student for a Democratic Society, 121
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 121
suburbanization, 5, 45, 201–202
Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of Racist America (Loewen), 199
Super Bowl, 8, 215
“Superman” comparison, 8, 240
Superstars, 197
Swann, Lynn, 209
Sweatt, Heman Marion, 75–76, 257
Sweeny High School, 68, 69
swimming tests, 128
The Swinging Door, 178
Swinnea, Tom, 122, 163
Switzer, Barry, 8, 99, 111, 117, 140–142, 157
Syracuse University (the Orange), 90
T
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 235
Tarver, Erin, 134
Tate, U. Simpson, 15
Tatum, Jack, 245
team-building efforts, 196–197
tear-away jerseys, 200
Temple, Larry, 106
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 48
Texas A&M University (Aggies): and affirmative action battles, 255–256; and race issues in college recruitment, 89; and recruiting “inducements,” 115–116; rivalry with UT, 146, 162–165; UT victory in Campbell’s freshman year, 132
Texas Centennial Bash, 158
“Texas chic,” 175–177, 180, 217
Texas College, 51
Texas Cowboys (club), 163
Texas Education Agency, 40
Texas Football, 65
Texas Fruit Palace, 44
Texas hero status, 12
Texas High School, 61
Texas Legislature, 73, 125, 255
Texas Memorial Stadium, 81
Texas Monthly, 37, 88, 93–94, 114, 182–183, 184, 217
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 199
Texas politics: and demographic shifts, 5, 227; and desegregation of UT, 73–74; gender politics, 227–228; and the Houston oil economy, 183; and LBJ’s influence on Royal, 106–109; political change in Houston, 226–227; and race issues in college recruitment, 91. See also racism and racial dynamics
Texas Rose Festival Foundation, 48
Texas Southern University (Tigers), 77, 79, 257
Texas State Championship (high school football), 7, 9, 63–64, 68
“Texas Super Bowl,” 213–214
Texas Tech University (Red Raiders), 143–144, 162
Thomas, Duane, 144–145
Thompson, Senfronia, 125
Thunderbird Café, 128
Thurgood Marshall School of Law, 33, 257
Thursday Night Lights (Hurd), 56
Toback, James, 95, 96–97, 123
Tom Cantrell & the Newton Minus Dink, 214–215
Tomlinson, Chris, 16–17
Tomlinson, LaDainian, 16–17
Tomlinson Hill (Tomlinson), 16–17
toughness of Campbell, 245
Towle, Steve, 4
traumatic brain injury (TBI), 246–247
Travolta, John, 211, 217, 219
Tripp, Franklin, 224–225
Tripp, Lon, 224
Trope, Mike, 185–186
Truman, Harry, 21
Tucker, Tanya, 138
Tyler, Texas: and Campbell’s childhood, 5–6; desegregation of school system, 28, 33, 34–35, 35–41; Earl Campbell Day, 189; racial dynamics of, 17–29, 31–32, 33–35, 38–40, 248–249; and rose cultivation industry, 43–44, 44–49; segregation in, 23–24, 52–53
Tyler American (Klan newspaper), 19
Tyler Chamber of Commerce, 45, 112, 250
Tyler Commercial Kitchens, 57
Tyler Junior College, 23, 36–37, 120
Tyler Morning Telegraph, 39, 186
Tyler Organization of Men, 16
Tyler Pipe and Foundry, 25
Tyler Rose Festival, 21–22, 45, 48–49, 64, 250–251
Tyler Rose Garden and Museum, 250
Tyler Rotary Club, 36
Tyler State Park, 23–24
Tyler Visitors Bureau, 250
U
under-the-table “scholarships,” 115
unions. See NFL Players Association
United Students Against Racism at Texas, 127
University Interscholastic League, 242
University of Alabama (Crimson Tide), 101–102, 109, 111
University of Arkansas (Razorbacks), 89, 97, 131, 148, 152, 161–162, 165
University of California, Los Angeles (Bruins), 132–133, 174
University of Colorado, Boulder (Buffaloes), 132
University of Houston (Cougars), 10, 71, 97, 111, 144, 165, 174
