Sulzberger, Marina, Letters and Diaries of Marina Sulzberger, New York: Crown, 1978
Teitgen, Pierre-Henri, Faites entrer le témoin suivant, Paris: Ouest France, 1988
Thompson, Laura, Life in a Cold Climate: Nancy Mitford, London: Review, 2003
Thorez, Maurice, Fils du peuple, Paris: Éditions sociales, 1949
Tillon, Charles, On chantait rouge, Paris: Laffont, 1976
Todd, Olivier, André Malraux: Une vie, Paris: Gallimard, 1999
Train, Susan (ed.), Le Théâtre de la mode, Paris: Le May, 1990
Triboulet, Raymond, Un Gaulliste de la IVe, Paris: Plon, 1958
Veillon, Dominique, Le Franc-Tireur, Paris: Flammarion, 1978
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Photographic Acknowledgements
Illustrations 4,5,6 and 13 are reproduced by permission of Roger-Viollet; numbers 1 and 2 by Robert Doisneau, permission of Rapho; and numbers 12 and 16 by Willy Ronis, permission of Rapho. Number 3 is reproduced by permission of the Brassaï estate; 8 by permission of the Horst estate; 9 by permission of Keystone; 10 by permission of the Christian Dior Archive © ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 1994; 11 by permission of Paris Match; 17 by permission of the André Ostier estate; and 19 by permission of the Service des Musées©DACS 1994.
We are extremely grateful to the late Mrs David Bruce for kindly lending illustration 18. The remainder come from the albums of Lady Diana Cooper and her family, and if any photographer or archive owns the copyright of any of them, they should contact the publisher.
* The idea for a union in fact came from a Frenchman, Jean Monnet, one of the most influential men of his age. This remarkable economic planner, then in London on an arms-purchasing mission, had already won the complete trust and respect of both Churchill and Roosevelt. He later inspired the Victory Plan in the United States.
* When the Bishop of Arras was arrested after the Liberation, the British Embassy in Paris reported that ‘much surprise was expressed [by the Vatican] at the accusations against the Bishop of Arras since he has had the reputation at the Vatican of holding extreme democratic views’.
* That day Leclerc’s division lost seventy-one men killed and 225 wounded; thirty-five armoured vehicles were destroyed, along with 117 other vehicles.
* Estimates of the number killed vary greatly. Many seem too high. The Archives de la Ville de Paris record 2,873 Parisians, including inhabitants of the inner suburbs, killed during the month of August.
* In the first opinion poll carried out since before the war, the Institut Français d’Opinion Publique found that per cent of its sample in Paris claimed to have been present that day. ‘C’est un plébiscite’ was a widespread comment.
* One of Palewski’s bodyguards remarked that he had ‘more nicknames than a boules club in Marseilles’. The bodyguards knew him as ‘la Lavande’ from the overpowering strength of his eau de toilette. In Le Canard enchaîné he was known as ‘Lodoiska’ – the nickname given to the censorship; politicians called him ‘l’Empereur’, while the female secretaries, of whom the vast majority had no doubt received his energetic attentions, referred to himironically as ‘le beau Gaston’.
* De Gaulle’s right-wing opponents, who claimed he was a Soviet puppet at this time, were much mistaken. The detailed briefing document for this visit, prepared by Dimitrov for Molotov and Stalin, leaves no doubt: ‘Although his outward attitude towards the [French] Communists is correct, he is prepared to use all possible means of hidden struggle against them.’
* De Gaulle, however, was seen as relatively uninterested in the fate of the deportees. Marguerite Duras could not forgive him for having said on 3 April: ‘The days of tears are past. The days of glory have returned.’
*In fact there were only ninety-one cases in Paris, and only seventy-seven Parisians died of it that year, half the figure of twenty years earlier.
*MRP stood for ‘Mouvement Républicain Populaire’.Le Canard enchaîné pretended that it stood for ‘Machine à Ramasser les Pétainistes’.
†Popova’s delegation of ten women was supposed to represent a cross-section of Soviet womanhood. It included a sculptress, a writer, a medical scientist, an actress, a professor, the director of the Lenin Library, a hero of the Soviet Union and a worker.
* Teitgen makes no mention in his memoirs of his meeting with the American ambassador and protests vehemently, but unconvincingly, that de Gaulle exerted no influence in the handling of the Pétain case.
* An agreement on sharing military intelligence was concluded in Paris on 3 July 1945 between General Bloch-Dassault (brother of the aircraft manufacturer Marcel Dassault) and Brigadier-General Betts of US military intelligence, but the United States handed over very little. They too were influenced by the British distrust from 1940, when the French insisted on keeping their antiquated code system, which the Germans had read with such ease.
* Marie-Madeleine finally blew this agent’s cover in 1954, when the first itemon the agenda of the politburo meeting was to discuss the minutes of the latest meeting of the French National Defence Committee. She arranged for the publication of these minutes, which caused a national outcry, followed by the arrest of the Permanent Secretary of the Defence Committee.
* Gouin’s government had not only set about reorganizing the intelligence service as the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionage. It had also put an end to the Gaullist proconsuls from the Liberation, the Commissaires de la République.
* One could hardly blame Koestler for being pleased at such figures, especially since he had heard that ‘the French Communist Party had orders to buy up every single copy of Le Zéro et l’infini immediately’, so in this way he was being ‘enriched indefinitely from Communist Party funds’.
* Félix Gouin sued Farge for the allegations in his book Le Pain de la corruption, but lost the case in March 1948, a setback which finished off any lingering political ambitions.
* Joanovici was a Bessarabian Jew who had come to France in 1925, where he built up a successful scrap-metal business. During Depreux’s investigations, Joanovici was arrested, but then released. He fled to the American zone of Germany in 1947. He was finally put on trial in 1949, condemned to five years in prison and fined 600,000 francs.
* Aimé and Marguerite Maeght had made their first lucrative deals in the art world by bartering food for paintings during the Occupation (Marguerite’s parents were in the grocery business). In this way, they were able to acquire a number of works by Bonnard and Matisse.
* Even though Caffery revealed to Bevin and Duff Cooper that France would almost certainly not receive
economic aid if Communists were allowed to become ministers again, there is absolutely no evidence to support the assertion that Ramadier had been blackmailed in the spring by the US government into expelling them from his administration.
* Wages had risen by 17 per cent while prices had increased on average by 51 per cent.
* The French were the most successful in their endeavours. Jean Monnet persuaded David Bruce that the government should be allowed to divert Marshall Plan funds into industrial regeneration.
* Representatives of the New York school had first exhibited in the Galerie du Luxembourg in 1947, but Jackson Pollock’s first show in Paris, organized by the art critic Michel Tapié, took place only in 1951.
* The newspaper Combat on 12 May, following ‘the night of the barricades’, warned that Paris would become ‘Budapest-sur-Seine’.
* The final digits of the NARA document reference give the date of receipt by month, day and year: thus dossier no. 851.00/12-448, was received on December 4,1948.