University of Notre Dame (Fighting Irish), 97, 163, 166, 170, 179
University of Oklahoma (Sooners): Heisman Trophy winners, 8; and recruitment of Campbell, 111, 117–118; and the Red River Shootout, 140, 142–143, 157–158, 160; rivalry with UT, 140–142; and Royal’s background, 88–89; and Switzer/Royal rivalry, 99
University of Southern California (Trojans), 82–83, 102
University of Texas (Longhorns): and affirmative action battles, 255–256; African American faculty, 126; Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl, 132; background of racism at, 6; and black coaching staff, 241; Campbell as special assistant, 239; Campbell’s admission to, 17; Campbell’s impact on game strategy, 9–10; Campbell’s ongoing support for, 29; Campbell’s post-career position with, 11; coin toss at home opener, 257–260; dormitory desegregation, 85; and the I-formation, 232; integration at, 111; Interfraternity Council, 77–78; mascot, 258–259; national championships, 60; racial tensions and activism at UT, 125–129, 132–135; and recruitment, 65, 101–119; and the Red River Shootout, 140, 142–143, 157–158; Royall hired by, 88; and scope of Campbell’s career, 2; and segregated football at UT, 69–72. See also UT Board of Regents
University of Texas Center for American History, 98
University of Texas Law School, 75, 119, 125, 257
University of Virginia (Cavaliers), 157
University of Washington (Huskies), 86, 88–89
University of Wyoming (Cowboys), 152, 157
Urban Cowboy (film), 184, 211, 217–218, 221
urbanization, 4–5
US Census Bureau, 239
US Marine Corps, 177–178
US Senate, 20
US Supreme Court, 14, 23, 73–76, 83, 87, 125
UT Athletic Council, 148
UT Board of Regents: integration of dorms and athletics, 72; and pressures to integrate football, 103, 134; and race issues at UT, 90–94, 96; resistance to integration, 73–79, 81–84, 86–87, 126; and Texas politics, 145–146
UT Psychological Counseling Center, 95
V
Van Alstine, Leon, 56–57, 59, 63, 117
Vanities (play), 180
Van Zandt, Townes, 123
Vaughan, Jimmie, 123
Vaughan, Stevie Ray, 123
Vietnam War, 11, 107
Villager, the, 120–121
Von Schamann, Uwe, 143
voting rights, 107–108, 121, 227
W
Wagner, Ed, 69
Walker, Ashley, 159–160
Walker, David, 164
Wallace, Ralph, 12
Warfield, John L., 125
Warhol, Andy, 177, 218–219
Warmth of Other Suns, The, (Wilkerson), 32–33
Washington, Booker T., 34
Washington, Duke, 81, 82
Washington, Vic, 172
Washington Post, 221
Washington State College, 80–82
Weedon, Don, 121, 122, 134–135, 190
Weed: The Florida Connection (film), 194
weight gain/loss, 155–156
Westlake High School, 109, 242
Wheat, John, 98
White, Ernest, 126
white flight, 15, 201
Whitmire, Kathy, 226, 227–229
Whittier, Julius, 94–96, 105, 113, 130, 246, 257
Whitworth, Whit, 185
Whole Earth Provision Company, 122
Wiese, Andrew, 201–202
Wilkerson, Isabel, 32–33
Wilkerson, June, 193
Williams, J. H., 118
Williams, John, 166
Williams, Ricky, 251–254
Williams, Rostell, 38–39
Williams, Tom, 187, 210–211
Willow Brook Country Club, 250–251
Wilson, Charlie, 4, 218, 232
Wilson, Logan, 78, 81, 83–84, 89
Wilson, Ron, 12, 125, 133–134, 255–256
Wilson, Tim, 2–3, 175, 192–193, 203, 207, 229
Wilson, Valanda, 203
wishbone offense, 9, 129–130, 154
Woodward, D. K., Jr., 75
World War I, 19
World War II, 42
Wright, Elmo, 68–70, 72, 93–94, 97, 103
Wright, Richard, 32–33
Wyatt, Tommy, 120
Wysocki, Pete, 9
Y
Yarborough, Ralph, 21, 35, 36, 61
Yarbrough, Grady, 22
Yeoman, Bill, 111
You May Plow Here (Brooks), 45
Youngblood, Jack, 200
Z
Zink, Nell, 203
zoning practices in Houston, 201