Index
Abetz, Otto, 34, 64, 85, 133, 135, 137, 143, 156
Académie Française, 137, 173, 199, 373
Acheson, Dean, 228, 276, 285, 356, 357–8, 359
Action, 360
Action Française, 137
Airaud, Arthur, 81
Alcan, Louise, 146
Alphand, Hervé, 101, 114, 119, 120, 215–16, 245, 288, 289, 322
and Marshall Plan, 286
Alsop, Susan Mary see Patten, Mrs William
Altman, Georges, 334
Amado, Jorge, 336
Amery, John, 66
Amery, Leo, 66
Amouroux, Henri, 87
Anouilh, Jean, 140, 179, 184
Antelme, Robert, 146, 148
Aragon, Louis, 18, 111, 138, 141, 142–3, 152, 158, 177, 183–4, 221, 332, 373, 376–8, 388
Argenlieu, Admiral Thierry d’, 54, 238, 279, 307
Arletty (Léonie Bathiat), 85, 133–4, 136, 365, 380
Armée Secrète, 25, 28
Aron, Raymond, 59
and Les Temps modernes, 178, 248, 323, 329–30, 344
Artaud, Antonin, 175
Arzt, Richard, 151
Association France-URSS, 355, 382
Astier de la Vigerie, Baron Emmanuel d’, 21, 339
Astier de la Vigerie, General Baron François, 21
Astier de la Vigerie, Baron Henri, 21
Astruc, AlexAndré, 140, 315, 318
Attlee, Rt. Hon. Clement, 182
and Marshall Plan, 287
Audiberti, Jacques, 312
Auriol, President Vincent, 255, 274, 283, 298, 306, 359
Auzello, Claude, 50, 51
Ayen, Duchess d’, 186
Ayer, A. J., 74, 95, 174
Baker, Josephine, 61–2, 367
Baldrige, Letitia, 362
Baldwin, James, 352
Balenciaga, Cristóbal, 253
Ballard, Bettina, 253, 255
Balmain, Pierre, 257, 308
Barbie, Klaus, 28, 385
Barrault, Jean-Louis, 133, 179, 372
Bath, Daphne, Marchioness of, 111–12
Battle, Lucius, 357–8
Baumel, Jacques, 95
Beach, Sylvia, 34, 59
Beaumont, Comte Étienne de, 256
Beaurepaire, André, 252
Beauvoir, Simone de, 28, 51, 54–5, 60, 61, 73, 74, 125, 126, 130, 141, 173, 174–80, 216, 232, 313–14, 342-3, 344
on youth, 170
and VE Day, 197
a day in the life of, 234–5
and Koestler, 246–8, 294
and Capote, 350
Beckett, Samuel, 152, 178, 329
Bedell-Smith, General Walter, 126
Belmondo, Paul, 136, 180
Benda, Julien, 143, 333
Benes, President Eduard, 322
Benoist-Méchin, Jacques, 132, 137, 141, 166, 168
Bénouville, General Pierre de, 27, 205, 308, 323, 326, 379
Bérard, Christian, 71, 180, 252, 253, 256, 289, 313, 318
Béraud, Henri, 138
Berliet, Marius, 104
Berlin, Isaiah, 79, 153, 288
Berlin blockade and airlift, 325–6, 357, 375
Bernstein, Henri, 308, 364
Bertaux, Pierre, 95–7
Berthau, Julien, 39
Besse, Annie (later Kriegel), 331–2
Béthouart, General Émile, 29
Bevin, Rt. Hon. Ernest, 236, 239–40, 242, 243, 275, 288, 357
and Marshall Plan, 286–7
Bidault, Georges, 25, 32, 44, 49–50, 54, 122, 154, 204, 206, 211, 273, 275, 282, 296, 308
as Foreign Minister, 100, 101, 107, 108, 111, 113–14
visit to Moscow, 116, 119
and de Gaulle’s resignation, 214
becomes Prime Minister, 237
government resigns, 274
and Marshall Plan, 286–7
and Germany, 288
and London Accords, 324
and new ministry, 372
Billotte, General Pierre, 44, 46, 223
Billoux, François, 98, 129, 255, 279–80
Minister of National Defence, 274–5
Blaser, Albert (Maxim’s), 75, 85, 364
Bloomingdale, Donald, 232
Blum, Léon, 11, 162, 201, 203, 236, 275, 299
Boegner, Pastor Marc, 47, 51, 78, 84, 86, 87, 121, 142, 157
and Petain trial, 163
and Laval trial, 167, 168
Bogomolov, Sergei, 25, 112, 244, 245, 325
Bohlen, Charles (‘Chip’), 356, 357, 359
Boissieu, Captain (later General) Alain de, 47, 388
marriage to Elisabeth de Gaulle, 214
Bonbright, James, 228, 301
Bonnier de la Chapelle, Fernand, 21
Bonny, Pierre, 155
Bor-Komorowski, General, 36
Bost, Jacques-Laurent, 176, 177
Bouchinet-Serreulles, Claude, 28, 94, 99, 203
Bouillon, Jo, 62
Bousquet, Marie-Louise, 256, 372
Bousquet, René, 13, 385–6
Boussac, Marcel, 257
Bradley, General Omar, 41, 44
Brando, Marlon, 364–5
Brasillach, Robert, 132–3, 137
trial and execution, 139–41, 387
Brassaï, 60, 71
Breker, Arno, 135–6
Breton, André, 142, 289–90, 311, 332
Bridges, Senator, 296
Bridoux, General Eugène, 65
Brinon, Fernand de, 65
Brissac, Duc de, 191
Brissac, May, Duchesse de, 83, 188
Broglie, Jacqueline de, 78
Brouillet, René, 50
Bruce, Hon. David, 41, 50, 51, 53, 77, 241, 358-60, 363, 372
and Marshall Plan, 354, 369–70
becomes US ambassador to France, 356–7
and Coca-Cola war, 359–60
Bruce, Evangeline, 72, 356, 358, 372
Bruce–Lockhart, John, 225
Bruller, Jean (‘Vercors’), 111, 336, 337, 339, 343
Brunhoff, Michael de, 256
Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 341
Buckmaster, Maurice, 24
Bullitt, Hon. William, 196
Billow, Claus von, 192
Burckhardt, Carl, 111
Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’ Action (BCRA), 24, 28, 233
Burroughs, William, 380
Bussières, Amédée, 35, 155
Butor, Michel, 387
Byrnes, James, 236, 239, 240, 243, 276
Cachin, Marcel, 57, 112, 173, 215, 236
Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 108, 115
Caffery, Hon. Jefferson, 101–2, 108, 109–10, 112, 113, 122, 160, 163, 203, 211, 226, 227, 234, 241, 275, 278–9, 281, 288, 308, 326
on black market, 125
and SHAEF, 127
and de Gaulle’s r
esignation, 214–15
and French right, 223
and Marshall Plan, 287, 292n
and strikes of 1947, 301
and RPF, 323
Caffery, Mrs Jefferson (Gertrude), 109–10
Cagoule (Comité Secret d’ Action Révolutionnaire), 15, 63
Calas, Raoul, 304–5
Callender, Harold, 73
Campan, Zanie de, 177
Camphin, René, 329
Camus, Albert, 45, 60, 140, 142, 143, 174, 175, 177, 178, 315, 342–3, 351
and Les Temps modernes, 178, 344
with Koestler, 247–8, 293–4
Camus, Francine, 247–8, 342–3
Canard enchaîné, Le, Ioon, 139, 160n, 386
reappearance of, 173–4
Capa, Robert, 73
Capitant, René, 273
Capote, Truman, 350–51
Carne, Marcel, 175
Caron, Leslie, 318
Casanova, Laurent, 200, 237, 331, 334, 336, 337, 360
Cassou, Jean, 339, 343
Casteja, Emmeline de, 85
Castellane, Marquis Boni de, 84, 357
Castellane, Comte Jean de, 84, 85
Catroux, General Georges, 15
Cazalet, Peter, 68
Cazalis, Anne-Marie, 314, 315–16
Céline (Louis Ferdinand Destouches), 64, 65, 88, 131, 137, 141, 168, 380–81
Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 32–3, 54
Chack, Paul, 132
Chambrun, Comtesse Josée de (née Laval), 166
Chambrun, Comte René de, 166
Chanel, Gabrielle, 134–5
Charpentier, Jacques, 43, 86, 159, 162, 167
Chastenet de Puységur, Comte Armand-Marie de, 137
Châteaubriant, Alphonse de, 65, 131
Chautemps, Camille, 8
Chauvel, Jean, 115, 286, 288